共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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本文利用大范围的震后GPS数据和黏弹性球形地球位错理论,定量研究了日本M_W9.0地震周边地区地幔黏滞性结构的垂向变化.首先结合陆地和海底的GPS观测数据,以及基于球形地球位错理论格林函数和贝叶斯反演方法,反演了该地震的同震滑动分布,发现其最大错动量高达59m.然后在均一地幔黏滞性结构的假设前提下,确定了震源周边地区地幔黏滞因子的最优解,发现依据该地幔黏滞因子获得的理论远场震后位移和GPS观测结果之间的均方根误差高达0.81cm,不能解释远场观测结果.为解决上述问题,本文对震中周边地区地幔黏滞性结构沿垂向方向进行分层,建立了一个随深度变化的地幔黏滞性构造模型,然后综合利用远近场的GPS数据对该地区地幔黏滞因子进行反演研究,结果表明,震源周边地区岩石圈弹性层厚度最优解为40km,40～220km深度的地幔黏滞因子最优解为6×10~(18)Pa·s,220～670km深度之间的地幔黏滞因子最优解为1.5×10~(19)Pa·s.上述地幔黏滞性构造使远场的均方根误差降为0.12cm,仅为利用均一地幔黏滞性构造所得均方根误差值的15%,大大提高了远场模拟结果的准确性.最后,观测值和模拟值之间的均方根误差分析表明,近场震后形变数据主要约束浅层的地幔黏滞性结构,而远场震后形变数据主要约束深部的地幔黏滞性结构. 相似文献
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本文利用较为完备的球体位错理论,结合4.5年的震后位移数据,优化了2011年日本MW9.0地震震源区岩石圈弹性层厚度与地幔黏滞性因子,更新了该强震断层余滑时空演化过程.首先,基于日本列岛215个均匀分布的GPS连续观测站震前2年与震后4.5年的观测数据,提取了2011年日本MW9.0地震引起的震后位移时空变化;接着,依据断层余滑衰减相对较快的特点,利用黏弹性球体位错理论对震后3~4.5年的GPS观测数据进行反复拟合,确定2011年日本MW9.0地震震源区地幔黏滞性系数和岩石圈弹性层厚度的最优解分别为6×1018 Pa·s和30 km;然后,从震后3年内GPS观测数据中剔除地幔黏滞性松弛效应,获取了断层余滑对应的震后位移场;最后,利用基于球体位错理论的反演算法,反演了2011年日本MW9.0地震断层余滑的时空演化过程.结果表明,2011年日本MW9.0地震引起的断层余滑在震后半年内变化显著,震后2年主震区域余滑基本停止,断层的两端存在一定的余滑效应,断层余滑的累计矩震级达到8.59;地震后4年,地幔黏滞性松弛效应对震后位移场的贡献在总体上超过断层余滑的贡献. 相似文献
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利用GPS和GRACE观测数据研究了日本MW9.0地震的震后变形特征.GPS观测显示,区域震后位移呈现随指数函数变化特征,变化速率符合大森公式的衰减特性;近五年的震后水平位移累积已达到东向60~165 cm,南向20~65 cm的量值,距震中较远站点已超过同震变化量,且震后变形仍然持续.GRACE观测到显著的震后重力变化,地震破裂两侧的重力变化总体均呈上升趋势,但海洋侧的变化速率较快.联合震后余滑和黏弹性位错理论对震后变形进行了模拟,探索了GPS和GRACE观测的综合应用方法.研究发现,综合考虑震后余滑和黏滞性松弛效应可以对日本地震的震后变形做出较合理的解释,震后初期余滑起主要作用,1至2年以后逐渐减弱,黏滞性松弛作用逐渐增强.在震后变形模拟和区域黏滞性结构反演中形成GPS和GRACE观测结合应用的方法,先基于震后GPS形变估算区域黏滞性结构,而后利用GRACE观测修正深部的黏滞系数,并综合利用这两种观测微调浅层黏滞系数,最终确定区域黏滞性结构.基于该方法反演了日本震源区的地幔黏滞性结构,地震断层破裂两侧的流变参数存在差异,大陆侧的地幔顶层黏滞系数在1.0×1019 Pa·s量级,而海洋侧的则略小于大陆的,在6.0×1018 Pa·s量级. 相似文献
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利用2009—2011年汶川震区GPS水平速度场数据,综合考虑汶川震后的余滑模型、黏弹性松弛模型及用于描述地壳长期运动的弹性块体模型,采用格网搜索法反演了汶川震区中下地壳的有效黏滞系数.地壳介质黏滞系数不同是造成震后断层两侧地壳水平运动差异的主要因素.研究发现,龙门山断裂带两侧中下地壳介质的黏滞系数差别很大.龙门山断裂以西川西块体中下地壳(16—40km)的有效黏滞系数约为7×1019Pa·s,而龙门山断裂以西、岷江断裂以东的岷江地块中下地壳(16—40km)的有效黏滞系数约为1020Pa·s,比川西地块大.龙门山断裂以东的四川盆地中下地壳(16—40km)的有效黏滞系数约为7×1022Pa·s,比岷江地块和川西地块均大,呈现极强的刚性运动特点.此外,由于同震破裂滑脱面的存在,震中附近的余滑效应比较显著. 相似文献
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震后变形是地震周期中一个重要阶段,深入研究其产生机制有助于提高对地震演化过程、断层性质及地震危险性评估的认识.2017年伊朗MW7.3地震InSAR观测资料丰富,为研究扎格罗斯造山带山前褶皱带盲逆冲断层震后变形机制提供了切入点.合理详细的震源模型及高精度的形变观测是开展震后余滑或黏弹松弛研究的首要前提,本文采用多视角InSAR资料联合远场波形数据反演该地震的破裂滑动分布,并解算得到伪三维地表位移,利用InSAR时序分析提取震源区主震后一年半内变形特征,显示震源区震后形变特征与同震位移场类似,LOS向形变速率最大值约8 cm·a-1,震后变形预示震源区可能存在明显的震后应力调整现象.利用震后半年内形变资料约束的纯运动学余滑模型表明同时期释放能量为矩震级MW6.7,进一步探讨应力驱动震后余滑及下地壳黏弹性松弛对震后变形的贡献,基于分层黏弹模型的模拟计算表明震后余滑和黏弹松弛效应的耦合模型可以更好地解释地表震后变形特征,其中震后余滑主要分布在同震破裂区的上方浅部,对主震后一年半内震后地表变形起主导作用,震源区壳下黏滞系数量级下... 相似文献
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基于黏弹性球体位错理论, 联合陆地和海底同震GPS数据以及日本本岛330个陆地GPS站点5~10年的震后数据, 反演了日本MW9.0地震的断层滑动模型, 提升了断层滑动分布在细节上的合理性。 首先, 基于日本本岛330个陆地GPS站点震前2年和震后10年的连续观测数据, 获取了日本MW9.0地震震后5~10年的年平均位移, 该时段的位移几乎完全由地幔黏弹性松弛效应引起; 接着, 利用黏弹性球体位错理论对震后5~10年的位移进行反复拟合, 确定了日本MW9.0地震震源及周边地区的地幔黏滞性系数最优解(9.0×1018 Pa·s)。 然后, 联合同震和震后位移数据, 引入黏弹性位错格林函数, 反演了2011年日本MW9.0地震的断层滑动分布。 结果表明, 该地震同震破裂的最大值达到了62.72 m, 同震滑动的总地震矩为4.48×1022 Nm, 相应的矩震级为MW9.03。 由于黏弹性松弛效应引起的震后位移中包含了同震破裂的信息, 基于黏弹性球体地震位错理论, 联合同震和震后位移数据反演断层同震破裂, 有效提高了日本MW9.0地震断层滑动分布的可靠性。 最后, 本文提出的反演方法为同震观测结果缺乏的大地震震后科考提供了理论支撑: 在大地震发生之后, 即使在同震期间没有足够的观测数据, 也可以在震后通过对震源区的加密观测积累的震后数据, 使用本文提出的反演方法优化同震断层滑动模型。 相似文献
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2010年4月14日青海玉树MS7.1地震发生在青藏高原东南部甘孜-玉树地震带,在震后7~10天内,我们快速建立了由15个GPS测站组成的跨地震破裂带观测剖面,包括1个连续站,3个半连续站和11个流动站,对所有站进行了240多天的观测,获取了该次地震的震后形变时空特征.采用欧拉矢量和位错模型解算了背景速度场,并从GPS观测的形变场中扣除该分量.采用分层黏弹性位错模型计算余震引起的地表形变,结果表明余震对部分测站的位移造成不可忽视的影响.采用对数模型拟合位移时间序列,表明特征衰减时间为6.7±1.2天.利用最速下降法反演震后余滑时空分布,反演结果表明震后断层活动以左旋滑动为主,断层南盘具有少量的抬升.在空间分布上,余滑主要位于同震破裂区的两侧,西北侧的余滑几乎达到地表,而东南区的余滑基本在同震破裂区的下方,余滑最大的区域位于结古镇东南下方10~20 km的深度范围.随着震后离逝时间的增加,2个余滑区在空间上保持不变,余滑区的面积逐渐扩大.余滑的矩释放为（1.5~5.1）×1018Nm,相当于1个MW6.1~6.4地震释放的能量.分层岩石圈黏弹性模型计算的地壳孔隙弹性反弹形变与地表观测值相差较大,不能解释观测到的震后变形.采用麦克斯维尔流变体模型计算下地壳和上地幔松弛引起的地表形变,显示出其对地表形变的贡献较小.GPS观测得到的震后形变所具有的快速衰减特征,以及余滑模型能够较好地拟合GPS地表形变,表明2010年玉树MS7.1地震后早期阶段的地壳形变主要是由余滑机制决定的. 相似文献
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强震后地表变形的动力学机制是地球动力学研究的重要方面,现在普遍认为震后变形主要由断层的震后余滑或由介质的黏弹性松弛所至。1999年台湾集集地震GPS观测系统记录到了空前的资料,为研究震后变形的动力学机制提供了难得的机会。本研究认为集集地震后地表变形由震后断层余滑、下地壳／上地幔的黏弹性松弛、震源区介质的破裂、孔隙弹性回跳、地下流体的运移、介质孔隙度及孔隙压的变化等多种因素共同影响决定。为抓住重点,研究中将介质的破裂、地下流体的运移和孔隙弹性回跳等因素等效为震源区介质的物性变化。文中运用黏弹性有限单元模型（麦克斯威尔体）、利用GPS观测的时间序列资料对震后余滑、地壳／地幔黏度以及等效的震源区介质物性变化进行了反演。反演模型给出了震后余滑的分布及变化特征,反演结果初步显示台湾地区的下地壳／上地幔的黏度分别为2.7×10^18,4.2×10^20Pa·s。此外,反演结果还给出每种影响因素对地表变形的贡献大小,在集集地震后的450d时间里,断层的震后余滑引起的地表变形占总变形的44.6％,下地壳／上地幔的黏性松弛占34.7％,等效的震源区介质的物性变化占20.7％。 相似文献
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本文基于日本GEONET的GPS观测资料, 对日本2011年9.0级地震的同震和震后形变过程进行了研究。 结果表明, 日本9.0级地震使中国大陆出现了显著的同震位移, 几乎对整个中国大陆都有影响。 位移量在中国东北地区最大, 接近甚至超过该地区的年运动速率。 震后1年观测到的形变基本上可由沿着断层面的蠕滑进行模拟, 粘弹松弛的贡献不大。 根据所得到的震后蠕滑模型, 震后1年形变所释放的能量等同于发生一个8.7级地震, 其影响主要在东部地区, 最大位移约为年运动速率的30%。 预测在未来2年, 该地震的影响范围将逐渐减小。 地震造成的粘弹松弛在未来50~100年的尺度上, 对东北地区有拉张效应。 日本9.0级地震整体上起到了卸载中国大陆在板块间挤压过程中所累积应变能的作用, 因此该地震发生后的几个月, 中国大陆东部的地震活动水平较震前明显降低。 相似文献
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Christopher Rollins Sylvain Barbot Jean-Philippe Avouac 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(5):1305-1358
Due to its location on a transtensional section of the Pacific-North American plate boundary, the Salton Trough is a region featuring large strike-slip earthquakes within a regime of shallow asthenosphere, high heat flow, and complex faulting, and so postseismic deformation there may feature enhanced viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip that is particularly detectable at the surface. The 2010 \(M = 7.2\) El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake was the largest shock in the Salton Trough since 1892 and occurred close to the US-Mexico border, and so the postseismic deformation recorded by the continuous GPS network of southern California provides an opportunity to study the rheology of this region. Three-year postseismic transients extracted from GPS displacement time-series show four key features: (1) 1–2 cm of cumulative uplift in the Imperial Valley and \(\sim\)1 cm of subsidence in the Peninsular Ranges, (2) relatively large cumulative horizontal displacements \(>\)150 km from the rupture in the Peninsular Ranges, (3) rapidly decaying horizontal displacement rates in the first few months after the earthquake in the Imperial Valley, and (4) sustained horizontal velocities, following the rapid early motions, that were still visibly ongoing 3 years after the earthquake. Kinematic inversions show that the cumulative 3-year postseismic displacement field can be well fit by afterslip on and below the coseismic rupture, though these solutions require afterslip with a total moment equivalent to at least a \(M = 7.2\) earthquake and higher slip magnitudes than those predicted by coseismic stress changes. Forward modeling shows that stress-driven afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in various configurations within the lithosphere can reproduce the early and later horizontal velocities in the Imperial Valley, while Newtonian viscoelastic relaxation in the asthenosphere can reproduce the uplift in the Imperial Valley and the subsidence and large westward displacements in the Peninsular Ranges. We present two forward models of dynamically coupled deformation mechanisms that fit the postseismic transient well: a model combining afterslip in the lower crust, Newtonian viscoelastic relaxation in a localized zone in the lower crust beneath areas of high heat flow and geothermal activity, and Newtonian viscoelastic relaxation in the asthenosphere; and a second model that replaces the afterslip in the first model with viscoelastic relaxation with a stress-dependent viscosity in the mantle. The rheology of this high-heat-flow, high-strain-rate region may incorporate elements of both these models and may well be more complex than either of them. 相似文献
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《地震研究进展（英文）》2021,1(1):100002
An improved understanding of postseismic crustal deformation following large subduction earthquakes may help to better understand the rheological properties of upper mantle and the slip behavior of subduction interface. Here we construct a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model to study the postseismic deformation of the 2014 MW8.1 Iquique, Chile earthquake. Elastic units in the model include the subducting slab, continental and oceanic lithospheres. Rheological units include the mantle wedge, the oceanic asthenosphere and upper mantle. We use a 2 km thick weak shear zone attached to the subduction fault to simulate the time-dependent stress-driven afterslip. The viscoelastic relaxation in the rheological units is represented by the Burgers rheology. We carry out grid-searches on the shear zone viscosity, thickness and viscosity of the asthenosphere, and they are determined to be 1017 Pa s, 110 km and 2 × 1018 Pa s, respectively. The stress-driven afterlsip within the first two years is up to ~47 cm and becomes negligible after two years (no more than 5 cm/yr). Our results suggest that a thin, low-viscosity oceanic asthenosphere together with a weak shear zone attached to the fault are required to better reproduce the observed postseismic deformation. 相似文献
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Using global positioning system (GPS) technology, significant postseismic surface displacements were observed within the first
4 months after the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlun earthquake which occurred in China. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms that
may have possibly contributed to the postseismic deformations that have been observed. Based on the modeling results, we find
that an afterslip model can interpret postseismic displacements in the near field even when the fault plane is extended to
the bottom of the crust (~70 km). Models based on the viscoelastic relaxation theory showed a large discrepancy in the spatial
pattern of the deformation compared with what has been observed. Thus, we infer that both mechanisms cannot interpret the
observed postseismic deformation independently. A combination of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation can further improve
the data fit, especially at sites far from the fault. With maximum afterslip of ~0.4 m occurring at a depth of 10 km in the
central section, the combined model shows that the estimated afterslip occurred mostly on and below the coseismic rupture
plane, as well as on its eastern extension. The estimated moment released by the afterslip in the first 4 months is almost
40% of that released by the coseismic slip. The best-fitting viscoelastic relaxation model shows a “weak” upper mantle with
a viscosity of ~1.0 × 1018 Pa s. The combined model also suggests the existence of a lower crust with viscosity larger than 1.0 × 1018 Pa s, although it cannot be constrained accurately. 相似文献
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Rapid afterslip and short-term viscoelastic relaxation following the 2008 M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake
Zhigang Shao Rongjiang Wang Yanqiang Wu Langping Zhang Institute of Earthquake Science China Earthquake Administration Beijing China GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences D- Potsdam Germany 《地震学报(英文版)》2011,(2):163-175
Significant postseismic deformation of the 2008 M W 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake has been observed from GPS data of the first 14 days after the earthquake. The possible mechanisms for the rapid postseismic deformation are assumed to be afterslip on the earthquake rupture plane and viscoelastic relaxation of coseismiclly stress change in the lower crust or upper mantle. We firstly use the constrained least squares method to find an afterslip model which can fit the GPS data best. The afterslip model can explain n... 相似文献
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--Models of combined Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data collected in the region of the Northridge earthquake indicate that significant afterslip on the main fault occurred following the earthquake. Additional shallow deformation occurred to the west of the main rupture plane. Both data sets are consistent with logarithmic time-dependent behavior following the earthquake indicative of afterslip rather than postseismic relaxation. Aftershocks account for only about 10% of the postseismic motion. The two data sets are complimentary in determining the postseismic processes. Fault afterslip and shallow deformation dominate the deformation field in the two years following the earthquake. Lower crustal deformation may play an important role later in the earthquake cycle. 相似文献
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Relaxation of the coseismic stresses following an earthquake causes postseismic crustal deformation, which can last for days
to years. Continuous monitoring of postseismic deformation facilitates the understanding of the mechanism of deformation and
postseismic relaxation and viscous rheology. After the October 8, 2005 Kashmir earthquake, global positioning system data
for 8 months, starting from October, 2005 have been analyzed from three continuous sites located at Gulmarg, Amritsar, and
Jaipur. The average velocity during the observation period at Gulmarg (8.6 cm/year) is significantly higher than the Indian
plate velocity exhibiting postseismic crustal deformation. The velocity at Amritsar (5.9 cm/year) and Jaipur (5.1 cm/year)
is comparable to the Indian plate velocity. At Gulmarg, the logarithmic function fits well to the north–south component of
postseismic transients (~in the coseismic slip direction). The nature of decay in these transients suggests that the deformation
is mainly due to an afterslip, and the second possible contribution may be from the viscous relaxation process. This paper
presents the characteristics of postseismic transients and possible contributions from various postseismic mechanisms subsequent
to the Kashmir earthquake. 相似文献
18.
1999年台湾集集地震震后450天的GPS观测资料显示了几十到几百毫米的地表位移.下地壳的震后黏性松弛和断层无震蠕变产生的震后滑动是用来解释地表震后变形的两个主要机制.本文利用接触问题的黏弹性有限元(LDDA)方法,以GPS观测数据作为约束,分别考察了黏性松弛和震后滑动机制对地表震后变形的影响.计算结果表明,黏性松弛机制产生的地表位移与观测数据吻合较好,通过试错法由震后GPS观测约束得到的下地壳黏度为1017Pa·s,而上地幔黏度对计算结果影响不大.考察震后滑动机制对地表变形的影响时,在LDDA方法中结合了速率状态摩擦定律,结果显示震后滑动机制不能很好地解释震后450天的观测数据,它产生的地表变形只在震后50天内与观测大致吻合,之后位移值基本不随时间变化.这些结果有助于增进对集集地震震后变形机制的认识. 相似文献