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1.
Nikolaus Froitzheim Sebastian Weber Thorsten J. Nagel Tobias Ibele Heinz Furrer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(5):1315-1329
The Triassic to Cretaceous sediment succession of the Lechtal Nappe in the western part of the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) has been deformed into large-scale folds and crosscut by thrust and extensional faults during Late Cretaceous (Eoalpine) and Tertiary orogenic processes. The following sequence of deformation is developed from overprinting relations in the field: (D1) NW-vergent folds related to thrusting; (D2) N–S shortening leading to east–west-trending folds and to the formation of a steep belt (Arlberg Steep Zone) along the southern border of the NCA; (D3) E–W to NE–SW extension and vertical shortening, leading to low-angle normal faulting and recumbent “collapse folds” like the Wildberg Syncline. D1 and D2 are Cretaceous in age and predate the Eocene emplacement of the Austroalpine on the Penninic Nappes along the Austroalpine basal thrust; the same is probably true for D3. Finally, the basal thrust was deformed by folds related to out-of-sequence thrusting. These results suggest that the NCA were at least partly in a state of extension during the sedimentation of the Gosau Group in the Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
2.
The Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) of southern Bavaria and northern Tyrol constitute a carbonate-dominated polyphase fold-thrust wedge; together with its Grauwacken Zone Basement, it is the northernmost part of the far-travelled Upper Austroalpine thrust complex of the Eastern Alps. The present geometry developed in several kinematic stages. Jurassic extensional faults that affected large parts of the NCA and their basement originated when the main part of the NCA was still located southeast of the Central Alpine Ötztal-Silvretta complex. These faults and related facies transitions influenced the later style of detachment of the NCA thrust sheets. Mid to Late Cretaceous detachment, thrust-sheet stacking and motion over the Central Alpine complex are registered in clastic deposits of syntectonic basins. The latest Cretaceous to Cenozoic NNE- to N-directed motion of the NCA towards Europe in front of the Central Alpine complex created another set of significant contraction structures, which at depth overprinted all previous structures. During Cretaceous to Cenozoic deformation, the NCA experienced about 80 km of shortening, i.e., about 73% along the TRANSALP Profile. The European basement and autochthonous Mesozoic cover beneath the allochthonous NCA thrust sheets and flysch complexes seem to have remained relatively undeformed. 相似文献
3.
Eocene paleomagnetism of the Caucasus (southwest Georgia): oroclinal bending in the Arabian syntaxis
The Caucasus is very important for our understanding of tectonic evolution of the Alpine belt, but only a few reliable paleomagnetic results were reported from this region so far. We studied a collection of more than 300 samples of middle Eocene volcanics and volcano-sedimentary rocks from 10 localities in the Adjaro–Trialet tectonic zone (ATZ) in the western part of the Caucasus. Stepwise thermal demagnetization isolates a characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) in 19 sites out of 31 studied. ChRM reversed directions prevail, and a few vectors of normal polarity are antipodal to the reversed ones after tilt correction. The fold test is positive too, and we consider the ChRM primary. Analysis of Tertiary declinations and strikes of Alpine folds in the Adjaro–Trialet zone and the Pontides in Northern Turkey shows a large data scatter; Late Cretaceous data from the same region, however, reveal good correlation between paleomagnetic and structural data. Combining Late Cretaceous and Tertiary data indicates oroclinal bending of the Alpine structures which are locally complicated with different deformation. The overall mean Tertiary inclination is slightly shallower than the reference Eurasian inclination recalculated from one apparent polar wander path (APWP), but agrees with other. This finding is in accord with geological evidence on moderate post-Eocene shortening across the Caucasus. We did not find any indication of long-lived paleomagnetic anomalies, such as to Cenozoic anomalously shallow inclinations further to the east in Central Asia. 相似文献
4.
Wonnyon Kim Seong-Jae Doh Yongjae Yu Jeong Jick Lee Dongwoo Suk 《Tectonophysics》2009,474(3-4):684-695
In order to better understand the tectonic environment of the Korean Peninsula since Cretaceous, a paleomagnetic study was carried out on the Jinan Basin located in southwestern Korea. From the demagnetization of 597 samples, we found that remanence is carried by pyrrhotite and/or magnetite (black siltstone) and hematite (red siltstone), which is a common magnetic mineral assemblage of the rocks remagnetized in Early Tertiary in Korea. All the rock units recorded identical ancient geomagnetic field directions. In particular, paleodirections were better clustered in geographic coordinates, indicating a secondary origin. The presence of abundant silicates as inclusions within Fe-oxides and Fe-sulfides confirms the authigenic origin of the magnetic carriers, precipitated by fluid mediated chemical processes. Compilation of the Korean Cretaceous and Tertiary poles indicates that the Jinan Basin was remagnetized in the Early Tertiary age. In addition, comparison of the Korean Cretaceous and Tertiary poles with those from adjacent major terrains including China and Siberia reveals that a dominant feature of tectonic motions in Korea was a vertical-axis rotation. Sense of vertical-axis rotation was time-dependent, with clear distinction between clockwise rotation in Cretaceous and counter-clockwise rotation in Early Tertiary. Such differences in the mode of vertical axis rotation might be caused by the activities of basin-bounding strike–slip faults in Korea, possibly driven by the changes of subduction regime of the Kula-Pacific plate in Early Tertiary. 相似文献
5.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-3):73-82
Paleomagnetic declinations from the Inner Carpathian Paleogene Basin imply that the area rotated counterclockwise about 60°, during the Miocene[1]. The question may arise if the paleomagnetic declination could have been biased by the W-E directed turbidity currents prevailing in the basin causing an apparent counter-clockwise rotation of the paleomagnetic direction. The paleomagnetic results were obtained for fine grained strata, deposited in relatively calm water. Nevertheless, to confirm the paleomagnetic rotation, we needed evidence that flow activity on the magnetic grains was indeed insignificant in the beds yielding paleomagnetic results. Therefore, we carried out magnetic anisotropy measurements. Results of AMS (representing para and ferromagnetic minerals together) measurements, compared with paleomagnetic observations, demonstrate that well-clustered lineations at locality level and failure to define a paleomagnetic direction are coupled. Lineation, when observable, is flow parallel, suggesting that magnetic lineation in the Inner Carpathian flysch basins may be regarded as a good proxy for turbidity current direction. It is remarkable, however, that the well-defined paleomagnetic directions are observed for localities, where the magnetic fabric is not showing lineation on locality level. Moreover, the lineation direction of the ferromagnetic minerals alone (obtained by measuring the anisotropy of the remanence) is independent of that of the turbidity currents. Thus we can safely conclude that the Inner Carpathian flysch basin indeed was affected by 60° tectonic rotation, and the paleomagnetic vectors were not biased by paleocurrents. 相似文献
6.
A series of expeditions undertaken over the last three years by a team of geologists from Kingston Polytechnic and the British Museum (Natural History) has increased our understanding of the Cretaceous and Tertiary palaeogeography of Central West Africa. The latest expedition discovered a dinosaur graveyard of Lower Cretaceous (Wealden) age. Studies of these and other fossils within the sedimentary rocks of the Iullemmeden Basin in Niger and Mali have shed new light on the Trans-Saharan Seaway migration route during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. 相似文献
7.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(8):697-703
We review the paleomagnetic studies published on the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) and also include data from two theses that were not published yet. Moreover, we present new data from upper Santonian to Maastrichtian Gosau deposits from the Neue Welt Area in the easternmost part of the NCA (D = 325.8. I = 37.1, α95 = 8.3, positive fold test, thus indicating counterclockwise rotation and inclination flattening). Although several of the recently published studies provide valuable data, presently the paleomagnetic data base of the NCA does not provide a sufficient frame work for a quantitatively backed paleogeographic model. By thus documenting the state of research, we want to outline major problems regarding the paleomagnetic characterization of the NCA and also specify the kind of paleomagnetic future work that is particularly needed within this mountain range. 相似文献
8.
Paleomagnetic data for the Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the Andean region of Peru are given. Reliable paleomagnetic field directions were obtained for three Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) formations from calcareous sediments in northern Peru. Stable remanent magnetization directions were also derived from twelve Cretaceous lava flows and dikes in coastal Peru. Paleomagnetic data of the same age from the stable areas of South America such as Brazil demonstrate that the paleomagnetic poles are nearly coincident with the present pole, but Peruvian paleomagnetic directions studied here showed several tens of degrees of counterclockwise declination shifts. This suggests counterclockwise tectonic rotation of an extensive block which includes the whole of Andean Peru. 相似文献
9.
The Late Cretaceous Brezová and Myjava Groups of the Western Carpathians in Slovakia and formations of the Gosau Group of the Northern Calcareous Alps in Lower Austria comprise similar successions of alluvial/shallow marine deposits overlain by deep water hemipelagic sediments and turbidites. In both areas the heavy mineral spectra of Late Cretaceous sediments contain significant amounts of detrital chrome spinel. In the Early Tertiary the amount of garnet increases. Cluster analysis and correspondence analysis of Coniacian/Santonian and Campanian/Early Maastrichtian heavy mineral data indicate strong similarities between the Gosau deposits of the Lunz Nappe of the north-eastern part of the Northern Calcareous Alps and the Brezova Group of the Western Carpathians. Similar source areas and a similar palaeogeographical position at the northern active margin of the Adriatic/Austroalpine plate are therefore suggested for the two tectonic units.Basin subsidence mechanisms within the Late Cretaceous of the Northern Calcareous Alps are correlated with the Western Carpathians. Subsidence during the Campanian-Maastrichtian is interpreted as a consequence of subduction tectonic erosion along the active northern margin of the Adriatic/Austroalpine plate. Analogous facies and heavy mineral associations from deep water sandstones of the Manin Unit and the Klape Unit indicate accretion of parts of the Pieniny Klippen Belt during the Late Cretaceous along the Adriatic/Austroalpine margin. 相似文献
10.
11.
J. Vandenberg 《Tectonophysics》1983,98(1-2)
The platform limestones of Apulia (Italy) outcropping in the Gargano peninsula have been restudied. Paleomagnetic research has been carried out on Upper Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks. Despite the low intensities of the NRM (10–100 μA/m), all samples (268) could be cleaned by stepwise A.F. and/or thermal demagnetization treatments. NRM directions could be determined accurately and reproducibly for 85% of the samples, using a ScT cryogenic magnetometer and double precision measuring procedures. NRM of the Jurassic limestone is carried by secondary haematite and the results are therefore rejected from further consideration. The Upper and Lower Cretaceous limestones have an NRM carried by magnetite. Minor bedding tilt corrections improve the grouping of the site-mean results. The Upper Cretaceous “Scaglia” limestone (Turonian-Senonian) reveals a characteristic mean direction of decl. = 327.7°, incl. = 38.2°, α95 = 4.3° (21 sites), while the Lower Cretaceous “Maiolica” limestone (Neocomian-Aptian/Albian) reveals a characteristic mean direction of decl. = 303.1°, incl. = 35.1°, α95 = 8.7° (8 sites). The Cretaceous results show a post-Aptian/Albian counterclockwise rotation of about 25°, which is expressed by the smeared distribution of the Late Cretaceous site-mean results and a post-Senonian (i.e. Tertiary) counterclockwise rotation of the same amount with respect to the pole. These results are in excellent agreement with contemporaneous paleomagnetic results from other peri-Adriatic regions. A Tertiary counterclockwise rotation of all the stable Adriatic block is strongly supported by the new results. 相似文献
12.
白垩纪以来中国西部地体运动的古地磁证据和问题 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地质证据表明中国西部各地体在白垩纪之前已经增生到欧亚大陆之上 ,但这些地体自白垩纪以来的古地磁极位置与稳定欧亚大陆的古地磁极位置存在较大差异 ,对其最可能的解释是发生在晚白垩世与古新世之交 (约 6 5Ma)印度板块和欧亚大陆之间的碰撞及其后印度板块的持续北向挤压 ,使得这些地体之间以及这些地体与稳定欧亚大陆之间发生了相对位移和地体内部的变形。文中利用现有的古地磁研究成果 ,计算了自白垩纪以来中国西部各地体与欧亚稳定大陆之间的南北向相对位移量。塔里木地块和柴达木地体的古地磁数据表明 ,阿尔金断裂至少经历了四期活动。在欧亚地区普遍存在的第三纪磁倾角偏缓现象 ,很可能反映了在该地区长期存在非偶极子场。 相似文献
13.
U. RING 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1992,10(1):33-53
The eastern Central Alps consist of several Pennine nappes with different tectonometamorphic histories. The tectonically uppermost units (oceanic Avers Bündnerschiefer, continental Suretta and Tambo nappes, oceanic Vals Bündnerschiefer) show Cretaceous/early Tertiary W-directed thrusting with associated blueschist facies metamorphism related to subduction of the Pennine units beneath the Austroalpine continental crust. This event caused eclogite facies metamorphism in the underlying continental Adula nappe. The gross effect was crustal thickening. The tectonically lower, continental Simano nappe is devoid of any imprint from this event. In the course of continent-continent collision, high- T metamorphism and N-directed movements occurred. Both affected the whole nappe pile more or less continuously from amphibolite to greenschist facies conditions. Crustal thinning commenced during the regional temperature peak. A final phase is related to differential uplift under retrograde P–T conditions. Further thinning of the crust was accommodated by E- to NE-directed extensional deformation. 相似文献
14.
We compare detrital U/Pb zircon age spectra of Carboniferous and Permian / Lower Triassic sedimentary rocks from different structural positions within the Austroalpine nappe pile with published ages of magmatic and metamorphic events in the Eastern Alps and the West Carpathians. Similarities between sink and possible sources are used to derive provenance of sediments and distinct frequency peaks in sink and source age pattern are used for paleogeographic plate tectonic reconstructions. From this, travel paths of Austroalpine and West Carpathian basement units are traced from the Late Neoproterozoic to the Jurassic. We place the ancestry of basement units on the northeastern Gondwana margin, next to Anatolia and the Iranian Luth-Tabas blocks. Late Cambrian rifting by retreat of the Cadomian Arc failed and continental slivers re-attached to Gondwana during a late Cambrian / early Ordovician orogenic event. In the Upper Ordovician crustal fragments of the Galatian superterrane rifted off Gondwana through retreat of the Rheic subduction. An Eo-Variscan orogenic event at ~390 Ma in the Austroalpine developed on the northern rim of Galatia, simultaneously with a passive margin evolution to the south of it. The climax of Variscan orogeny occurred already during a Meso-Variscan phase at ~350 Ma by double-sided subduction beneath Galatia fragments. The Neo-Variscan event at ~330 Ma was mild in eastern Austroalpine units. This orogenic phase was hot enough to deliver detrital white mica into adjacent basins but too cold to create significant volumes of magmatic or metamorphic zircon. Finally, the different zircon age spectra in today's adjacent Carboniferous to Lower Triassic sediments disprove original neighbourhood of basins. We propose lateral displacement of major Austroalpine and West-Carpathian units along transform faults transecting Apulia. The intracontinental transform system was released by opening of the Penninic Ocean and simultaneous closure of the Meliata Hallstatt Ocean as part of the Tethys. 相似文献
15.
阿尔金断裂走滑作用对青藏高原东北缘山脉形成的古地磁证据 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
通过对青藏高原北部阿尔金断裂东缘早白垩世-第三纪红层与玄武岩38个采点的系统古地磁测定,获得了研究区早白垩世-第三纪高温特征剩磁分量。结果表明,昌马乡早白垩世红层与玄武岩剖面层面坐标下高温特征剩磁平均方向(Ds=32.8°,Is=59.4°,κs=36.2,α95=8.1°)和北大窖早白垩世玄武岩剖面层面坐标下高温特征剩磁平均方向(Ds=335.4°,Is=55.1°,κs=34,α95=9.6°)均通过了褶皱检验,可能代表岩石形成时的原生剩磁。旱峡地区早白垩世地层层面坐标下高温特征剩磁平均方向(Ds=26.1°,Is=49.5°,κs=28.6,α95=7.3°)和红柳峡早第三纪地层层面坐标下高温特征剩磁平均方向(Ds=355.4°,Is=48.3°,κs=135.8,α95=7.9°),这两组高温特征剩磁方向在地理坐标下均远离现代地磁场方向,且具有正、反双极性特征,说明其也可能代表了岩石形成时的原生剩磁方向。结合已有阿尔金断裂及周边早白垩世-第三纪古地磁结果,提出柴达木块体在新生代印度/欧亚大陆碰撞挤压下并没有发生明显的整体顺时针旋转作用,青藏高原东北地区的块体旋转作用是阿尔金断裂左旋走滑作用在青藏高原东北缘转换的重要表现形式。 相似文献
16.
17.
Talip Güngör 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(5):1381-1402
In the Central Taurides, the Sultan Mountains comprise in ascending order the Çimendere unit and the Ak?ehir, Do?anhisar, Çay nappes composed of metasedimentary sequences deposited from Cambrian to Tertiary. The overthrust of the Çay nappe on the Lutetian Celepta? formation representing the uppermost stratigraphic position in the Çimendere unit indicates that the latest nappe emplacement occurred during the Middle Eocene. The Oligocene and Miocene rocks are in post-tectonic facies in the west Central Taurides. The kinematic data from these nappes related to closure of the Neotethys reveal a top-NE shear sense in the northwest part and a top-SE shear sense in the southeast part of the Sultan Mountains. The Sultan Mountains are located in the north part of the Isparta Angle which was tectonically assembled by the Lycian, Hoyran–Bey?ehir–Hadim and Antalya allochthons on the Bey Da?lar? and Anamas–Akseki autochthons from the Latest Cretaceous to the Late Pliocene. The previous paleomagnetic data showed that the west and east subsections of the Isparta Angle were subjected to post-Eocene 30°–40° anticlockwise and clockwise rotations, respectively. In consideration of these paleomagnetic data, the kinematic data measured in the Sultan Mountains might be restored into approximately E–W-trending linear fabric associated with a top-E shear sense. These new kinematic data from the nappes in the Sultan Mountains disagree with the existing tectonic models that suggest N–S nappe translation over the Central Taurides during the latest Cretaceous–Middle Eocene. The alternative tectonic model for the Antalya nappes in the core of the Isparta Angle related to east–west compression suggests westward and eastward nappe emplacements on the surrounding autochthons. However, the new kinematic data presented here point consistently to a top-E shear sense in all tectonostratigraphic units in the Sultan Mountains currently located in the north part of the Anamas–Akseki autochthon. 相似文献
18.
The Schlinig fault at the western border of theÖtztal nappe (Eastern Alps), previously interpreted as a west-directed thrust, actually represents a Late Cretaceous, top-SE to -ESE normal fault, as indicated by sense-of-shear criteria found within cataclasites and greenschist-facies mylonites. Normal faulting postdated and offset an earlier, Cretaceous-age, west-directed thrust at the base of theÖtztal nappe. Shape fabric and crystallographic preferred orientation in completely recrystallized quartz layers in a mylonite from the Schlinig fault record a combination of (1) top-east-southeast simple shear during Late Cretaceous normal faulting, and (2) later north-northeast-directed shortening during the Early Tertiary, also recorded by open folds on the outcrop and map scale. Offset of the basal thrust of theÖtztal nappe across the Schlinig fault indicates a normal displacement of 17 km. The fault was initiated with a dip angle of 10° to 15° (low-angle normal fault). Domino-style extension of the competent Late Triassic Hauptdolomit in the footwall was kinematically linked to normal faulting.
The Schlinig fault belongs to a system of east- to southeast-dipping normal faults which accommodated severe stretching of the Alpine orogen during the Late Cretaceous. The slip direction of extensional faults often parallels the direction of earlier thrusting (top-W to top-NW), only the slip sense is reversed and the normal faults are slightly steeper than the thrusts. In the western Austroalpine nappes, extension started at about 80 Ma and was coeval with subduction of Piemont-Ligurian oceanic lithosphere and continental fragments farther west. The extensional episode led to the formation of Austroalpine Gosau basins with fluviatile to deep-marine sediments. West-directed rollback of an east-dipping Piemont-Ligurian subduction zone is proposed to have caused this stretching in the upper plate. 相似文献
19.
In the area of Arosa?CDavos?CKlosters (Eastern Switzerland) the different tectonic elements of the Arosa zone mélange e.g. the Austroalpine fragments, the sedimentary cover of South Penninic ophiolite fragments, as well as the matrix (oceanic sediments and flysch rocks) show distinctively different metamorphic histories and also different climaxes (??peaks??) of Alpine metamorphism. This is shown by a wealth of Kübler-Index, vitrinite and bituminite reflectance measurements, and K-white mica b cell dimension data. At least six main metamorphic events can be recognized in the area of Arosa?CDavos?CKlosters: (1) A pre-orogenic event, typical for the Upper Austroalpine and for instance found in the sediments at the base of the Silvretta nappe but also in some tectonic fragments of the Arosa zone (Arosa zone mélange). (2) An epizonal oceanic metamorphism observed in the close vicinity of oceanic basement rocks units of the Arosa zone (South Penninic) is another pre-orogenic process. (3) A metamorphic overprint of the adjacent Lower Austroalpine nappes and structural fragments of the Lower Austroalpine in the Arosa zone. This metamorphic overprint is attributed to the orogenic metamorphic processes during the Late Cretaceous. (4) A thermal climax observed in the South Penninic sediments of the Arosa zone can be bracketed by the Austroalpine Late Cretaceous event (3) and the middle Tertiary event (5) in the Middle Penninic units and predates Oligocene extension of the ??Turba phase??. (6) North of Klosters, in the northern part of our study area, the entire tectonic pile from the North Penninic flysches to the Upper Austroalpine is strongly influenced by a late Tertiary high-grade diagenetic to low-anchizone event. In the Arosa zone mélange an individual orogenic metamorphic event is evidenced and gives a chance to resolve diagenetic?Cmetamorphic relations versus deformation. Six heating episodes in sedimentary rocks and seven deformation cycles can be distinguished. This is well explained by the propagation of the Alpine deformation front onto the foreland units. Flysches at the hanging wall of the mélange zone in the north of the study area (Walsertal zone) show data typical for low-grade diagenetic thermal conditions and are therefore sandwiched between higher metamorphic rock units and separated from theses units by a disconformity. The Arosa zone s.s., as defined in this paper, is characterised by metamorphic inversions in the hanging wall and at the footwall thrust, thus shows differences to the Walsertal zone in the north and to the Platta nappe in the south. 相似文献
20.
Emő Márton Dario Zampieri Paolo Grandesso Vlasta Ćosović Alan Moro 《Tectonophysics》2010,480(1-4):57-72
The central-western and the eastern Southern Alps are separated by the triangular shaped Adige embayment, which belongs to stable Adria and was the site of pelagic sedimentation from the Tithonian through Maastrichtian. The first part of this study presents paleomagnetic results from the Tithonian–Cenomanian Biancone and Turonian–Maastrichtian Scaglia Rossa formations sampled at 33 geographically distributed and biostratigraphically dated localities.The new and high quality paleomagnetic results from the Adige embayment are then combined with coeval paleomagnetic directions from autochthonous Istria (Márton et al., 2008), which also belongs to stable Adria. The combined data set (which for the Late Albian–Maastrichtian time period is constructed similarly to the synthetic African curve by Besse and Courtillot, 2002, 2003) reveals an important tectonic event (Late Aptian–Early Albian) characterized by 20° CCW rotation and sedimentary hiatus.Comparison between paleomagnetic declinations/inclinations expected in an African framework (i.e. with the assumption that Adria is still an African promontory) leads to the following conclusions. The time-distributed Tithonian and Berriasian (150–135 Ma) paleomagnetic directions exhibit the “African hairpin” with an inclination minimum and a sudden change from CW to CCW rotation at 145 Ma. Concerning the younger ages, the declinations for Adria continue to follow the African trend of CCW rotation till the end of Cretaceous. However, the Tithonian–Maastrichtian declination curve for stable Adria is displaced by 10° from the “African” curve as a result of two rotations. The first, an about 20° CW rotation of Adria with respect to Africa took place between the Maastrichtian and the mid-Eocene. During this time the orientation of Adria remained the same, while Africa continued its CCW rotation. The younger rotation (30°CCW) changed the orientation of Adria relative to Africa as well as to the present North. 相似文献