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1.
页岩储层孔隙度和渗透率极低,天然裂缝和水平层理发育,常规压裂增产措施无法满足页岩气的开发要求,水平井多段分簇压裂是页岩气开发的关键技术之一,该技术能够大幅度提升压裂改造的体积、产气量和最终采收率。为确定页岩储层水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力,采用有限元方法建立了水平井套管完井（考虑水泥环和套管的存在）多段分簇射孔的全三维起裂模型。数值模型的起裂压力与室内试验结果吻合较好,证明了数值模型的准确性和可靠性。利用数值模型研究了页岩水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力的影响因素,研究发现：射孔孔眼附近无天然裂缝或水平层理影响,起裂点发生在射孔簇孔眼的根部;射孔簇间距越小,中间射孔簇的干扰越大,可能造成中间的射孔簇无法起裂;射孔密度和孔眼长度增大,起裂压力降低;天然裂缝的存在,在某些情况能够降低起裂压力且改变起裂位置,主要与天然裂缝的分布方位及水平主应力差有关;水平层理可能会降低起裂压力,但与垂向主应力与水平最小主应力的差值有关。获得的起裂压力变化规律,可作为进一步研究水平井多段分簇射孔条件下的裂缝扩展规律的基础,可以为压裂设计和施工的射孔参数确定及优化给出具体建议。 相似文献
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页岩水平井常采用体积压裂技术获得产能,压裂形成的缝网体积、渗透率是影响压裂效果的关键因素。目前页岩体积压裂设计借用产能预测模型优化缝网参数,此模型较复杂,不便于现场应用。根据等效渗流原理,将页岩储层压裂后形成的缝网系统等效为一个高渗透带,建立了体积压裂缝网参数与施工规模关系模型,提出了体积压裂设计的3个步骤:体积压裂可行性研究、数值模拟优化缝网参数和施工参数优化。根据QY2页岩油水平井特征,进行了体积压裂设计和现场实施。结果表明:压裂形成的高渗透带对产能的贡献最大;高渗透带数量、体积和渗透率增加,压裂后的累积产量和采出程度逐渐增加,存在最优的高渗透带参数。现场应用表明这种设计方法方便实用,可以推广。 相似文献
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页岩气藏一般具有低孔隙、低渗透等特征,对其实施缝网压裂是高效开发页岩气的最佳途径。采用位移不连续法建立线弹性二维均质地层诱导应力场分布数学模型,通过水平应力差异系数对顺序压裂和交替压裂的裂缝间距进行优化研究。结果表明,水平应力差异系数受到裂缝净压力、裂缝缝长、原地应力场等因素的影响;裂缝净压力越大、缝长越长,水平应力差异系数越小;随着与裂缝距离的增加,水平应力差异系数呈现先减小后增加的趋势,因此,存在后续裂缝形成复杂网络的最佳裂缝间距;顺序压裂裂缝间距不宜过大,且后续压裂裂缝间距应适当减小;交替压裂裂缝间距最优时,缝间水平应力差异系数最小,对中间裂缝形成缝网最有利。 相似文献
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页岩储层天然裂缝、水平层理发育,水力压裂过程中可能形成复杂的体积裂缝。针对页岩储层体积裂缝扩展问题,基于流-固耦合基本方程和损伤力学原理,建立了页岩储层水力压裂体积裂缝扩展的三维有限元模型。将数值模型的模拟结果与页岩储层裂缝扩展室内试验结果进行对比,二者吻合较好,从而证明了数值模型的可靠性。通过一系列数值模拟发现：（1）水力压裂过程中水平层理可能张开,形成水平缝,水平与垂直缝相互交错,形成复杂的体积裂缝网络;（2）水平主应力差增大,体积裂缝的分布长度（水平最大主应力方向压裂裂缝的展布距离）增加、分布宽度（水平最小主应力方向压裂裂缝的展布距离）减小,体积裂缝的长宽比增加;（3）压裂施工排量增大,体积裂缝的分布长度减小、宽度增加,压裂裂缝的长宽比降低;（4）天然裂缝的残余抗张强度增大,体积裂缝分布宽度减小、分布长度增加,体积裂缝的长宽比增加。研究成果可以为国内的页岩气的压裂设计和施工提供一定的参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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页岩气藏矿场压裂实践表明,储层有效改造体积（effective stimulated reservoir volume,简称ESRV）是影响页岩气藏体积压裂水平井生产效果的关键因素,ESRV的准确计算对页岩气藏压裂方案评价与体积压裂水平井产量预测具有重要作用.基于页岩储层改造体积（stimulated reservoir volume,简称SRV）多尺度介质气体运移机制,建立了SRV区域正交离散裂缝耦合双重介质基质团块来表征单元体渗流模型（representation elementary volume,简称REV）,并结合北美页岩储层实例研究了次生裂缝间距、宽度等缝网参数对页岩气藏气体运移规律的影响.在此基础上根据SRV区域次生裂缝分布特征,采用分形质量维数定量表征裂缝间距分布规律,结合页岩气藏次生裂缝间距对基质团块内流体动用程度的影响规律,得到了页岩气藏体积压裂ESRV计算方法.结果表明SRV区域次生裂缝间距对基质团块内吸附及自由气影响较大,次生裂缝间距小于0.20 m时可以实现SRV区域基质团块内流体向各方向裂缝的"最短距离"渗流.选取北美典型页岩储层生产井体积压裂数据进行ESRV计算,页岩气藏目标井ESRV占体积压裂SRV的37.78%.因此ESRV受改造区域次裂缝分布规律及SRV有效裂缝间距界限的影响,是储层固有性质及人工压裂因素综合作用的结果. 相似文献
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Yongquan Hu Zhiqiang Li Jinzhou Zhao Zhengwu Tao Pan Gao 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(15):546
The ultra-low-permeability shale gas reservoir has a lot of well-developed natural fractures. It has been proven that hydraulic fracture growth pattern is usually a complex network fracture rather than conventional single planar fractures by micro-seismic monitoring, which can be explained as the shear and tensile failure of natural fractures or creation of new cracks due to the increase in reservoir pore pressure caused by fluid injection during the process of hydraulic fracturing. In order to simulate the network fracture growth, a mathematical model was established based on full tensor permeability, continuum method and fluid mass conservation equation. Firstly, the governing equation of fluid diffusivity based on permeability tensor was solved to obtain the reservoir pressure distribution. Then Mohr–Coulomb shear failure criterion and tensile failure criterion were used to decide whether the rock failed or not in any block on the basis of the calculated reservoir pressure. The grid-block permeability was modified according to the change of fracture aperture once any type of rock failure criterion was met within a grid block. Finally, the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) zone was represented by an enhancement permeability zone. After calibrating the numerical solution of the model with the field micro-seismic information, a sensitivity study was performed to analyze the effects of some factors including initial reservoir pressure, injection fluid volume, natural fracture azimuth angle and horizontal stress difference on the SRV (shape, size, bandwidth and length). The results show that the SRV size increases with the increasing initial pore reservoir and injection fluid volume, but decreases with the increase in the horizontal principal stress difference and natural fracture azimuth angle. The SRV shape is always similar for different initial pore reservoir and injection fluid volume. The SRV is observed to become shorter in length and wider in bandwidth with the decrease in natural fracture azimuth angle and horizontal principal stress difference. 相似文献
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Researchers have recently realized that the non-tectonic natural fractures are developed in shale formations and significant for the exploitation of shale gas. Studies have shown that the tectonic fractures in naturally fractured reservoirs have influences on the maximization of stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) during hydraulic fracturing. However, the effect of the non-tectonic randomly natural fractures on the fracturing network propagation is not well understood. Laboratory experiments are proposed to study the evolution of fracturing network in naturally fractured formations with specimens that contain non-tectonic random fractures. The influences of the dominating factors were studied and analyzed, with an emphasis on natural fracture density, stress ratio, and injection rate. The response surface methodology was employed to perform the multiple-factor analysis and optimization in the maximization of the SRV. A sensitivity study reveals a number of interesting observations resulting from these parameters on the fracturing network evaluation. It is suggested from the geometry morphology of fracturing network that high natural fracture density and injection rate tend to maximize the fracturing network. The influence of stress contrast on fracturing network is nonlinear; an optimal value exists resulting in the best hydraulic fracturing effectiveness. 相似文献
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N. B. Nagel M. A. Sanchez-Nagel F. Zhang X. Garcia B. Lee 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(3):581-609
Due to the low permeability of many shale reservoirs, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells is used to increase the productive, stimulated reservoir volume. However, each created hydraulic fracture alters the stress field around it, and subsequent fractures are affected by the stress field from previous fractures. The results of a numerical evaluation of the effect of stress field changes (stress shadowing), as a function of natural fracture and geomechanical properties, are presented, including a detailed evaluation of natural fracture shear failure (and, by analogy, the generated microseismicity) due to a created hydraulic fracture. The numerical simulations were performed using continuum and discrete element modeling approaches in both mechanical-only and fully coupled, hydro-mechanical modes. The results show the critical impacts that the stress field changes from a created hydraulic fracture have on the shear of the natural fracture system, which in-turn, significantly affects the success of the hydraulic fracture stimulation. Furthermore, the results provide important insight into: the role of completion design (stage spacing) and operational parameters (rate, viscosity, etc.) on the possibility of enhancing the stimulation of the natural fracture network (‘complexity’); the mechanisms that generate the microseismicity that occurs during a hydraulic fracture stimulation; and the interpretation of the generated microseismicity in relation to the volume of stimulated reservoir formation. 相似文献
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中国缺水少地,人口众多,地形复杂,页岩气储层埋藏深、维度高、渗透率低、可改造性差。美国页岩气勘探开发常规技术---水平井加多段压裂在中国有一定的局限性,为此,提出了一种新的页岩气开发井型。它不同于传统的直井、斜井或水平井,由主井及其周围的辅助洞穴构成,其中主井用于生产排采,洞穴用于储层改造。主井完井方式为直井或斜井,辅助洞穴完井方式为分支定向井或丛式井或为两者的组合。储层改造采用低成本高效的聚能爆破等技术来代替高费用的水力压裂,采用多点建造洞穴代替多段压裂和同步压裂,以保持储层裂缝系统的连续性和有效性,进而扩大有效排采面积,降低井网密度。为模拟改造效果,在坚硬的混凝土路面进行了实验,结果表明,建造多个洞穴并震动,可以产生相互连通的裂隙,能够达到整体改善储层渗透性能的效果。 相似文献
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页岩气的工业化开发要求对致密储层进行体积压裂改造,水平井多级分段压裂技术是成功开发页岩气藏的关键技术之一。页岩储层在地应力与致裂压力联合作用下突破页岩基质,沟通天然裂隙等弱结构面,形成高导流能力缝网系统,页岩储层中赋存的游离气和吸附气得以释放,提高了页岩气井的初始产量和最终采收率。根据渝东地区页岩储层工程地质特征,结合渝页A-2HF井、渝页B-2HF井矿场压裂施工数据,探索适用于渝东地区的页岩储层压裂工艺技术,结果表明,采用前置盐酸处理储层保持近井带导流能力,能够保障后续大排量施工压力窗口;低砂比粉砂段塞多级降滤实现“控近扩远”,增加储层改造体积;压力异常层段胶液前置充分造缝,可为后续滑溜水携带支撑剂进入地层创造有利条件。 相似文献
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水平井分段多簇压裂是非常规油气藏开发的关键技术,在合理利用压裂诱导应力增大储层改造体积的同时,避免井间干扰所导致的裂缝砂堵和压裂窜扰,是压裂工艺优化中的关键科学问题。文章针对超临界CO2分段多簇压裂的缝间干扰和井间干扰问题,采用流固耦合的扩展有限元方法研究单井及多井裂缝诱导应力演化特征,充分考虑裂缝内超临界CO2流动和滤失,从非常规油气储层岩性特征、地应力场分布及施工工艺等多方面对压裂扰动应力进行系统研究,揭示单井分段多簇压裂缝扩展机制及应力扰动特征,在此基础上研究多井井间压裂缝干扰规律。结果表明：高水平应力差、高弹性模量的储层中压裂干扰界限较大,低水平应力差、低弹性模量地层需适度增大簇间距,减小簇间干扰;老井压裂后,其邻井压裂缝非对称系数随井间距呈先增大、后减小的趋势;当井间距等于压裂干扰界限时,非对称系数λ达到最大,且井周改造范围最大,但裂缝两翼的非对称性可能导致储层动用不充分。本研究为水平井细分切割压裂和立体式井网设计优化提供理论基础,在“双碳”战略背景下对非常规油气资源高效开发具有重要意义。 相似文献
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评价页岩压裂形成缝网能力的新方法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
页岩储层的“体积压裂”,使美国页岩气产业取得巨大成功,有效评价压裂裂缝网络形成的难易程度,是压裂开采的首要目标,目前国内外尚未发现有效的评价方法,为此开发了一种新的测试方法。针对10种岩芯,测试岩石力学参数,并对比分析常用的3种页岩脆性评价方法。采用压后裂隙结构面迹长分布的分维值和面密度对裂缝进行定量表征,并对压后崩落碎块进行对比分析。通过实验认为,杨氏模量和泊松比判别法与塑性系数判别法用于评价岩石脆性,精确度更高;脆性岩石通常表现为高杨氏模量或（和）低泊松比的特征,与单轴抗压强度、抗张强度和压入硬度没有对应关系;压裂裂缝的分布具有统计意义上的分形特征,分维可用于定量评价压后裂缝网络复杂度;硬度越高,压后裂缝密度越小;脆性越强,压后裂缝密度越大。新方法是岩石脆性、硬度和天然裂缝系统（和沉积层理）特征的综合体现,用于评价页岩压后形成缝网的能力,不仅直观可靠,而且简单有效,有利于现场推广应用,对于今后页岩气或致密砂岩气开发的理论研究和现场应用具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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新场气田属于大型多层致密砂岩异常高压气藏,储层物性差,非均质性强,气井动用储量低。目前,为大幅度提高气井产能,提高储量动用长度,该气藏多采用多段压裂水平井开发。因此,迫切需要论证裂缝参数及其组合对多段压裂水平井开发效果的影响,为气藏下步科学高效开发和持续高产稳产提供理论基础。以川西新场气田为研究对象,采用数值模拟法深入研究了压裂水平井裂缝几何布局对气井产能的影响,包括非均匀裂缝长度、非均匀裂缝间距、压裂规模与裂缝数量、裂缝长度与间距的匹配、裂缝夹角与间距的匹配。结果表明:对于多段压裂水平井,U型模式的裂缝长度布局最优;均匀裂缝间距开发效果优于非均匀裂缝间距;水力压裂时,少段数长缝能取得更佳的开发效果;0. 67~1倍缝长的裂缝间距布局、垂直于井筒的正交裂缝布局有利于改善压裂水平井开发效果,裂缝间距的增大能有效降低非正交裂缝低夹角对产量的影响。 相似文献
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水力压裂技术广泛使用于页岩气开采工程中。为了分析压裂过程中多裂缝扩展形成复杂裂缝网的机制,尝试将态型近场动力学理论引入页岩水平井水力压裂过程的力学建模与数值仿真,在物质点间相互作用力模型中加入等效水压力项以实现在新生裂缝面上跟踪施加水压力,建立了水力压裂过程的近场动力学分析模型。通过模拟页岩储层的水力压裂过程,可得到复杂的裂缝扩展路径、裂缝网络的形成过程以及裂缝扩展受射孔间距及页岩天然裂缝和层理的影响。研究结果表明:射孔间距过小会造成起裂干扰,使中心射孔的裂缝扩展受到抑制;在压裂压力一定的情况下适当增大射孔间距,可以显著增强页岩压裂形成裂缝网的能力;压裂过程中水平层理面可能张开形成水平裂缝,且天然裂缝会诱导形成更复杂的垂直裂缝。模型和方法可为页岩水力压裂过程和机制研究及工程实践提供参考。 相似文献
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采用真三轴物理模型试验机、水力压裂伺服系统、声发射定位系统以及压裂液中添加示踪剂等方式,在真三轴条件下对大尺寸页岩水平井进行了水力压裂物理模拟试验,通过裂缝的动态监测和压裂后剖切等分析了裂缝的扩展规律,并对页岩压裂缝网的形成机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（1）水力裂缝自割缝处起裂并扩展、压开或贯穿层理面,形成相对较复杂的裂缝形态;（2）裂缝中既有垂直于层理面的新生水力主裂缝,又有沿弱层理面扩展延伸的次级裂缝,形成了纵向和横向裂缝并存的裂缝网络;（3）水力裂缝在延伸过程中会发生转向而逐渐垂直最小主应力;（4）水力裂缝在扩展过程中遇到弱层理面时的止裂、分叉、穿过和转向现象是形成页岩储层复杂裂缝网络的主要原因,而弱结构面的大量存在是形成复杂裂缝的基础。其研究结果可为页岩气藏水平井分段压裂开采等提供有力技术支持。 相似文献
17.
Hydraulic fracture network (HFN) propagation in naturally fractured shale formations is investigated numerically using a 3D complex fracturing model based on the discrete element method. To account for the plastic deformation behavior of shales, the Drucker–Prager plasticity model is incorporated into the fracturing model. Parametric studies are then conducted for different Young's moduli, horizontal differential stresses, natural fracture (NF) properties, injection rates, and number and spacing of perforation clusters. Numerical results show that horizontal differential stress primarily determines the generation of a complex HFN. The plastic deformation of shale can reduce the stimulated reservoir volume; this is more obvious with Young's modulus of less than 20 GPa. In addition, a higher injection rate could largely increase the fracture complexity index (FCI). Moreover, increasing perforation cluster numbers per fracturing stage is beneficial for increasing the FCI, but it also increases the potential merging of neighboring fractures, which may lead to non-uniform development of HFN in far-wellbore regions. To achieve uniform development of HFN within a fracturing stage, the distribution of NFs should be fully considered. The results presented here may provide improved understanding of HFN generation and are favorable for optimizing fracturing treatment designs for shale formations. 相似文献
18.
The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation. 相似文献
19.
水平井分段体积压裂是页岩气商业规模开发的重要工艺措施,如何评价页岩储层可压性是该工艺成功的关键。页岩断裂韧性是可压性评价的重要支撑参数,从I型断裂裂纹（裂缝）微观形态入手,结合断裂力学理论和分形理论,建立了页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法;借助晶体劈裂功法计算页岩表面能,采用密度、声波时差2种参数获取计算结果,对比分析新的分形方法计算数据、传统方法预测数据与试验测试数据,新的分形方法计算平均误差为3.63%,传统预测方法平均误差为 %,验证了方法的准确性;参考实例水平井测井解释数据,计算了水平段I型断裂韧性指数的全井筒连续性剖面,结合可压性级别与较大储层改造体积概率关系,优选可压性级别为III级及II级改造。建立的页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法对定量评价页岩储层可压性具有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
页岩气开发水力压裂技术综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
世界页岩气资源丰富,但由于页岩地层渗透率很低,目前还没有广泛开发。水力压裂技术是页岩气开发的核心技术之一,广泛用于页岩储层的改造。介绍了水力压裂作业的压裂设计、裂缝监测、压裂液配制和添加剂选择,以及常用的压裂技术,包括多级压裂、清水压裂、同步压裂、水力喷射压裂和重复压裂。结合国外页岩气开发的实例和国内压裂技术的应用情况,分析了各种压裂技术的适用性。研究认为,清水压裂是现阶段中国页岩气开发储层改造的适用技术,开采长度(厚度)大的页岩气井,可以使用多级分段清水压裂技术。同步压裂技术是规模化的页岩气开发的客观需要。 相似文献