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1.
Karez (qanat) irrigation in the Helmand River Basin,Afghanistan: a vanishing indigenous legacy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A karez is a gently sloping tunnel into a hillside with a series of vertical shafts. At the upstream end, the karez depresses the water table such that groundwater enters the tunnel. Farmers all over Afghanistan have built and managed karezes for centuries using indigenous knowledge. This report focuses on karezes in the Helmand River Basin in southern Afghanistan, and describes the location of karezes in relation to geology, technological and managerial aspects of karez irrigation, and their current status. Karez irrigation has declined in recent decades due to the following: a prolonged reduction in precipitation, increase in number of boreholes that lower the water table below the karez tunnel, breakdown in community-based management, and reduced maintenance. Systematic field measurements are a challenge in the Helmand Basin due to security constraints. The current condition and management of the karezes have been assessed through short field visits and structured focus-group discussions with karez farmers and staff from provincial departments. The surveys indicate that over half of the karezes in the Helmand Basin have gone dry. Furthermore, the flow in karezes that are still operational has also declined significantly. The report demonstrates the value of using data from the US National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis 1 project, to estimate historic precipitation for various karez zones in this data-poor basin. Strategies for rehabilitating karezes are discussed. Rehabilitation is financially expensive in comparison to drilling new boreholes, but karezes are part of the national heritage of Afghanistan and can facilitate social cohesion. 相似文献
2.
Mushtaqur Rahman 《GeoJournal》1993,31(4):363-371
Present irrigation practices and water management techniques in Pakistan are the result of a long process. Through a cultural-historical approach, generic relationships of some present patterns are traced to their origin. The origin of irrigation was probably in small alluvial valleys of Southwest Asia, which is also considered the hearth of seed agriculture. From a simple beginning the irrigation and water management systems have become extremely complicated to support Pakistan's largest irrigation network in the world.Part of the research for this paper was done at the Department of Geography, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany during the summer of 1992. 相似文献
3.
Amjad Ali Pirzada Jamal A. Siddiqui Kate Bromfield Athar Ali Khan Pervaiz Iqbal 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(23):520
Uplifted reefs due to being important palaeoclimate archives and a rich source of information on past physical and geochemical changes globally have become the centre of marine research. The uplifted fossil Quaternary coral communities of Jiwani and Gwadar are perfect places to study the palaeoclimatic and geological changes that have shaped the Balochistan coast. Studies on the palaeodiversity of corals along the Makran coast of Pakistan are lacking. In the present study, the samples collected using line intercept method from four uplifted sites (Balochistan coast: one at Gwadar and three at Jiwani) were analysed. The relative distribution and diversity of scleractinian fossil corals was determined, and the factors responsible for coral decline along Pakistan coast were compared with modern coral distribution and diversity. A total of 48 fossil coral species were recorded in nine families and 22 genera. High coral diversity was recorded in the uplifted landward sites of Jiwani and Gwadar headland. Terraces close to the shore at Jiwani had lower diversity. The corals seem to be Quaternary: most likely Pleistocene to Holocene. The modern fauna lacks many species recorded in the fossil community, thus suggesting a faunal turnover in diversity and redistribution of coral fauna which may be linked with past geological events and increasing anthropogenic pressure. 相似文献
4.
Extensive groundwater withdrawals in urban areas may cause water shortages, land subsidence, and water quality problems. The Quetta Valley is the largest population center in Balochistan province in western Pakistan. This area is arid and groundwater is the main water source for domestic and agricultural use. This work presents global positioning system (GPS) data and assessment of spatial and temporal variations in water levels. GPS data from two stations from mid-2006 to the beginning of 2009 show subsidence rate of 10 cm\year. Nine satellite images from 1975 to 2009 were classified and processed to quantify land cover and land use changes, which highlight an increase in agricultural areas in the central region of the Quetta Valley, as well as reduced vegetation on mountains. These data correspond to gradual temporal changes in water volumes in streams and lakes. Average temperatures have also increased and mean precipitation has decreased during this period. However, the greatest change in this area has been in population growth, which rose from 260,000 in 1975 to 1.2 million in 2010, mainly due to migration of refugees from war-torn neighboring Afghanistan. The Quetta Valley provides a good example for studying the impact of urbanization on water resources. 相似文献
5.
哈密地区坎儿井动态监测分析及其保护对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
坎儿井作为一项地下水利工程,具有高的人文价值。近年来,随着土地不断开发、机井不断增加、地下水过度开采,坎儿井已呈逐年减少的趋势。以哈密地区为研究区,选取具有代表性的部分坎儿井进行动态监测分析。从水资源可持续开发利用的角度针对研究区的现状,分析坎儿井衰减的原因,提出保护对策。 相似文献
6.
Ecology of Karez irrigation: a case of Pakistan 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M. Rahman Dr. 《GeoJournal》1981,5(1):7-15
Though hard to construct, difficult to maintain, and yet limited in scope, the karez irrigation system has been an integral part of agricultural landscape in Baluchistan province of Pakistan for the last 2500 years, if not earlier. The irrigation system is well adjusted with the social and political institutions in Baluchistan and synchronizes with the local economies.Archaeology indicates that the idea of karez irrigation originated in the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan, while philology, method of construction, migration of karez technocrats support the view that the technology was introduced from Afghanistan and not from Iran as is generally accepted. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine the ecology of karez irrigation in Pakistan in terms of its nature, origin, diffusion and persistence including the recent changes in the system wherein tunnels are being replaced by cement pipes and Delay Action Dams.. The delay action dams are being introduced to augment the subsurface water supply. The tube-wells and modern electric-powered pumps are impinging on the karezes and may ultimately destroy the fragile ecosystem of Baluchistan, including the age-old karez irrigation system. 相似文献
7.
地下水影响滑坡稳定性。采用竖井分段开挖的"坎儿井"式排(截)水工程治理,取得较好效果,值得推广。 相似文献
8.
S. A. Rizvi M. Latif S. Ahmad 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2012,9(3):441-452
In this study, a great variation in crop yield, which affects the socio-economic and physical environment of the area, is observed along the irrigation channels in Pakistan. This is mainly due to inequitable distribution of canal water causing spatial variations along the system. Assessing the performance of irrigation system can help to find any disparity which should be rectified to achieve the desired objectives of irrigation. Due to lack of real-time data, performance of an irrigation system cannot be readily determined particularly in developing countries. Remote sensing and geographic information system are the best tools to overcome this difficulty. Normalized difference vegetation index indirectly indicates the presence of water in plants. Biomass production and evapotranspiration are crucial indicators for describing the spatial variation of irrigation water. In this study, infrared bands of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer sensor were used to determine surface temperatures and various components of the energy balance equation. The spatial disparity in evapotranspiration was found from head to tail of the system. Classification of evapotranspiration into different groups revealed that the area under higher evapotranspiration range is more at the head of the system than its tail, which indicates that more canal water is supplied at the head of the system. These results clearly testify the disparity of canal water distribution along the system leading to reduced income and environmental degradation of the downstream water users. 相似文献
9.
Flood risk assessment of River Indus of Pakistan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Bushra Khan Muhammad Jawed Iqbal M. Ayub Khan Yosufzai 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(1-2):115-122
Annual flood peak discharges is widely used in risk assessment. Major sources of flooding in Pakistan are River Jhelum, River Chenab, River Kabul, and upper and lower parts of River Indus. These rivers are major tributaries of the River Indus System which is one of the most important systems of the world and the greatest system of Pakistan. River Indus is the longest river of Pakistan containing seven gauge stations and several barrages, and it plays a vital role in the irrigation system and power generation for the country. This paper estimates the risk of flood in River Indus using historical data of maximum peak discharges. On the basis of our analysis, we find out which dam/barrage reservoir need to be updated in capacity, and whether there are more dams/barrages needed. 相似文献
10.
Irrigated agriculture allows for the increase of agrarian yields and stability in food supply and raw materials, being, at the same time, responsible for the reduction of water resources availability and for the pollution by salts and nitrate. This work aims to analyze the impact of changes in irrigation management (establishment of an on-demand flood irrigated system, assignment of irrigation allowances and water payment for surface and irrigation water consumption) in a traditional irrigated land on drainage flow, electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration in irrigation return flows between the year 2001 and the period 2005–2008. Changes in water management significantly modified quantity (lower drainage) and quality (electrical conductivity and nitrate) of irrigation return flows, keeping similar evolution paths during the year with water ameliorants in summer due to the use of good irrigation water quality. Salinity in irrigation return flows is not a current problem in the area as electrical conductivity values in water did not exceed the limit established for water used in irrigation or intended for human consumption. Despite the fact that changes in irrigation management and crop distribution have reduced nitrate concentrations in irrigation return flows by 43 %, the water still presents nitrate values exceeding the 50 mg NO3 ?/l. Thus, nitrate remains as the main agro-environmental problem in this irrigation area. However, the nitrate concentration trends detected in this work mark the possibility of reaching nitrate values below 50 mg NO3 ?/l in the case of maintenance of the conditions in this agricultural system. 相似文献
11.
隧道施工地下水的处治问题一直困扰着隧道工程界,对地下水作用的认识仍未达成共识,为此需要从概念上和方法上对本问题进行深入研究。本文在国内外研究现状分析基础上,开展了隧道施工对地下水渗流变化的影响分析、隧道水压力物理模型试验研究、隧道衬砌水荷载及其相关问题的数值分析,提出针对不同防排水模式的水荷载计算模式、隧道地下水处治的理念和方式。主要创新点如下:明确提出高水压的概念,建立隧道衬砌水压力计算的概念模型,提出针对隧道不同埋深段及地下水发育状况采取不同处理策略的隧道防排水原则,研究成果为高压富水隧道设计提供了理论依据。 相似文献
12.
Determinants of farmers’ choice of coping and adaptation measures to the drought hazard in northwest Balochistan,Pakistan 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study identifies the coping and adaptation behavior of the farm households and also examines the factors that influence farmers’ choice for drought-induced adaptation strategies. The study employs a multivariate probit model on 215 farm households’ survey data from northwest Balochistan, Pakistan. The findings reveal that the farmers have shown considerable fortitude in coping with the impacts of drought on their agro-based practices and employed several adaptation initiatives both at on-farm and off-farm levels. These include crop management, water management, adjustment in agricultural inputs, income diversification, economization of expenditure and consumption smoothing, migrating to other places to seek alternative sources of income, assets depletion, and borrowing. Empirically, it is depicted that landholding, annual income, livestock ownership, credit access, farmer-to-farmer extension, GOs/NGOs support increase the probability of farmers’ decision to cope and adapt better with drought hazard. This study implies for specific policy and practice-oriented solutions in order to cope with and adapt in drought situation. 相似文献
13.
Water pollution is a source of danger to the health of people living in developing countries such as Pakistan. The main industries
located at various industrial zones of Pakistan cause water pollution, which ultimately result in various diseases. The aim
of the present study was to study the concentrations of essential and toxic metals (Na, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Pb and As) in the
drained water of three main industrial estates of Pakistan, i.e., Industrial Estate No. 1 Peshawar, Small Industrial Estate
No. 2 Gujranwala, Industrial Estate Hattar Haripur, and in Warsak Canal (industrially pure water) with the help of atomic
absorption spectroscopy and flame emission spectroscopy. The study showed high Pb and As levels originating from industries.
The concentrations of Pb and As ranged from 0.04 to 0.942 mg/L in all the samples. These have been extensively used for irrigation
since the last five decades. The elevated concentrations of heavy metals are continuously entering into the food chain through
agriculture leading to serious health hazards and a threat to the sustainability of local ecosystem. 相似文献
14.
The occurrence of the genus Aquilapollenites in Upper Cretaceous and Neogene sediments of northwestern Pakistan is reported here. Aquilapollenites amplus, Aquilapollenites reductus, and Aquilapollenites sp. occur in the Maastrichtian palynomorph assemblage from an outcrop sample of the Mir Ali section, northern Waziristan. Aquilapollenites medeis in the Neogene Murgha Faqir Zai Formation of the Pishin Basin, Balochistan, is considered a reworked Cretaceous specimen. The Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Asian plate on the Tethys margin are considered to be the source of Aquilapollenites spp. in these samples. 相似文献
15.
灌区水资源合理配置是提高灌区水资源利用效率及保障粮食安全的重要途径,也是实现灌区水资源可持续利用的有效调控措施。从灌区水资源管理政策、水资源循环转化规律、水资源优化配置模型与方法和水文生态4个方面,对国内外该领域的研究现状进行了对比分析。研究发现,国内灌区水资源配置主要存在4个方面的问题:水资源合理配置与保护政策落实不到位、水资源的统一管理机制不健全、水资源优化配置模型实用性不强和水资源优化配置基础条件较为薄弱。建议加强灌区水资源的统一管理政策与机制、变化环境下水资源循环转化规律、水资源承载力基础理论与评价新方法、水文生态调控技术、水资源实时风险调度与智能化管理技术以及水资源优化配置耦合技术研究。 相似文献
16.
Werapol Bejranonda Manfred Koch Sucharit Koontanakulvong 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(5):2079-2086
Many irrigation projects in the central plain of Thailand are not capable of providing sufficient surface water for the cultivation of rice, which is the major cash crop for Thai farmers. To overcome this surface water deficiency, which has been exacerbated in recent years by climate change, groundwater is increasingly being used for irrigation. Thus, large sections of agriculture lands have been converted to conjunctive water use regions. While conjunctive water use may be a suitable option to overcome the temporary water shortages on a short-term basis, it may pose a particular threat to the overall water resources in the long term, if not properly managed. As a remedy, conjunctive water management policies ought to be adopted. Conjunctive water management is basically a tool to optimize productivity, equity, and environmental sustainability through simultaneous management of surface water and groundwater resources. As of now, such a comprehensive approach has not been yet employed in the upper Chao Phraya basin of Thailand, and the present study is one of the first of this kind. The study region is the Plaichumpol Irrigation Project (PIP) where conjunctive water use has become indispensable for meeting the increasing water requirements for farming. To get a first grip on the issue, water demand, supply and actual use in the study area were investigated for the purpose of providing possible guidelines for optimal water exploitation. A numerical groundwater model with a special module for simulating surface-groundwater interaction was applied in the PIP area to understand the impact of the farmer’s irrigation behavior on the dominant hydrological processes that determine the seasonal and multi-annual water availability in the irrigation area. A set-up of different agricultural water allocation schemes that depend on the local weather conditions and the regional management rules are examined by the numerical models. The results of the simulations provide adaptation guidelines for the proper management of the conjunctive water resources, namely, optimal water utilization. The numerical results for the surface groundwater in particular indicated that while the irrigation canals recharge water to the aquifer during both dry and wet season, small amounts of discharge from the aquifers to the canals occur only during the wet season. The analysis of the groundwater balance also showed that the present available groundwater potential is not fully exploited by the farmers, especially during the dry periods of surface water shortage. In contrast, the adoption of an optimal conjunctive management scheme would ensure extra water availability for additional annual rice crops in the region. 相似文献
17.
回顾了灌溉水利用效率评价指标的发展历史,分析了现有灌溉水利用效率评价指标的不足,总结了其适用条件。结果表明,目前还没有一套在任何条件均适用的灌溉水利用效率评价的量化指标,原因在于:一是不同灌溉水利用效率指标术语内涵不明确,导致在不同条件下很多指标被混用;二是部分指标即使理论框架比较清晰,但在实际运用时,许多计算要素难以确定或是无法确定,不利于在灌区水管理中推广。指出对现有灌溉水利用效率指标进行科学的界定和评价,规范不同指标的使用范围,研究它们之间的相互关联规律、影响因素,探讨节水潜力评价方法的重要性。 相似文献
18.
本文从水资源系统结构与用户需求分析入手,研究了地表水和地下水模型的耦合方法,构建了水资源目标规划模型,对独山子地区水资源进行了优化配置。研究表明:独山子地区水资源可以满足独山子区与灌区的现状需水要求。独山子区近期、中期、远期全部启动四个水源地供水仍不能满足需水要求,还需要外调水源补充解决,远期外调水已接近可调水资源量;为保证水源地有适量的河水入渗补给,限定了河道引水量,枯水年不能满足灌区的灌溉需水,平水年基本可以满足,丰水年完全能够满足。即使调水后,仍然要节水,提高灌溉效率。 相似文献
19.
Water resources in Egypt are becoming scarce and the demand for clean drinking water supply is one of the most important priorities of the Egyptian government in recent years. Analyzing water use and future demand forecasting is a primitive clue for water demand management. Water in Luxor is used for agricultural, residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic purposes. The results of water use analysis indicated that for the time period from 1983 to 2012, agriculture is the highest consumer of water which reached about 94.76–97.38 % followed by residential water consumption (1.90–3.05 %), institutional water consumption (0.71–1.75 %), and touristic water consumption (0.02–0.43 %), respectively. The future demand forecasting results revealed that the present situation may continue to rise in the next 50 years which will increase the water demand with a water deficit ranging between 15 and 114 MCM/year. To fill the gap between the present water consumption and future residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic water demand, additional municipal facilities, and improvement and management of water supply/demand are needed. To cope with the predicted future water demand, it is recommended to improve the on-farm irrigation, reduce the demand for irrigation water, rationalize the irrigation water use, and enhance the integrated role of water users in integrated water resources management. 相似文献
20.
Seasonal dynamic of a shallow freshwater lens due to irrigation in the coastal plain of Ravenna,Italy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alexander Vandenbohede Pauline N. Mollema Nicolas Greggio Marco Antonellini 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(4):893-909
Irrigation in low-lying coastal plains may enhance the formation of fresh groundwater lenses, which counteract salinization of groundwater and soil. This study presents seasonal dynamics of such a freshwater lens and discusses its influence on the salinity distribution of the unconfined aquifer in the coastal plain of Ravenna, Italy, combining field observations with numerical modeling (SEAWAT). The lens originates from an irrigation ditch used as a water reservoir for spray irrigation. The geometry of the freshwater lens shows seasonal differences because of freshwater infiltration during the irrigation season and upconing of deeper saltwater for the remainder of the year. The extent of the freshwater lens is controlled by the presence of nearby drainage ditches. Irrigation also results in a temperature anomaly in the aquifer because of the infiltration of warm water during the irrigation season. The surficial zone in the vicinity of the irrigation ditch is increased considerably in thickness. Finally, different irrigation alternatives and the influence of sea-level rise are simulated. This shows that it is necessary to integrate irrigation planning into the water management strategy of the coastal zone to have maximum benefits for freshening of the aquifer and to make optimal use of the existing infrastructure. 相似文献