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1.
块体是结构控制型岩体中常见的潜在危险源之一。利用极限平衡法及强度折减法两种方法计算了某在建特大型水电站地下厂房开挖揭露的部分块体的安全系数,并根据计算结果提出一种利用块体几何及力学参数判断其稳定性的简便图解方法,经现场监测数据验证计算结果可靠性可满足工程要求。研究表明,对同一块体而言,极限平衡法和强度折减法得到的安全系数以及对其稳定性的总体判别结果并不一致。强度折减法受软件算法及网格尺寸影响,结果偏于保守。简单块体的安全系数计算应以极限平衡法为主,而复杂形态块体的安全系数用强度折减法计算较为方便。利用垂向地应力、块体体积、最大角点深度及结构面等效强度等4个指标并结合块体稳定性判别分区图,可满足快速判断块体稳定性的需要。对于判别为不稳定的块体,应及时支护并考虑加强支护。研究成果可用于类似工程块体稳定性的快速分析。 相似文献
2.
土石混合体在剪切过程中存在剪应力跌落的现象,基于该现象,本文采用大型直剪试验的方式,考虑不同含石量(0%、30%、50%、70%)、上覆垂直压力(50,200,300,400 kPa)、块石尺寸(9.5～19.0 mm、19.0～31.5 mm、31.5～53.0 mm) 3个主要控制因素,进行室内剪切变形试验,研究直剪过程中发生的剪应力跌落现象。同时,通过在试样内部钻孔、埋置细铝丝与干灰的方法获取剪切带变形厚度,结合其大小理解剪应力的脆性跌落特征和剪切带块石变形特征。基于试验分析表明,具备骨架结构且所含块石尺寸大于剪切带厚度的土石混合体试样在高垂直应力下的剪切过程中易出现块石应力集中,形成锁固体块石,该类块石往往控制着试样一定时空下的整体剪切强度,其受剪切作用翻滚、滑移甚至咬合棱角破碎是导致剪应力瞬间大幅度跌落的直接原因。高含石量、大尺寸块石、高垂直应力是形成块石应力锁固体的必要条件。低含石量状态(<50%),剪切带块石多顺剪切方向翻滚,越靠近剪切面边缘,变形越明显,块石相对空间位置变化较小。高含石量状态(>70%),剪切带块石可见相互滑移、攀爬,块石相对空间位置变化明显。块石尺寸小于剪切带厚度时,剪应力多呈现波动特征,而块石尺寸接近剪切带厚度时,剪应力波动加剧,出现明显的应力跌落,对应垂直位移出现突变。满足含石量高于70%、块石尺寸大于剪切带厚度的试样在相对较大的上覆垂直应力作用下易形成块石应力锁固体。 相似文献
3.
块体稳定性分析一般采用只考虑重力条件下的刚体极限平衡方法来进行计算,而没有考虑开挖卸荷后块体的二次应力场对块体的稳定性的影响。文中按照实际施工工序,对三峡地下电站主厂房的两大型顶拱边墙联合块体进行三维数值模拟分析。分析结果表明:块体的顶拱部分在开挖过程中垂直厂房轴线的水平方向始终为受压状态且压应力随开挖过程逐渐增大(其很难沿结构面“爬坡”失稳,因此对结构面的起伏度进行了研究,并统计确定了其在结构面强度参数中的贡献),而垂直应力在顶拱开挖结束时卸荷基本结束,变形相对较小,沿滑面向开挖区滑移;块体的边墙部分在两个方向均表现为卸荷,特别是垂直厂房轴线的水平方向卸荷明显,在其表部甚至出现拉应力区,变形以向开挖区水平变形为主,水平方向变形量为竖向变形量的7～9倍,且总变形量较顶拱部分大得多,因此块体边墙部分在失稳前并非沿块体滑面滑移,而是向开挖区水平卸荷回弹为主。基于数值模拟结果,对块体的可能失稳的变形规律和应力分布特征进行了分析,并且提出了块体稳定度的概念,从而对其稳定性作出相应的评价。 相似文献
4.
Block theory has been widely applied to stability analysis of rock engineering due to its clear concept and elegant geometrical theory. For a general block with multiple discontinuity planes, it is assumed that contact is only maintained on a single plane (single-plane sliding) or two intersecting planes (double-plane sliding) in block theory analysis. Since the normal forces and shear resistances acting on the other discontinuity planes are omitted, it can cause unreasonable estimations of block failure modes and incorrect calculation of factors of safety. In this study, a new method is presented that permits to consider the contribution of the normal forces and shear resistances acting on each discontinuity plane to the block stability. The proposed method meets all of the force-equilibrium and moment-equilibrium conditions and provides a rigorous solution for stability of general blocks with any number of faces and any shape. Some typical polyhedral blocks in rock slopes are analyzed using block theory and the proposed method. The results indicate that the traditional block theory may give a misleading conclusion for the predictions of stability and sliding direction of rock blocks when contact occurs on more than two discontinuity planes. 相似文献
5.
在室内直剪试验的基础上,研究了重复剪切作用下起伏角对结构面变形和强度的影响。采用钢制模具和混凝土材料预制4种起伏角度结构面,分别在5级法向应力下进行6次直剪试验,记录每次剪切过程中的切向应力和法向位移随切向位移的变化。通过对切向应力和法向位移随切向位移变化曲线分析可知,首次剪切时,法向应力和起伏角度越大,结构面剪切破坏方式越容易从滑移破坏过渡为剪断破坏,对于同一种剪切破坏方式,法向应力越大,对结构面磨损或剪断的作用越强烈,峰值剪胀位移越小,起伏角度越大,锯齿被磨损或剪断的高度越大;第2次剪切开始,不论法向应力和起伏角度如何,结构面的剪切破坏方式基本上都转变为滑移破坏。 相似文献
6.
针对平动模式下墙背倾斜的挡土墙,假定墙后所形成的土拱为圆弧形,建立位移同内摩擦角、外摩擦角的非线性函数,并考虑土层间剪应力作用,通过水平层分析法,得出了挡土墙平动模式下非极限主动土压力分布、合力、作用点高度的解答,其解析解与试验值较其他方法吻合得更好,验证了该方法的合理性。结果表明：是否考虑土层间剪应力,土压力的大小均随墙体位移的增大而减小,不会影响土压力合力大小,仅影响土压力的分布,且考虑剪应力作用的土压力在墙体上部较不考虑剪应力要小,下部反之。剪应力对土体起阻碍作用,随内摩擦角的增大,剪应力出现先显著增大后略微减小的状态;随外摩擦角、位移的增大,剪应力增大;随着墙背倾角的增大,剪应力先减小,再反向增大,土压力随之增大。同时考虑土拱效应与剪应力所得出的合力作用点高度介于仅考虑土拱效应与库仑解之间。 相似文献
7.
A series of benched excavations were typically carried out on the bedrock slope surface to improve the stability of the soil–rock mixture (S–RM) fill slope. It is difficult to devise an in situ, large-scale direct shear test for the interphase between the S–RM fill and the benched bedrock slope surface. This study introduced a comprehensive approach to investigate the shear deformation and strength of the interphase. First the soil–rock distribution characteristics were analyzed by test pitting, image analysis, and sieve test. Then the PFC2D random structure models with different rock block size distributions were built, and large-scale numerical shear tests for the interphase were performed after calibrating model parameters through laboratory tests. The stress evolution, damage evolution and failure, deformation localization (based on a principle proposed in this paper), rotation of rock blocks, and shear strength were systematically investigated. It was found that as the rock block proportion and rock block size (rock block proportion of 50 %) increase, the fluctuations of the post-peak shear stress–displacement curves of the interphase become more obvious, and the shear band/localized failure path network becomes wider. Generally, smaller rock blocks are of greater rotation angles in the shear band. The peak shear stress and internal friction angle of the interphase increase, while the cohesion decreases with growth of the rock block proportion. However, all these three parameters increase as the rock block size (rock block proportion of 50 %) increases. 相似文献
8.
深部岩体具有块状层次结构,深部动载造成岩块发生相互间的振动脱离产生低摩擦效应,从而极易诱发原先处于平衡状态的岩体的动力变形破坏。在前人研究基础上,将块系岩体振动简化为等效质量-黏弹性模型,引入岩石摩擦滑移速率弱化模式,最终得到块系岩体滑移失稳计算模型。通过计算分析块系岩体自身特性及外荷载特性对岩块间低摩擦效应的影响。理论计算表明：水平静力及外扰动保持不变,增大岩块间弹性系数或者减小黏性系数,更容易引发岩体低摩擦滑移。随着冲击扰动、水平拉力幅值的增加,岩块的水平残余位移量值增加,当它们幅值超过一临界值时,岩块发生自持续滑移失稳运动。冲击扰动诱发岩块间不可逆位移、动力滑移失稳的临界能量与剪切力水平密切相关,在较大的剪切内力条件下,极其微弱的动力扰动即可诱发较大的岩块间不可逆位移甚至岩块的动力滑移失稳,随着剪切内力的减小,诱发岩块滑移失稳的能量阈值不断增大,当剪切内力低于岩块动摩擦强度时,单次冲击扰动只能诱发岩块间的不可逆位移。初步开展扰动诱发含初应力紫砂岩块体滑移试验,试验结果与理论计算基本符合,证明该模型的可行性。 相似文献
9.
在中国西南地区边坡工程中大量存在含软岩的土石混合体（S-RM）,其力学特性与软岩破碎特性有别于以往研究的块石强度较高的土石混合体。本文通过大型室内剪切仪开展了不同含石量（WBP）的剪切试验研究含石量对软岩土石混合体力学特性的影响,基于筛分试验研究软岩块石破碎特性,结果表明:当S-RM密度一定时,随着WBP的增加,S-RM剪切强度增加,应变硬化现象增强;S-RM黏聚力随含石量的增加呈线性增长,内摩擦角在含石量为20%~60%时随含石量的增加呈线性增长;S-RM在剪切破坏过程中软岩块石出现破碎现象,当法向应力一定时,块石破碎率随土石混合体含石量增加而增长;S-RM块石破碎率随内摩擦角增加呈指数形式增长,表明块石之间咬合作用越大,块石的破碎程度越高。 相似文献
10.
This paper evaluates driving mechanisms of vertical-axis rotation using data from the western Transverse Ranges in southern California. Simple force balance considerations and comparison of torque applied to a rotating block indicate that shear forces applied to the base of the block are not strong enough to produce the motions and deformation observed at the surface. For the measured dimensions of the crustal blocks and crustal viscosities in southern California, stresses transmitted through the upper crust are one to three orders of magnitude stronger than forces generated in the ductile lower crust. These results suggest that the kinematics of crustal blocks in continental deformation zones are primarily controlled by forces within the upper crust rather than a flow field beneath. 相似文献
11.
Progressive failure mechanism in one-dimensional stability analysis of shallow slope failures 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Chia-Nan Liu 《Landslides》2009,6(2):129-137
In many slopes, overstressed zones can develop where the shear stress is larger than the available shear strength. Along a
shear surface within a soil exhibiting a strain-softening behavior, the shear displacement increases while the available shear
strength decreases. The excess shear stress is transferred from the overstressed zone to the adjacent zones, providing more
shear strength. This stress-transferring mechanism induces stress redistribution within the slope and could enlarge the overstress
zone. A one-dimensional model that satisfies the strain compatibility and force equilibrium is proposed for the stability
analysis of a slope of strain-softening behavior. This paper’s objective is to facilitate the application of this model to
estimate stress distribution along the failure surface of a strain-softening slope and thereafter the stability status. The
study presents a set of specific solutions to this model by describing and demonstrating procedures to identify the pattern
of a stress state and to calculate stress distribution within a one-dimensional, strain-softening slope. The progressive failure
mechanism is also investigated by using the proposed approach. As the magnitude of released stress gets large enough, it induces
an overstressed zone adjacent to the initial unstable zone and progressive failure develops. The proposed approach is also
applied to study the pattern of stress redistribution. It is found that the pattern of stress redistribution is affected by
the magnitude of released stress. It is too complex to be reasonably expressed by simple models. Though some limitations exist,
the proposed approach serves as a simple tool for a better understanding of the progressive failure mechanism. 相似文献
12.
目前,对于结构面的研究主要包括对剪切曲线形态的描述及结构面粗糙度、组数、充填物等因素对结构面强度参数的影响,一般情况下,这类研究的基础是结构面经受静荷载的作用。实际上,结构面也很容易遭受地震、水位升降、爆破等动力荷载的反复剪切作用,但是,至今对反复剪切作用下结构面力学特性的研究较少或缺乏系统性。笔者在室内直剪试验的基础上,研究了重复剪切作用下充填物对结构面变形和强度的影响。采用钢制模具和混凝土材料预制4种起伏角度结构面,在1.56MPa法向应力和两种充填状态下进行多次直剪试验,分析每次剪切过程中的切向应力和法向位移随切向位移的变化。通过对切向应力和法向位移随切向位移变化曲线分析可知,初次剪切时,起伏角度越大,结构面剪切破坏方式容易从滑移破坏过渡为剪断破坏;第二次剪切开始,无论起伏角度如何,结构面的剪切破坏方式基本上都转变为滑移破坏;充填物的存在基本不会改变结构面的剪切破坏方式,但会使剪切过程中结构面的爬坡效应增强,使结构面被剪断或磨损的作用减弱,峰值法向位移增大。 相似文献
13.
运用80 t大型三维接触面试验机,对不同法向刚度下粗粒土与结构接触面三维静动力学特性进行了试验研究,重点分析了法向刚度对接触面力学特性的影响规律。法向常刚度条件下,接触面在单调剪切时均先剪缩再剪胀、法向应力先减小后增大;循环剪切时接触面不可逆性剪切体变呈单调增长、可逆性剪切体变峰值逐渐减小后趋于稳定,切向应力峰值不断减小,抗剪强度逐渐减小,主应力比峰值则基本保持不变。法向刚度主要影响剪切体变、可逆性剪切体变、切向应力、主剪应力等接触面力学性能参数的大小;法向刚度越大,单调剪切时法向应力变化越大、切向应力峰值越大、剪缩和剪胀量越小;循环剪切时不可逆性剪切体变增长越慢、最终值越小,抗剪强度减小越快、达到0时对应的循环周次越少。法向刚度对剪切体变、可逆性剪切体变、主剪应力、主应力比等性能参数与切向位移的关系形式及接触面摩擦角基本没有影响。 相似文献
14.
在滑坡稳定性分析和设计计算中往往选用滑带土的残余强度值,但许多研究发现滑带土在稳定期会有自愈合现象发生,表现为抗剪强度的提高。对于以蠕滑为主的红层滑坡,自愈合恢复值应该在滑坡稳定性评价中予以考虑。通过对典型红层滑坡滑带土样进行“剪切―保持―剪切”试验,研究处于残余状态下的剪切面在不同法向应力、不同保持时间下的愈合情况,并进行相应的分析与讨论。试验结果表明：（1）残余状态下的土样在保持一定时间后再次剪切出现明显峰值,证明了剪切面自愈合效应存在,但是继续剪切时恢复的强度随位移快速消失;（2）随着保持时间的增长,剪切面的强度恢复值越来越大;（3）剪切面的自愈合相比法向应力更依赖于保持时间。将得到的摩擦系数值运用断层强度恢复经验公式拟合,提出不同法向应力下常数A的取值,可在滑坡安全系数计算中参考。 相似文献
15.
传统块体理论仅针对块体的静力稳定性分析,而未涉及到动力稳定分析。因此,借用Newmark法累积滑移量的概念,基于块体理论对定位块体在地震历时作用下的动力稳定性进行了研究,提出了以块体累积滑动位移和动安全系数两个指标共同评价块体动力稳定性。提出一种接触面识别及面积计算算法,它考虑了接触面积变化对块体稳定的不利影响,也可用于块体滑动的大变形分析,考虑了块体滑动过程中结构面抗剪强度的演化,可对复杂的凸形块体及凹形块体进行静、动力稳定性分析。将其应用于三峡升船机乘船箱左侧边坡的块体稳定分析中,结果显示块体在强震作用下发生了一段距离的滑动,但震后仍可保持稳定 相似文献
16.
A Boundary Element based Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (BE‐DDA) method is developed by implementing the improved dual reciprocity boundary element method into the open close iterations based DDA. This newly developed BE‐DDA is capable of simulating both the deformation and movement of blocks in a blocky system. Based on geometry updating, it adopts an incremental dynamic formulation taking into consideration initial stresses and dealing with external concentrated and contact forces conveniently. The boundaries of each block in the discrete blocky system are discretized with boundary elements while the domain of each block is divided into internal cells only for the integration of the domain integral of the initial stress term. The contact forces among blocks are treated as concentrated forces and the open–close iterations are applied to ensure the computational accuracy of block interactions. In the current method, an implicit time integration scheme is adopted for numerical stability. Three examples are used to show the effectiveness of the algorithm in simulating block movement, sliding, deformation and interaction of blocks. At last, block toppling and tunnel stability examples are conducted to demonstrate that the BE‐DDA is applicable for simulation of blocky systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
This paper provides the theoretical basis for a forward numerical model of rock block systems. This method was developed to compute stress, strain, sliding and opening of rock blocks; rigid body movement and deformation occur simultaneously. Input data consist of block geometry, loading forces, the deformability constants E and v, and the restraint or boundary conditions of the block system. Output data give the movements, deformations, stresses and strains of each block, and the sliding and detachment or rejoining of blocks. The forces acting on each block, from external loading or contact with other blocks, satisfy the equilibrium equations. Equilibrium is also achieved between external forces and the block stresses. Furthermore, this analysis fulfills constraints of no tension between blocks and no penetration of one block into another. To acheive equilibrium and satisfy these constraints, simultaneous equations are solved repeatdly with partial changes of the coefficients each time the contact constraints are chosen. 相似文献
18.
高地应力区地下岩体工程开挖常形成围岩拉-压应力状态,发生岩体张性破坏灾害。本文针对传统PFC平行黏结模型不能模拟脆性岩石高单轴压缩与拉伸强度比的问题,建立双抗拉强度参数的平行黏结强度准则,开展岩石拉-压数值模拟试验,得到了与物理试验接近的拉-压强度,实现了岩石高压拉强度比的模拟,并深入分析了破坏机制。研究结果表明随着围压的增加,破裂面倾角逐渐增大,由拉伸破裂转化为拉-剪破裂,发现了拉-压应力状态下破裂面处的雁行裂纹。根据细观颗粒位移场揭示了破裂面力学性质,随着围压的增加(破裂面倾角逐渐增大),破裂面张性逐渐减弱而剪性增强。可将拉-压应力状态下岩石损伤演化过程大致分为弹性变形阶段、稳定破裂发展阶段、不稳定破裂发展阶段和整体破裂阶段(峰后应力跌落及残余阶段)。围压较大时弹性变形和稳定破裂发展阶段相对较短,不稳定破裂发展阶段相对较长较剧烈,峰后残余阶段破裂面摩擦更强、应力波动较大。 相似文献
19.
开展贯通裂隙岩样在法向卸荷下的压剪破坏研究,有助于更好地理解岩体裂隙在卸荷条件下的失稳特征。对单裂隙贯通岩样开展剪切应力峰前一系列法向卸荷破坏试验,分析了法向卸荷下试样裂隙的变形及能量演化规律。结果表明,法向卸荷下裂隙压剪失稳时的法向应力大于常规直剪试验的对应值,裂隙的抗剪能力减弱;剪切位移随法向应力减小而增大;卸荷变形比K随裂隙轮廓面积比Rs的增加而增大;卸荷过程中总变形能U0由减小转变为增加的现象可用于预测岩石裂隙卸荷失稳。研究结果对理解贯通裂隙岩体压剪卸荷失稳破坏具有一定参考意义。 相似文献
20.
法向应力对土与结构接触面循环单剪力学特性的影响研究具有重要意义。运用80 t大型三维接触面试验机,进行了不同法向应力下粗粒土与结构接触面单剪试验,分析了法向应力对接触面循环单剪力学特性的影响规律。试验结果表明,法向应力对接触面变形位移、滑动位移、切向应力、可逆性剪切体变和不可逆性剪切体变以及抗剪强度等接触面性能参量的数值有显著影响,但对参量间关系形式影响较小。法向应力越大,接触面变形位移在初始几个循环内越大,随循环剪切的进行,其减小速率越快,最终稳定值越小;切向刚度越大,切向应力稳定值也越大,初始几个循环内切向刚度系数越小;不可逆性剪切体变越大,可逆性剪切体变峰值和稳定值越小,相变位移和相变应力比越小;抗剪强度越大,其异向程度则先增大后减小。不同法向应力下,接触面循环抗剪强度与法向应力符合摩尔-库仑准则;切向应力比-切向位移关系、不可逆性剪切体变和剪切功密度关系均具有良好一致性,基本不受法向应力影响,可用双曲线模型描述,这将大大简化接触面本构描述。 相似文献