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1.
Transmissivity (T) is one of the most important parameters in groundwater studies, and is generally estimated from pumping tests. T can also be deduced from abundantly available specific-capacity (Q/s) data by using analytical and/or empirical approaches, further upscaled by geostatistical methods. A different, remote sensing based, hydrogeomorphological approach is proposed, to upscale T from point- or well-scale to aquifer-scale, and it is applied to the piedmont alluvial aquifer system of Doon Valley in India. In the first step, Q/s and T data-pairs available from aquifer tests were used to establish an empirical, logarithmic relation. Subsequently, satellite imagery along with available data from published and unpublished maps, literature sources and ground surveys were used to divide the aquifer system into major hydrogeomorphological domains that control the groundwater occurrence and flow. Then, the T data derived from Q/s (using the empirical relation) and that available from pumping tests at well-scale were upscaled to aquifer-scale by averaging the T values within each hydrogeomorphological domain. Such a stratification approach is especially useful in areas where availability of only a few data-pairs of known Q/s and T limit the use of geostatistical techniques. A comparative study of the published empirical relations between Q/s and T in various hydrogeologic settings revealed that the relation obtained for Doon Valley aquifer system is close to that found for a similar alluvial aquifer system in Morocco.  相似文献   

2.
Textural variational pattern of economic and accessible Quaternary aquifer repositories and its conductivity in the south-eastern Nigeria have been assessed through the integration of vertical electrical sounding and laboratory measurements. The results have shown the lithological attributes, pore-water and amount of residual clay minerals in the assumed clean sand; mechanism of charge fixation at the fluid - surface interface; intricate geometry of pores and pore channels; formation’s ability to transmit pore-water and cation exchange capacity.The connections of electrical and hydraulic properties and their distributions have been established. The average interface conductivity contributed by residual clay minerals in assumed clean sands of the aquifer repositories in the study area have been estimated as 30µS/m. Intrinsic average porosity and formation factor have been respectively deduced as 12% and 14.75. Comparing the simulated aquifer formation factor obtained from the observed porosity data with the observed aquifer formation factor, indicates the that study area has 0.5 ≤ a ≤ 0.8 pore geometry factor and 1.5 ≤ m ≤ 2.0 cementation factor as the best fitting values. The interrelations between aquifer parameters have been established through different plots and the aquifer have been empirically proved to be associated with residual clay minerals as the interface conductivity Cq is not equal to zero. The wide ranges of parameters estimated are an indication of variations in grain size. The estimated intrinsic average porosity, formation factor and the average BQv are viable in characterizing the aquifer flow dynamics and contaminant modelling in the associated aquifer sands For low pore geometry factors a (0.2) and low cementation factor m (0.5) the formation factor remains fairly constant. However, marked variability is noticed at higher a (1.0) and m (2.5). Despite the observed variability in formation factors at the indicated porosities, the spatial or geometrical spread of the formation factor remains unchanged in the aquifer units. The Tables for geoelectric and petrophysical parameters and the associated mathematical models generated in this study can be used for groundwater contaminant modelling and simulation of pore space parameters with reasonable accuracy.  相似文献   

3.
The movement and failure of overlying strata induced by underground coal mining cause “three zones,” including the caving zone, the water-conductive fractured zone, and the sagging zone from the bottom up. For knowledge about the height of the water-conductive fractured zone, there has been no empirical or theoretical formulae for thick coal seam using fully mechanized longwall mining with sublevel caving. This paper presents a methodology of determining the height of the water-conductive fractured zone based on the radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) model in MATLAB software. Before modeling, the relationship between the height of the water-conductive fractured zone and mining thickness, the lithologic character of the overburden and its composite structures, and workface parameters was studied. After that, 32 and 7 measured data were used as training and testing samples, respectively. It has been found that the average relative error is 6% and the maximum relative error is 10% for 7 test samples by comparing actual results with predicted results. The model was applied to the no. 31503 workface in the Gaozhuang coal mine for safety evaluation. The predicted value is 59.6 m, and the measured value is 55.9 m. The RBF-based model shows much better performance than empirical formulae in the Regulations for Coal Mining and Coal Pillar Design under Buildings, Water-bodies, Railways and Main Shafts for the prediction of the height of the water-conductive fractured zone for fully mechanized mining with sublevel caving.  相似文献   

4.
Analytical formulae are proposed to describe the first-order temporal evolution of the head in large groundwater systems (such as those found in North Africa or eastern Australia) that are subjected to drastic modifications of their recharge conditions (such as those in Pleistocene and Holocene times). The mathematical model is based on the hydrodynamics of a mixed-aquifer system composed of a confined aquifer connected to an unconfined one with a large storage capacity. The transient behaviour of the head following a sudden change of recharge conditions is computed with Laplace transforms for linear one-dimensional and cylindrical geometries. This transient evolution closely follows an exponential trend exp(?t/τ). The time constant τ is expressed analytically as a function of the various parameters characterizing the system. In many commonly occurring situations, τ depends on only four parameters: the width a c of the main confined aquifer, its transmissivity T c, the integrated storage situated upstream in the unconfined aquifer M?=?S u a u, and a curvature parameter accounting for convergence/divergence effects. This model is applied to the natural decay of large aquifer basins of the Sahara and Australia following the end of the mid-Holocene humid period. The observed persistence of the resource is discussed on the basis of the time constant estimated with the system parameters. This comparison confirms the role of the upstream water reserve, which is modelled as an unconfined aquifer, and highlights the significant increase of the time constant in case of converging flow.  相似文献   

5.
To investigate inhomogeneous and porous structures in nature, the concept of fractal dimension was established. This paper briefly introduces the definition and measurement methods of fractal dimension. Three different methods including mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and nitrogen adsorption (BET) were applied to determine the fractal dimensions of the pore space of eight carbonate rock samples taken from West Tushka area, Egypt. In the case of fractal behavior, the capillary pressure P c and cumulative fraction V c resulting from MICP are linearly related with a slope of D-3 in a double logarithmic plot with D being the value of fractal dimension. For NMR, the cumulative intensity fraction V c and relaxation time T 2 show a linear relation with a slope of 3-D in a double logarithmic plot. Fractal dimension can also be determined by the specific surface area S por derived from nitrogen adsorption measurements and the effective hydraulic radius. The fractal dimension D shows a linear relation with the logarithm of S por . The fractal dimension is also used in models of permeability prediction. To consider a more comprehensive data set, another 34 carbonate samples taken from the same study area were integrated in the discussion on BET method and permeability prediction. Most of the 42 rock samples show a good agreement between measured permeability and predicted permeability if the mean surface fractal dimension for each facies is used.  相似文献   

6.
Absorption of the synchrotron emission of the quasar 3C 345 in the continuum and H(93–95)α and H(78–79)α radio recombination lines is studied. The upper limit for absorption in the H(93–95)α lines is Tal/Tac < 0.7%; absorption in the H(78–79)α lines with antenna temperature Tal = 25 mK, linewidth Δf = 5.3 ± 0.08 MHz, and Tal/Tac ≥ 0.3% has been detected. A correction to the redshift Δz = 0.00135 ± 0.00008 (z = 0.59365) has been determined.  相似文献   

7.
This paper examines the influence of porous media deformation on water-table wave dispersion in an unconfined aquifer using a numerical model which couples Richards’ equation to the poro-elastic model. The study was motivated by the findings of Shoushtari et al. (J Hydrol 533:412–440, 2016) who were unable to reproduce the observed wave dispersion in their sand flume data with either numerical Richards’ equation models (assuming rigid porous media) or existing analytic solutions. The water-table wave dispersion is quantified via the complex wave number extracted from the predicted amplitude and phase profiles. A sensitivity analysis was performed to establish the influence of the main parameters in the poro-elastic model, namely Young’s modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (ν). For a short oscillation period (T?=?16.4 s), the phase lag increase rate (k i) is sensitive to the chosen values of E and ν, demonstrating an inverse relationship with both parameters. Changes in the amplitude decay rate (k r), however, were negligible. For a longer oscillation period (T?=?908.6 s), variations in the values of E and ν resulted in only small changes in both k r and k i. In both the short and long period cases, the poro-elastic model is unable to reproduce the observed wave dispersion in the existing laboratory data. Hence porous media deformation cannot explain the additional energy dissipation in the laboratory data. Shoushtari SMH, Cartwright N, Perrochet P, Nielsen P (2016) The effects of oscillation period on groundwater wave dispersion in a sandy unconfined aquifer: sand flume experiments and modelling. J Hydrol 533:412–440.  相似文献   

8.
Non-Darcian flow to a partially penetrating well in a confined aquifer with a finite-thickness skin was investigated. The Izbash equation is used to describe the non-Darcian flow in the horizontal direction, and the vertical flow is described as Darcian. The solution for the newly developed non-Darcian flow model can be obtained by applying the linearization procedure in conjunction with the Laplace transform and the finite Fourier cosine transform. The flow model combines the effects of the non-Darcian flow, partial penetration of the well, and the finite thickness of the well skin. The results show that the depression cone spread is larger for the Darcian flow than for the non-Darcian flow. The drawdowns within the skin zone for a fully penetrating well are smaller than those for the partially penetrating well. The skin type and skin thickness have great impact on the drawdown in the skin zone, while they have little influence on drawdown in the formation zone. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the drawdown in the formation zone is sensitive to the power index (n), the length of well screen (w), the apparent radial hydraulic conductivity of the formation zone (K r2), and the specific storage of the formation zone (S s2) at early times, and it is very sensitive to the parameters n, w and K r2 at late times, especially to n, while it is not sensitive to the skin thickness (r s).  相似文献   

9.
This study quantifies the influence of various intrinsic soil properties including particle roundness, R, sphericity, S, 50% size by weight, D 50, coefficient of uniformity, C u, and the state property of relative density, D r, on the compression and recompression indices, C c and C r, of sands of various geologic origins at pre-crushing stress levels. Twenty-four sands exhibiting a wide range of particle shapes, gradations, and geologic origins were collected for the study. The particle shapes were determined using a computational geometry algorithm which allows characterization of a statistically large number of particles in specimens. One dimensional oedometer tests were performed on the soils. The new data was augmented with many previously published results. Through statistical analyses, simple functional relationships are developed for C c and C r. In both cases, the models utilized only R and D r since other intrinsic properties proved to have lesser direct influence on the compression indices. However, previous studies showed that the contributions of S and C u are felt through their effects on index packing void ratios and thus on D r. The accuracy of the models was confirmed by comparison of predicted and observed C c and C r values.  相似文献   

10.
In this paper, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) was developed as a novel soft-computing technique for predicting longitudinal dispersion coefficient (DL) in rivers. As mentioned in the literature, experimental dataset related to DL was collected and used for preparing MARS model. Results of MARS model were compared with multi-layer neural network model and empirical formulas. To define the most effective parameters on DL, the Gamma test was used. Performance of MARS model was assessed by calculation of standard error indices. Error indices showed that MARS model has suitable performance and is more accurate compared to multi-layer neural network model and empirical formulas. Results of the Gamma test and MARS model showed that flow depth (H) and ratio of the mean velocity to shear velocity (u/u?) were the most effective parameters on the DL.  相似文献   

11.
Dam failure constitutes a grave threat to human life. However, there is still a lack of systematic and comprehensive research on the loss of life (L) caused by dam break in China. From the perspective of protecting human life, a new calculation method for L occurred in dam break floods is put forward. Fourteen dam failure cases in China are selected as the basic data by three-dimensional stratified sampling, balancing spatial, vertical elevation and temporal representations, as well as considering various conditions of the dam collapse. The method includes three progressive steps: Firstly, some impact factors of loss of life (IFL) are selected by literature survey, i.e., severity of dam break flood (S F), population at risk (P R), understanding of dam break (U B), warning time (T W) and evacuation condition (E C). And the other IFL of weather during dam break (W B), dam break mode (M B), water storage (S W), building vulnerability (V B), dam break time (T B) and average distance from affected area to dam (D D) are also taken into account to get a more comprehensive consideration. According to disaster system and disaster risk, these eleven IFL are divided into four categories. Through the improved entropy method, eight key IFL are further selected out of the eleven. Secondly, four L modules are built based on four categories, which are L-causing factor module (M 1), L-prone environment module (M 2), affected body module (M 3) and rescue condition module (M 4). Eventually, by using two methods of multivariate nonlinear regression and leave-one-out cross-validation in combination with coupled four modules, the calculation method for L is established. Compared with the results of Graham method and D&M method, the result of the proposed one is much closer to the actual value and performs better in fitting effect and regional applicability. In the application, L calculation and consequence assessment are carried out in the example of Hengjiang reservoir that has already broken down. At the same time, L calculation and risk prediction are used in the analysis of Yunshan reservoir, which is under planning. The proposed method can not only be applied to estimate L and its rate (f L ) under various types of dam break conditions in China, but also provide a reliable consequence assessment and prediction approach to reduce the risk of L.  相似文献   

12.
The results of hydrodynamical calculations of radially pulsating helium stars with masses 0.5M⊙≤M≤0.9M⊙, bolometric luminosities 600L⊙≤5×103L⊙, and effective temperatures 1.5×104 K≤Teff≤3.5×104 K are presented. The pulsation instability of these stars is due to the effects of ionization of iron-group elements in layers with temperatures T～2×105 K. The calculations were carried out using opacities for the relative mass abundances of hydrogen and heavy elements X=0 and Z=0.01, 0.015, and 0.02. Approximate formulas for the pulsation constant Q over the entire range of pulsation instability of the hot helium stars in terms of the mass M, radius R, effective temperature Teff, and heavy-element abundance Z are derived. The instability of BX Cir to radial pulsations with the observed period Π=0.1066 d occurs only for a mass M≥0.55M⊙, effective temperature Teff≥23000 K, and heavy-element abundance Z≥0.015. The allowed mass of BX Cir is in the range 0.55M⊙≤M≤0.8M⊙, which corresponds to luminosities 800L⊙≤M≤1400L⊙ and mean radii 1.7R⊙?R?2.1R⊙.  相似文献   

13.
The behavior of trace elements under conditions of partial melting of granitoid rocks has been studied. The element’s partition coefficients between minerals and the melt Dimin/melt depends, in the first place, on the composition of the primary melt. In biotite the HREE Di are a little below 1, while those of LREE, especially Di for Ce, are 1–3 orders of magnitude less. This leads to an efficient differentiation of REEs in anatexic melts especially when biotite is the main mineral phase of restite. On the contrary, there are feldspars, the Di of which cannot provide such a magnitude of differentiation. Unlike garnets and pyroxenes, whose stability in restite permits enrichment of anatexic melts produced in migmatization zones with Nb, Ti, and Cr, the presence of biotite in restite causes depletion of melts with those elements as well as with Rb. Feldspars, under conditions of their fractional crystallization or during differentiation of an anatexic melt, deplete the latter with Sr, Ba, and Rb, but enrich it with Nb, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, and V.  相似文献   

14.
A Cs-bearing polyphase aggregate with composition (in wt%): 76(1)CsAlSi5O12 + 7(1)CsAlSi2O6 + 17(1)amorphous, was obtained from a clinoptilolite-rich epiclastic rock after a beneficiation process of the starting material (aimed to increase the fraction of zeolite to 90 wt%), cation exchange and then thermal treatment. CsAlSi5O12 is an open-framework compound with CAS topology; CsAlSi2O6 is a pollucite-like material with ANA topology. The thermal stability of this polyphase material was investigated by in situ high-T X-ray powder diffraction, the combined P–T effects by a series of runs with a single-stage piston cylinder apparatus, and its chemical stability following the “availability test” (“AVA test”) protocol. A series of additional investigations were performed by WDS–electron microprobe analysis in order to describe the P–T-induced modification of the material texture, and to chemically characterize the starting material and the run products. The “AVA tests” of the polyphase aggregate show an extremely modest release of Cs+: 0.05 mg/g. In response to applied temperature and at room P, CsAlSi5O12 experiences an unquenchable and displacive Ama2-to-Amam phase transition at about 770 K, and the Amam polymorph is stable in its crystalline form up to 1600 K; a crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition occurs between 1600 and 1650 K. In response to the applied P = 0.5 GPa, the crystalline-to-amorphous transition of CsAlSi5O12 occurs between 1670 and 1770 K. This leads to a positive Clapeyron slope (i.e., dP/dT > 0) of the crystalline-to-amorphous transition. When the polyphase aggregate is subjected at P = 0.5 GPa and T > 1770 K, CsAlSi5O12 melts and only CsAlSi2O6 (pollucite-like; dominant) and Cs-rich glass (subordinate) are observed in the quenched sample. Based on its thermo-elastic behavior, P–T phase stability fields, and Cs+ retention capacity, CsAlSi5O12 is a possible candidate for use in the immobilization of radioactive isotopes of Cs, or as potential solid hosts for 137Cs γ-radiation source in sterilization applications. More in general, even the CsAlSi5O12-rich aggregate obtained by a clinoptilolite-rich epiclastic rock appears to be suitable for this type of utilizations.  相似文献   

15.
Shear heating by reverse faulting on a sharp straight fault plane is modelled. Increase in temperature (T i ) of faulted hangingwall and footwall blocks by frictional/shear heating for planar rough reverse faults is proportional to the coefficient of friction (μ), density and thickness of the hangingwall block (ρ). T i increases as movement progresses with time. Thermal conductivity (K i ) and thermal diffusivity (\(k_{\mathrm {i}}^{\prime }\)) of faulted blocks govern T i but they do not bear simple relation. T i is significant only near the fault plane. If the lithology is dry and faulting brings adjacent hangingwall and footwall blocks of the same lithology in contact, those blocks undergo the same rate of increase in shear heating per unit area per unit time.  相似文献   

16.
Sized aggregates of glasses (47–84 wt% SiO2) were fused from igneous-derived cohesive fault rock and igneous rock, and step-heated from ~400 to >1,200 °C to obtain their 39Ar diffusion properties (average E=33,400 cal mol?1; D o=4.63×10?3 cm2 s?1). At T<~1,000 °C, glasses containing <~69 wt% SiO2 and abundant network-forming cations (Ca, Fe, Mg) reveal moderate to strong non-linear increases in D and E, reflecting structural modifications as the solid transitions to melt. Extrapolation of these Arrhenius properties down to typical geologic T-t conditions could result in a 1.5 log10 unit underestimation in the diffusion rate of Ar in similar materials. Numerical simulations based upon the diffusion results caution that some common geologic glasses will likely yield 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages rather than formation ages. However, if cooling rates are sufficiently high, ambient temperatures are sufficiently low (e.g., <65–175 °C), and coarse particles (e.g., radius (r) >~1 mm) are analyzed, glasses with compositions similar to ours may preserve their formation ages.  相似文献   

17.
Water inflow into deep excavations is a key parameter in the evaluation of environmental impact, and a simplified method is needed to calculate the inflow with adequate accuracy, especially for a deep excavation with a cutoff wall around it. This paper presents a model for calculating inflow based on the method of fragments, assuming two-dimensional sectional flow. The effects of cutoff wall thickness (w), wall penetration, and excavation width on the inflow are well considered in this model. Explicit formulas for the form factor are given. The accuracy and scope of this method are discussed. The method can be applied in both flooding and no flooding cases. Extensive verification shows that, for the flooding case and when one of four conditions is satisfied, the error of the proposed method will be within 10%. These conditions are b/d?≥?0.8 or w/d?≥?0.03 or s/d?≥?0.2 or s1/d?≥?0.2, for which b is the half width of the excavation, d is the thickness of the soil layer underlying the wall, and s and s1 are the wall penetration depths on the non-excavation side and excavation side, respectively. For the case of no flooding and when the ratio of the distance from the recharge boundary to the aquifer thickness (a/T) is?≥2, the error does not exceed 15%.  相似文献   

18.
The evolution of Population I stars with initial masses 60 M ⊙ ≤ M ZAMS ≤ 120 M ⊙ is computed up to the Wolf-Rayet stage, when the central helium abundance decreases to Y c ≈ 0.05. Several models from evolutionary sequences in the core helium-burning stage were used as initial conditions when solving the equations of radiative hydrodynamics for self-exciting stellar radial pulsations. The low-density envelope surrounding the compact core during the core helium burning is unstable against radial oscillations in a wide range of effective temperatures extending to T eff ～ 105 K. The e-folding time of the amplitude growth is comparable to the dynamical time scale of the star, and, when the instability ceases growing, the radial displacement of the outer layers is comparable to the stellar radius. Evolutionary changes of the stellar radius and luminosity are accompanied by a decrease in the amplitude of radial pulsations, but, at the effective temperature T eff ≈ 105 K, the stellar oscillations are still nonlinear, with a maximum expansion velocity of the outer layers of about one-third the local escape velocity. The period of the radial oscillations decreases from 9 hr to 4 min as stellar mass decreases from M = 28 M ⊙ to M = 6 M ⊙ in the course of evolution. The nonlinear oscillations lead to a substantial increase of the radii of the Lagrangian mass zones compared to their equilibrium radii throughout the instability region. The instability of Wolf-Rayet stars against radial oscillations is due to the action of the κ mechanism in the iron-group ionization zone, which has a temperature of T ～ 2 × 105 K.  相似文献   

19.
For feasibility studies and preliminary design estimates, field measurements of shear wave velocity, V s, may not be economically adequate and empirical correlations between V s and more available penetration measurements such as cone penetration test, CPT, data turn out to be potentially valuable at least for initial evaluation of the small-strain stiffness of soils. These types of correlations between geophysical (Vs) and geotechnical (N-SPT, q c-CPT) measurements are also of utmost importance where a great precision in the calculation of the deposit response is required such as in liquefaction evaluation or earthquake ground response analyses. In this study, the stress-normalized shear wave velocity V s1 (in m/s) is defined as statistical functions of the normalized dimensionless resistance, Q tn-CPT, and the mean effective diameter, D 50 (in mm), using a data set of different uncemented soils of Holocene age accumulated at various sites in North America, Europe, and Asia. The V s1–Q tn data exhibit different trends with respect to grain sizes. For soils with mean grain size (D 50) < 0.2 mm, the V s1/Q tn 0.25 ratio undergoes a significant reduction with the increase in D 50 of the soil. This trend is completely reversed with further increase in D 50 (D 50 > 0.2 mm). These results corroborate earlier results that stressed the use of different CPT-based correlations with different soil types, and those emphasized the need to impose particle-size limits on the validity of the majority of available correlations.  相似文献   

20.
Observing permanent seals with different physical and mechanical characteristics under various conditions in the field is almost impossible. In conjunction with the development of high-speed computer algorithms, numerical simulation has become one of the major means to study the dynamics of such problems. Therefore, this study covers only the numerical approach to analyze the stability of underground seals. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to provide an insight to the design of underground seals by numerically analyzing their behaviors under different static and dynamic explosion overpressures using a geo-technical commercial software FLAC3D. For this purpose, a series of numerical models were constructed for a typical seal in an underground gallery with different properties such as seal thickness, seal dimensions, gallery geometry, and strength of the seal material to investigate the stability of seals exposed to various static and dynamic explosion overpressures. A total of 896 numerical analyses (512 static and 384 dynamic) were performed and evaluated. Regarding the gallery geometry, it was found that seals constructed in trapeze-shaped galleries are more stable than those constructed in horseshoe-shaped galleries having the same dimensions. Moreover, the results showed that the seal stability increases with the increasing seal thickness rather than the strength of the seal material. The statistical analyses suggest that there is a very strong exponential relationship between the seal thickness and the maximum displacement measured at the midpoints of the outer surfaces of the seals. The coefficients of determination values obtained are in the range of 0.92–0.93 and 0.92–0.95 for static and dynamic analyses, respectively. We proposed formulas which use the longer dimension of the seal (W max ), maximum allowable displacement on the seal (D max ), explosion overpressure applied onto the seal (P exp ), and compressive strength of the seal material (σ c and σ cd for static and dynamic conditions, respectively) to predict the minimum required seal thickness (T s ) for static and dynamic conditions. The proposed formulas enable calculating the necessary seal thickness easily if the explosion overpressure (or hydrostatic pressure) is known or approximated.  相似文献   

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