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1.
白洋淀水陆不均匀地区能量平衡特征分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用2005年9月在河北白洋淀地区进行的大气边界层综合观测实验资料, 对水陆不均匀地表条件下的白洋淀地区陆地的能量平衡特征进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 该地区存在能量不闭合现象。涡动相关法得到的感热、 潜热之和仅为有效能的75%, 其中涡动相关法得到的潜热通量为Bowen比法得到的潜热通量的70%, 而涡动相关法得到的感热通量为Bowen比法得到的感热通量的77% 。 (2) 地表潜热通量和感热通量随着净辐射的变化而变化。但潜热通量明显比感热通量大, 净辐射主要消耗于地表的水汽蒸发。 (3) 该地区白天的Bowen比平均在-0.4~0.4之间, 总体平均为0.131。受天气条件影响较大, 有明显的日变化, 午后15:00以后近地面层会出现逆温, Bowen比变为负值。 (4) 能量闭合程度有一定的日变化, 随着太阳高度角的增大而增大。 相似文献
2.
估算地表热通量和近地层土壤含水量的变分方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
提出一种反演地表感热通量、潜热通量和近地层土壤含水量的变分方法,该方法把不同高度上的风速、位温以及湿度梯度的观测资料与Monin-Obukhov相似理论计算值的偏差、土壤水分蒸发参数化方案估算的蒸发潜热与由相似理论导出值的偏差在地表能量平衡的约束下融合到一个目标泛函数中,采用最优化算法寻求问题的解。利用2001年6月中国暴雨试验与研究项目在安徽肥西观测资料进行了数值验证,结果表明:该方法估算的通量值与Bowen比法具有很好的相关性且又能克服当Bowen比等于-1时计算通量出现的不稳定;同时能克服用廓线法求解热通量与地表能量平衡条件有较大出入的缺点。对观测误差的敏感性试验也表明变分方法是3类方法中最稳定的。反演的近地层土壤含水量对降水具有很好的响应并与观测的0—15 cm深度上平均土壤湿度的变化趋势具有很好的一致性,其绝对偏差小于0.03 m3/m3。 相似文献
3.
4.
地表通量的计算方法主要有:以能量平衡为基础的Bowen比能量平衡法、以相似理论为基础的空气动力学方法以及以精度比较高的观测仪器为基础的涡旋相关法。本文对这些计算方法进行了简单的讨论,并介绍了涡旋相关观测系统原始资料的处理方法及一些物理量修正方案的研究进展。对存在的问题进行了一定的讨论。 相似文献
5.
绿洲边缘夏季小气候特征及地表辐射与能量平衡特征分析 总被引：28，自引：15，他引：13
利用“绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验”加强期(IOP)在甘肃省酒泉市金塔绿洲观测的资料,分析了夏季金塔绿洲边缘的小气候特征及地表辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征。作为绿洲沙漠相互作用的界面,在白天绿洲边缘的垂直运动仍然是以上升气流为主,并且其小气候主要受土壤湿度的影响。中午前后绿洲边缘的总辐射最大值在1000W.m-2左右,净辐射>700W.m-2;在白天,仅有个别天数的感热通量超过100W.m-2,最大值仅为150W.m-2左右。在整个观测期,有超过70%的天数出现负感热通量。而Bowen比在±10-1量级,地表能量不平衡的差额较大,约28%。 相似文献
6.
《高原气象》2018,(6)
青藏高原地区地表能量通量的估算与验证对高原及其周边地区能量和水循环研究具有重要意义,地表能量平衡系统SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)模型为研究高原非均匀地表区域地表能量通量提供了一种行之有效的方法。基于中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站(简称那曲站)、中国科学院纳木错多圈层综合观测研究站(简称纳木错站)和中国科学院珠穆朗玛大气与环境综合观测研究站(简称珠峰站) 2008年辐射资料、大气边界层塔站观测资料,结合MODIS卫星数据,利用SEBS模型估算地表能量通量,并用站点地表能量通量观测资料进行验证。结果表明,模型估算的感热通量和土壤热通量与站点实测值具有较好的一致性,且感热通量和土壤热通量的估算精度明显优于潜热通量;感热通量的估算精度最高,那曲站、纳木错站和珠峰站的均方根误差分别为54. 98,37. 37和27. 10 W·m~(-2);而模型估算的潜热通量验证结果偏差较大和站点实测数据存在"能量不闭合"问题相关。鉴于在地表能量通量观测中广泛存在"能量不闭合"的问题,利用波文比校正方法校正站点实测潜热通量。研究表明波文比校正方法可以明显改善地表通量观测数据"能量不闭合"的问题,那曲站、纳木错站和珠峰站的能量闭合率分别提高了19. 4%,21. 4%和19. 1%;与原始站点实测潜热通量相比,校正后的潜热通量与SEBS模型估算结果一致性较好,3个站点潜热通量的均方根误差分别减少了6. 78,33. 48和29. 30 W·m~(-2)。 相似文献
7.
利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2002—2015年自动气象塔(AWS_Tower)和2011—2014年涡动相关系统(EC)的观测资料,基于地表能量平衡组合法和涡动相关法计算那曲高寒草地下垫面湍流通量。利用涡动相关法对地表能量平衡组合法计算的感热通量、潜热通量进行校正,并将校正规律外推得到一个长时间连续的地表通量序列,分析那曲高寒草地下垫面感热通量、潜热通量的长时间变化特征以及地面热源与气候影响因子的关系。结果表明,该序列地表能量闭合度在春、夏、秋以及全年接近1,而冬季辐射观测值偏小导致能量闭合度正偏差较大为1. 34。近14年中,感热通量在年际变化上呈上升趋势;潜热通量呈显著减弱趋势,造成地面热源呈减弱趋势。地面热源与风速、地表温度、土壤湿度以及净辐射通量资料的关系显著。其中地面热源全年对净辐射通量响应显著,对地表温度在春、秋以及冬季响应显著,与土壤湿度在春、夏以及秋季响应明显,与风速在春季响应特征较为突出。季节变化上,感热通量在4月达到全年最大值,在7月为最小值;潜热通量在7月为全年最大值,在1月为最小值。 相似文献
8.
对青藏高原地区地表能量的研究是一个十分重要的问题.利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站2006年5月至2007年4月一年的观测资料,分析了青藏高原珠峰地区的地表能量,即净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量,得到了一些有关珠峰地区地表能量的结果,即太阳总辐射、大气长波辐射、地面长波辐射和净辐射呈现出明显的年变化特征,净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量得到的日变化是很明显的.并且讨论了计算地表能量通量的方法及其优缺点. 相似文献
9.
夏季敦煌稀疏植被下垫面物质和能量交换的观测研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2009年夏季敦煌地区加强期观测资料,分析了稀疏植被下垫面CO2、水汽的通量输送规律和地表辐射、能量平衡等微气象的变化特征。结果表明,敦煌地区夏季CO2、水汽通量有明显的日变化,其平均通量分别为-0.023mg.m-2.s-1和2.90mg.m-2.s-1;地表平均反照率为0.24,低于绿洲内部;感热是该地区地表热量流失的主要形式,潜热和土壤热通量相对较小,平均波文比为3.08;观测中也发现了有较大的能量不平衡现象,利用试验资料估算了土壤容积热容量,并在能量平衡方程中加入了土壤热储量,提高了能量平衡度。 相似文献
10.
湍流通量计算方法和误差的比较研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
近地层的风、温、湿梯度以及辐射和土壤热通量资料在过去的几十年间被广泛地用于计算陆-气感热、潜热通量.然而,不同的计算方法之间存在一些差异,随意的选用可能会造成计算结果存在较大的误差.文中利用绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验的2005年6月甘肃金塔绿洲中部观测资料,在分析了观测期间近地层微气象特征的基础上,对鲍恩比法、空气动力学法(包含两种不同计算方案)和变分法计算的绿洲农田下垫面的湍流通量进行了比较,并通过敏感性实验和理论分析探讨了不同方法间计算结果的差异和误差的来源.结果表明:不同方法计算的湍流通量特征存在明显差异.鲍恩比法从理论上满足能量平衡关系,但在昼夜交替和夜晚时出现了计算不稳定现象,因此在这些时段不适用.变分法避免了鲍恩比法计算夜间湍流通量的不稳定性,而且二者计算的白天湍流通量有较好的相关性;同时变分法由于加入了辐射和土壤热通量信息,明显改善了空气动力学法白天的能量平衡状况;变分法计算得到的潜热通量对辐射和微气象条件有较为合理的响应;对数据误差的敏感性试验表明,鲍恩比法和空气动力学法应用于绿洲下垫面上对观测误差较为敏感,而变分法相对比较稳定.进一步的分析表明,鲍恩比法在-2<β<0的范围内由于方法本身局限而适用性较差;而空气动力学方法计算结果的差异和误差来源于所应用的相似性函数.因而与鲍恩比法和空气动力学法计算的湍流通量值相比较,变分法的计算结果更加合理和稳定,在绿洲下垫面有较好的适用性.该文研究方法和结果可为这些方法的使用提供参考. 相似文献
11.
利用2005年7月盘锦芦苇湿地生长旺季的小气候梯度系统30 min观测资料和开放式涡动相关系统10Hz原始观测资料,比较并分析了廓线法、波文比能量平衡法与涡动相关法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量。结果表明:廓线法与波文比能量平衡法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量与涡动相关法得到的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量具有较好的相关性,但是涡动相关法存在能量不平衡。分析盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量的日变化发现,能量平衡各分量基本上以正午为中心,呈倒“U”型分布。用波文比法计算得到的芦苇湿地生态系统日感热通量最大值为164.25 W.m-2,日潜热通量最大值为294.18 W.m-2。降雨之后,芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量都有所增加,尤其是潜热通量增加显著,且峰值出现时间提前。 相似文献
12.
A variational data assimilation method is proposed to estimate the near-surface soil moisture and surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.The method merges the five parts into a cost function,i.e.,the differences of wind,potential temperature,anti specific humidity gradient between observations and those computed by the profile method,the difference of latent heat fluxes calculated using the ECMWF land surface evaporation scheme and the profile method,and a weak constraint for surface energy balance.By using an optimal algorithm,the best solutions are found.The method is tested with the data collected at Feixi Station (31.41°N,117.08°E) supported by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) during 7-30 June 2001.The results show that estimated near-surface soil moistures can quickly respond to rainfall,and their temporal variation is consistent with that of measurements of average soil moisture over 15-cm top depth with a maximum error less than 0.03 m~3 m~(-3).The surface heat fluxes calculated by this method are consistent with those by the Bowen ratio method,but at the same time it can overcome the instability problem occurring in the Bowen ratio method when the latter is about-1.Meanwhile,the variational method is more accurate than the profile method in terms of satisfying the surface energy balance.The sensitivity tests also show that the variational method is the most stable one among the three methods. 相似文献
13.
农田蒸散量计算方法的比较研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
根据观测资料,采用波文比法、廓线梯度法和综合阻地等分别计算了农田植被层上的蒸散量,并对比分析了不同方法之间的相对误差和相关程度。结果表明,用波文比法计算的潜热通量存在系统性偏小的现象,而工法和综合阻抗法的计算结果比较一致。文中还讨论了不同方法的优缺点和产生误差的可能原因。 相似文献
14.
Summary Energy balance components over a grassland surface were compared to those obtained above an adjacent, uniform Scots pine plantation during a five-day period of fine, sunny, spring weather. Soils were judged to contain ample water. Shortwave and total radiation flux densities were measured at both sites with pyranometers and total pyrradiometers. Soil heat flux densities were measured with heat flux plates at both sites, and additional storage changes were estimated for air and canopy at the forest site. The forest gained more shortwave energy than the grassland during daytime because of its lower albedo, but it lost more longwave radiation at night. The turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent energy were evaluated with the Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) method at both sites. Temperature and humidity gradients were measured with fixed psychrometers at the grassland site, and with interchanging psychrometers at the forest site. Mean daily evapotranspiration (ET) averaged 2.26 mm over the five days for the Scots pine, or only 57 percent of the 3.94 mm measured at the grassland site. The mean Bowen ratios were 2.6 and 0.8, respectively.An error analysis was carried out for the BREB estimates of latent heat flux at the two sites. For a given error in latent heat flux and at a specified Bowen ratio the demands on accuracy of dry- and wet-bulb temperature gradients above the rough forest canopy was found to be 10 times higher than above the smoother grassland. If additionally the observed differences in transpiration rates between the two sites were taken into account, the precision for temperature gradient measurements above the slowly transpiring forest becomes fortyfold greater than required above the rapidly transpiring grass. At present, BREB precision requirements for gradients above rougher, drier canopies appear achievable only through use of specialized instrumentation, such as measurement systems that incorporate interchangeable psychrometers into their design.With 9 Figures 相似文献
15.
Comparison of the Bowen ratio-energy balance and stability-corrected aerodynamic methods for measurement of evapotranspiration 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. Malek 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1993,48(2-3):167-178
Summary The Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) and the stability-corrected aerodynamic method were used to estimate turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat at an irrigated alfalfa site in a semi-arid valley in northern Utah, U.S.A., during August and September of 1991. Despite inclusion of a generalized stability factor, the aerodynamic method underestimated the daytime (sunrise-sunset) sensible and latent heat fluxes by approximately 30% in comparison with the BREB method. The sum of the aerodynamic estimates of sensible and latent heat seldom balanced the energy avaiable from net radiation and change in storage. Wind speed was low during the experiment (averaging 1.6 m s–1), and so a second analysis was run for data from daytime, non-rainy, turbulent conditions (wind > 1.5 m s–1). This showed that sensible and latent heat were still underestimated by approximately 30% in comparison with the BREB approach. This suggests that underestimation of sensible and latent heat fluxes by the aerodynamic method was not related to the wind speed conditions during the experiment. These results show that the stability-corrected aerodynamic model did not agree with the Bowen ratio method in this experiment. It appears unlikely that the discrepancies resulted from measurement errors. Perhaps the theoretical foundation of the similarity parameters (stability functions) in the aerodynamic model are not sufficiently generalized. The discrepancies found here confirm the necessity of calibration checks on the validity of aerodynamic estimates of the turbulent fluxes.With 7 Figures 相似文献
16.
半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
本文分析了2003～2005年半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地层湍流通量日、季、年的变化特征, 探讨了不同年份的气候背景和下垫面土地覆被对地气交换过程的影响。结果表明: 半干旱区退化草地和农田近地层湍流通量具有明显的日变化、季变化周期; 地气间通量交换年际间的差异主要受当年的气候背景影响, 尤其是降水的影响; 同时还受到下垫面覆被的影响。潜热通量和感热通量的能量分配比率呈反位相变化, 且农田和退化草地的变化趋势相似, 在夏季潜热通量所占比例均超过感热通量; 两种下垫面的波恩比月均值变化趋势十分相似, 量级接近, 夏季低, 春、秋季高; 夏季退化草地和农田下垫面波恩比均小于或等于1。 相似文献
17.
内蒙古半干旱草原能量物质交换的微气象方法估算 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
根据1998年5～8月和1999年8月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位试验站进行微气象观测的资料,作者分析了该地区能量平衡及其各分量的基本特征.结果表明:(1)净辐射通量的转化形式有明显的季节性变化,5～6月份,净辐射能大部分用于感热交换,而后期则多用于潜热交换,5～8月份的日波文比值分别为1.26,1.42,0 41和0.20.(2)观测期间,波文比的日变化特征表现为,早晚变化大不稳定,而白天则相对稳定.(3)用涡度相关方法观测的感热和潜热通量之和与同期的净辐射相比较,前者的结果偏小1 5%左右,两种方法观测到的潜热通量的差异达平均35%左右.(4)半干旱草原CO2通量有明显的日变化,在生长旺期,白天CO2通量强度可达到1.5 mg s-1m-2以上,但在生长后期,1998年和1999年8月份的白天CO2通量强度分别为0.38 mg s-1m-2和0.2 mg s-1m-2左右;其差异与草地土壤水分和植物长势有关. 相似文献
18.
Estimating heat fluxes by merging profile formulae and the energy budget with a variational technique 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and the surface energy and radiation budgets by the surface energy and radiation system (SERBS). The method fully uses all information provided by the measurements of air temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, the surface energy budget, and the similarity profile formulae as well. Data collected at Feixi experiment station installed by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) Program are used to test the method. Results show that the proposed technique can overcome the well-known unstablility problem that occurs when the Bowen method becomes singular; in comparison with the profile method, it reduces both the sensitivities of latent heat fluxes to observational errors in humidity and those of sensible heat fluxes to observational errors in temperature, while the estimated heat fluxes approximately satisfy the surface energy budget. Therefore, the variational technique is more reliable and stable than the two conventional methods in estimating surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. 相似文献
19.
Summary The Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and the aerodynamic method were used to estimate turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent
heat flux over an irrigated agricultural area (IAA) and over two dry agricultural areas (DAA1 and DAA2). These turbulent fluxes
were analysed and particular attention paid to two specific areas. First, a quantitative analysis of sensible and latent heat
fluxes obtained by the BREB method was carried out, taking into account different soil type, vegetation and surface conditions.
The results showed that in IAA latent heat flux was higher than sensible heat flux, except in summer months, while in DAA1
and DAA2, sensible heat flux was higher except in the months when the vegetation was at the stage of maximum development.
Second, sensible and latent heat fluxes estimates from the BREB method were compared with those obtained from the aerodynamic
method. In this comparison factors such as soil type, soil vegetation cover, homogeneity or inhomogeneity of terrain and mesoscale
effects such as orography and wind patterns were taken into account. The results show that in conditions of light wind, the
two methods only concur if the condition of horizontal homogeniety is fulfilled. The influence of inhomogeneity seems to decrease
and agreement between methods improves, if the wind is stronger and the effects of meso and synoptic scales are predominant.
Received May 18, 1999/Revised March 15, 2000 相似文献
20.
Evaporation estimates from Nasser Lake, Egypt, based on three floating station data and Bowen ratio energy budget 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Mohamed Elsawwaf Patrick Willems Andrea Pagano Jean Berlamont 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,100(3-4):439-465
Nasser Lake is located in a hyper-arid region in the south of Egypt. Evaporation is by far the most important factor in explaining the water losses from the lake. To obtain better management scenarios for Nasser Lake, an accurate estimation of the lake evaporation losses thus is essential. This paper presents an update of previous evaporation estimates, making use of local meteorological and hydrological data collected from instrumented platforms (floating weather stations) at three locations on the lake: at Raft, Allaqi, and Abusembel (respectively at 2, 75, and 280 km upstream of the Aswan High Dam). Results from six conventional evaporation quantification methods were compared with the values obtained by the Bowen ratio energy budget method (BREB). The results of the BREB method showed that there is no significant difference between the evaporation rates at Allaqi and Abusembel. At Raft, higher evaporation rates were obtained, which were assumed to be overestimated due to the high uncertainty of the Bowen ratio (BR) parameter. The average BR value at Allaqi and Abusembel was used to eliminate this overestimates evaporation. Variance-based sensitivity and uncertainty analyses on the BREB results were conducted based on quasi-Monte Carlo sequences (Latin Hypercube sampling). The standard deviation of the total uncertainty on the BREB evaporation rate was found to be 0.62 mm day?1. The parameter controlling the change in stored energy, followed by the BR parameter, was found to be the most sensitive parameters. Several of the six conventional methods showed substantial bias when compared with the BREB method. These were modified to eliminate the bias. When compared to the BREB-based values, the Penman method showed most favorably for the daily time scale, while for the monthly scale, the Priestley–Taylor and the deBruin–Keijman methods showed best agreement. Differences in mean evaporation estimates of these methods (against the BREB method) were found to be in the range 0.14 and 0.36 mm day?1. All estimates were based calculations at the daily time scale covering a 10-year period (1995–2004). 相似文献