共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
实际地球介质的弹性波衰减,无论是对于地球内部结构反演、含油气储层描述,还是对于地震岩石物理本身的基础研究而言,都十分重要.通过岩石物理实验测量岩石的弹性波衰减是相关研究的基本手段,而谱比法是一种最常用的测量方法.利用谱比法测量的弹性波衰减,简称谱比法衰减,由介质的本征吸收特性和非均质散射特性共同决定.然而,在谱比法理论中,没有将这两种衰减特性的作用区分对待.因此,实验室测量的谱比法衰减中是否含有散射特性,其散射特性是否可以忽略,常不明确.本文基于对岩石物理实验中样品波形特征的基本认识,通过能流理论描述了弹性波的本征吸收和非均质散射过程,以及对应的尾波形成机理.文章还应用能流理论测量岩石的弹性波衰减,即能流法衰减.无论是通过理论推导,还是通过实验验证,谱比法衰减与能流法衰减都显示出良好的一致性.这两种直达波衰减的一致性暗示了谱比法衰减中存在着两种衰减特性.文中还对比分析了谱比法衰减与喷射流本征衰减的实验结果,该结果同样展示了谱比法衰减中可能存在着散射特性.因此,通过能流理论,可以利用样品波形的尾波特征定性判断谱比法衰减中可能存在的散射特性.即异常明显的尾波振幅可能意味着强烈的直达波非均质散射,谱比法衰减中的散射特性因而不可忽略. 相似文献
2.
The phenomenon of the seismic coda, which is composed of seismic energy delayed by scattering, is seen on both the Earth and the Moon. On the Moon the scattered coda is very large relative to body wave arrivals with a delay of the time of maximum energy, whereas on Earth scattered codas are relatively small and show no delay of the energy maximum. In both cases the form of the coda is controlled by three distance scales, the mean free path L, which is the average distance seismic energy travels before it is scattered, the attenuation distance , which is the average distance seismic energy travels before it is attenuated, and the source-receiver distance R. Two coda models are discussed based on these parameters; a strong scattering (diffusion) model, and a weak scattering (single scattering) model. A discussion of the diffusion scattering model indicates that if , diffusion scattering is an appropriate model, but if , single scattering is the appropriate model, within the appropriate range of R. A survey of the literature indicates that for the frequency range 0.5–10 Hz, diffusion scattering is important in lunar codas, but for the frequency range 1–25 Hz single scattering is important in terrestrial codas. Another important effect of attenuation is the elimination of scattering paths much longer than . On the Moon, this means that seismic energy in the coda can only propagate directly in the near-surface strong scattering zone between surface sources and the seismometer for source-seismometer separations of the order of ; otherwise, scattering is limited to regions near the source and the receiver. On Earth, this effect probably prevents multiple scattering. 相似文献
3.
按照高信噪比和计算要求,从 2006—2013 年广西龙滩水库地震台网的10个子台记录到的龙滩库区近场数字地震波形中挑选出 3 822 条三分向记录,经滤波和消除环境噪声后,采用Sato单次散射模型,计算了地震波传播路径上的尾波Q （ f ）值,对Q （ f ）与频率f之间的关系进行了拟合,并在此基础上分析讨论了库区尾波衰减的时空特征. 结果显示,龙滩库区总体呈低Q0值和依赖性指数η较高的特点,这两个参数值均低于浙江珊溪水库,与其地震活动程度高于后者的事实相一致。尾波Q值的空间分布显示,周围小震密集分布的台站和历史地震活跃地区的台站的Q0值低于相对于周围小震分布稀疏的台站的Q0值。库区尾波衰减参数与尾波采样体之间的关系显示,采样深度越深,尾波参数Q0值越低,因此认为该区域可能存在深部高衰减层。衰减参数随时间的变化过程表明,蓄水后地震尾波衰减参数仍主要反映了库区原有地壳内部介质的非均匀性和地震波吸收特性,库区地壳介质特性无显著变化,但局部敏感点有所调整。 相似文献
4.
Bernard Chouet 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,132(1-2):289-310
A simple model of single acoustic scattering is used to study the dependence of the shape of local earthquake coda on the anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere. The model is applied to the coda of earthquakes located near Stone Canyon, central California, and provides an explanation for the features observed in the data, which include an interesting temporal variation in the coda shape. A surficial layer with aQ of 50 and thickness of 10 or 25 km underlain by a zone with aQ of 1000 extending to the bottom of the lithosphere, together with a scattering scale length,a, that varies with depthz according to the relationa=0.3 exp[-(z/45)2] are found to constitute the simplest structure of the medium compatible with the coda data and with body and surface wave attenuation data. The profile of heterogeneity sizes implies that the scattering strength increases strongly with depth, a constraint required by the necessity to boost the energy of the later coda without forcing the intrinsicQ to be excessively high in the uppermost mantle. This constraint is viewed as an artifact of the single scattering model which overstimates the scattering coefficient due to the neglect of multiple scattering. The observed temporal variation of the signal is difficult to explain by a simple change of the intrinsicQ at some depth. Rather, it is suggested that the scattering properties at depth changed with time through a variation of the fractional rms velocity fluctuation on the order of one percent. 相似文献
5.
Aki (1969) first modeled coda waves of a local earthquake as a superposition of scattered surface waves. This paper attempts
to clarify the constituents of surface-wave coda at long periods at very long lapse times. For a large earthquake of magnitude
7 or larger, vertical component oscillation in periods from 90 to 180 s persists for more than 20 hours from the earthquake
origin time. Although the early portion of the coda envelope is successfully modeled by assuming incoherent scattered Rayleigh
waves by heterogeneities distributed all over the Earth, the later potion of the observed coda envelope (roughly later than
35,000 s) has systematically larger amplitude than theoretical prediction. To clarify the cause of this discrepancy, we studied
the constituents of vertical-component seismograms of three large earthquakes recorded by the F-net in Japan using the f-k power spectral analysis. We found that the direct and scattered fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves of velocity about 3.7 km/s
are dominant in the earlier part of each envelope. It justifies the use of a scattering model of the fundamental Rayleigh
waves for synthesizing the envelope. At lapse times later than 20,000 s–35,000 s, higher modes with phase velocities around
20 km/s become dominant. The transition time to the dominance of higher modes is found to become earlier for a deeper focus
earthquake. The small coda attenuation factor from (1.90±0.23) × 10−3 to (2.38±0.32) × 10−3 estimated from later coda envelopes recorded at IRIS stations distributed worldwide also agrees with the attenuation factor
of spheroidal modes according to PREM. We may interpret that higher mode waves are uniformly distributed at large lapse time
due to large velocity dispersion and/or scattering and they dominate over the fundamental mode waves because of smaller attenuation
in the lower mantle. The coda attenuation measurement proposed by Aki is found to be useful even for long periods and at very
large lapse times. 相似文献
6.
7.
The Quality factor is the parameter that can be used to describe the energy attenuation on seismic wave. In theory, we can obtain the relationship between the change of the coda wave quality factor with time and the strong earthquake preparation process on the basis of the quality factor of a coda wave in a same ray path. However, in reality the coda wave quality factor measured by different seismic coda waves corresponds to different seismic wave ray paths. The change of the quality factor with time is related to non-elastic characteristics of the medium and the volume of scattering ellipsoid constrained by scattered wave phase fronts, besides the change of regional stress field. This paper discusses the relationship between quality factor, epicenter distance and different lapse time, and then discusses the relationship between quality factor and frequency. Furthermore the determination method of the coda wave quality factor is put forward. The improved determination method of the quality factor, which removes the influence of different earthquakes or propagation depth of scattered waves, may increase measurement precision, thus information pertaining to abnormal changes in quality factor and the relationship between the quality factor and earthquake preparation process can be acquired. 相似文献
8.
为揭示地震波在地壳小尺度非均匀介质中的散射过程,更准确地描述地震波的包络展宽现象,本文基于多次各向异性散射理论,采用离散波数法求解能量密度积分方程,选取高斯型自相关函数表征的散射模式,得到S波能量密度包络。基于此,本文首先分析了单次散射和多次散射在形成S波能量密度包络中的贡献规律;然后探讨了吸收系数和总散射系数对合成S波能量密度包络的影响;最后对比了在不同散射模式下合成的S波能量密度包络的差异。结果显示:① 不同的散射模式下单次散射和多次散射对地震波散射过程的贡献规律是一致的,对于近震（震源距小于100 km）,单次散射模型可以近似合成S波能量密度包络;随着震源距增大,多次前散射模型可以更快地接近总能量密度包络;② 吸收系数增大会降低直达S波和尾波幅值,总散射系数增大会降低直达S波幅值,但使得S波尾波幅值升高;③ 前散射模式下S波能量密度包络随震源距的增大会导致峰值延迟,包络展宽,尾波衰减一致性更快等现象产生。 相似文献
9.
Anomalous earthquakes such as creep events, tsunami earthquakes and silent earthquakes have been reported in the recent literature. In this paper we discuss an anomalous “slow earthquake” that occurred on June 6, 1960 in southern Chile. Although the surface-wave magnitude of this event is only 6.9, it excited anomalously large long-period multiple surface waves with a seismic moment of 5.6 · 1027 dyn cm. The Benioff long-period seismogram of this earthquake recorded at Pasadena shows an extremely long, about 1.5–2 h coda of Rayleigh waves, with a period of 10–25 s. The coda length for other events with a comparable magnitude which occurred in the same region is about 10 min. This observation suggests that the long coda length is due to a long source rupture process which lasted at least 1 h. Although at least 15 distinct events can be identified in the coda, no short-period body waves were recorded corresponding to these, except for the first one. These results suggest that a relatively small (Ms ? 6.9) earthquake triggered a series of slow events; the duration of the whole sequence being longer than 1 h. This event probably occurred on a transform fault on the extension of the Chile Rise and provides important information regarding the nature of the transform fault. 相似文献
10.
本文应用断裂力学和流变介质中波的传播理论来研究震前长周期形变波的波动源以及这类波传播的一些主要特征,在理论研究结果的基础上,对我国多次较大地震前观测到的短临地震前兆进行了剖析,并从中识别出一些可能与长周期形变波有关的短临地震前兆.首先,从粘滑与破裂这两类主要地震机制出发,提出了粘滑前的预滑与破裂前断裂的预扩展(亚稳态扩展)可能是产生震前长周期波的两类波动源的看法,并着重从理论上讨论了后一类波动源.其次,以地壳流变介质模型为基础,对长周期形变波的传播特性进行了理论研究.选用地壳的广义流变介质模型,求解了所述的两类波动源在这种流变地壳介质中引起的长周期形变波传播的动力学问题,从理论上得出了长周期形变波在地壳内传播的某些一般特征.然后,专门分析了我国多次大地震前实际观测到的短期和临震地震前兆资料,并着重讨论了唐山地震的短临前兆.在这些不同类型的短临地震前兆中,我们得出地下水位、地倾斜及潮位自动记录曲线等的某些振动式及阶跃式短临地震前兆与长周期形变波的理论探讨结果基本相符,因而可以认为它们属于由长周期形变波所反映的地震前兆.在理论研究与实际资料分析的基础上,本文归纳了由长周期形变波所引起的短临地震前兆的一些基本特征,包括传播速度、衰 相似文献
11.
本文试用数字地震记录求取尾波Q值及其与频率的关系.在微机上处理触发数字地震仪记录的资料,原始记录经数字滤波器作窄带通滤波得到一组分频记录,经过时间序列分析的方法,可得到能量密度随时间衰减的曲线,该曲线比从可见记录求得的较为可靠.以散射模型的理论表达式进行曲线拟合,求得Q值及其与频率的关系.值得注意的是,这个结果对某一台站并非常数,尾波Q值是时间窗(即研究所用尾波的整个延续时间)的函数,其原因可能是由于不同到时的尾波采样区域和深度不同,以及多次散射的影响等.因此,当把Q值作为地震预报的一个参数时,延续时间是一个重要的可选择的因子. 相似文献
12.
The Peloritani region is one of the most seismically active regions in Italy and, consequently, the quantification of attenuation of the medium plays an important role for seismic risk evaluation. Moreover, it is necessary for the prediction of earth ground motion and future seismic source studies. An in depth analysis has been made here to understand the frequency and lapse time dependence of attenuation characteristics of the region by using the coda of local earthquakes. A regionalization is likewise performed in order to investigate the spatial variation of coda Q across the whole region. Finally, our results are jointly interpreted with those obtained from recently published 3D velocity tomographies for further insights. 相似文献
13.
Synthesis of coda waves in layered medium 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
14.
V. K. Lemzikov 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2007,1(3):185-197
Records of small local Kamchatka earthquakes were processed using Multiple Lapse Time Window Analysis (MLTWA). The method makes use of normalized integrals of 3D seismic energy density in several windows applied to an earthquake record that has been put through a bandpass filter. The intrinsic attenuation and scattering properties of the earth were estimated by choosing parameters that provide the best agreement between experimental and theoretical integrals as functions of hypocentral distance. The theoretical normalized integrals as functions of distance were computed using an analytical solution to the equation of seismic energy transport based on a simple model of isotropic scattering for scalar seismic waves excited by an impulse point source in an earth that is uniform as to scattering and intrinsic attenuation. The resulting estimates of attenuation and scattering parameters are similar to those derived in other studies of Kamchatka, as well as of other continents: America (California, US), Europe (the Canary Is., Spain, and Italy), and Asia (Japan). 相似文献
15.
在阿波罗月震记录中普遍存在着强烈持久的尾波信号,这样的波形特征无法用均匀分层月球模型解释.一个普遍被接受的解释是月震尾波由月球浅层结构对月震波的散射引起.我们采用基于交错网格的伪谱和有限差分混合方法模拟研究非均匀上月壳对月震波的散射效应,在此基础上解释月震尾波的形成机制,并估计出上月壳速度扰动的强度.我们发现,在均匀分层模型基础上,进一步考虑上月壳中的非均匀结构对月震波的散射效应,能有效地解释月震信号中强烈持久的尾波.我们认为月震尾波可能是由上月壳中的低波速、低衰减和散射这三个因素的共同作用所引起.采用不同的扰动标准差模拟上月壳的非均匀性,并比较模拟波形与真实月震图的相似程度,我们发现上月壳中速度扰动的标准差应该在3%到5%之间,很可能接近于3%. 相似文献
16.
利用围绕澜沧江水利水电枢纽工程地区的8个地震台记录到的数字化波形资料,根据尾波散射理论,以不同的中心频率研究了该地区的尾波衰减。结果显示：研究区尾波的Q0值在46～80之间,平均值为63;田值在0．66～0．94之间,平均值为0．79。与云南其它地区相比,研究区的Q0值比构造活动强烈地区的要高,属于中等构造活动地区;与世界上其它地区相比,研究区的尾波衰减不同于构造地震活动相对较弱的地区,而与构造地震活动频繁、强烈的地区较为接近,因此判断澜沧江流域及周边地区未来有发生中强地震的可能。另外,地震波衰减与断层的破碎程度有明显的依赖关系,地震波经过断层破碎带时,被强烈散射和吸收,Q0值明显降低,而且,不但近场的地震波衰减具有这种性质,远场的地震波衰减也同样具有这种特性。 相似文献
17.
Michael A. H. Hedlin Peter M. Shearer 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2002,130(3-4):195-208
We investigate the utility of PKP coda waves for studying weak scattering from small-scale heterogeneity in the mid-mantle. Coda waves are potentially a useful probe of heterogeneity in the mid-mantle because they are not preferentially scattered near the CMB, as PKP precursors are, but are sensitive to scattering at all depths. PKP coda waves have not been used for this purpose historically because of interference with other late-arriving energy due to near-surface resonance and scattering. Any study of deep mantle scattering using coda waves requires the removal of near-surface effects from the data. We have analyzed 3624 recordings of PKP precursors and coda made by stations in the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Global Seismographic Network (GSN). To study the range and time dependence of the scattered waves, we binned and stacked envelopes of the recordings. We have considered precursors that arrive within a 20 s window before PKP and coda waves in a 60 s window after PKP. The PKP scattered waves increase in amplitude rapidly with range as predicted by scattering theory. At ranges below 125°, we predict and observe essentially no scattered energy preceding PKP. Coda amplitudes at these ranges are independent of range and provide an estimate of energy due to near-surface effects that we can expect at all ranges. We use the average coda amplitude at ranges from 120 to 125° to correct coda amplitudes at other ranges. PKP coda waves show a strong dependence on time and range and are clearly influenced by scattering in the lower mantle. PKP coda waves, however, do not provide a tighter constraint on the vertical distribution of mantle heterogeneity than is provided by precursors. This is due, in part, to relatively large scatter in coda amplitudes as revealed by a resampling analysis. Modeling using Rayleigh–Born scattering theory and an exponential autocorrelation function shows that PKP coda amplitudes are not highly sensitive to the vertical distribution of heterogeneity in the mantle. To illustrate this we consider single-scattering in two extreme models of mantle heterogeneity. One allows heterogeneity just at the CMB; the other includes heterogeneity throughout the mantle. The amplitudes of precursors are tightly constrained by our stack and support our earlier conclusion that small-scale heterogeneity is uniformly distributed throughout the lower mantle. The best-fit model includes 8 km scale length heterogeneity with an rms velocity contrast throughout the mantle of 1%. 相似文献
18.
Ultrasonic coda waves are widely used to study high-frequency scattering. However, ultrasonic coda waves are strongly affected by interference from by boundary-reflected waves. To understand the effect of boundary-reflected waves, we performed ultrasonic experiments using aluminum and shale samples, and the rotating staggered-mesh finite-difference method to simulate the wavefield. We analyzed the wavefield characteristics at the different receiving points and the interference characteristics of the boundary-reflected waves with the ultrasonic coda wave, and the effect of sample geometry on the ultrasonic coda waves. The increase in the aspect ratio of the samples delays the interference effect of the laterally reflected waves and reduces the effect on the ultrasonic coda waves. The main waves interfering with the ultrasonic coda waves are laterally reflected PP-, PS-, PPP-, and PPS-waves. The scattering and attenuation of the high-frequency energy in actual rocks can weaken the interference of laterally reflected waves with the ultrasonic coda waves. 相似文献
19.
R. Robinson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(4):579-596
Temporal variations of coda duration, relative to event magnitude, for local earthquakes near Wellington have been investigated. The region is one of plate convergence and subduction. The data consist of routinely made observations for events from 1978 through 1985 (1552 events), magnitude 1.6 to 5.2, depth 0.5 to 90.0 km. The observed average (over time) correspondence between duration (as measured from the origin time) and magnitude is reasonably well predicted by the single backscattering theory of coda formation for events of magnitude 4 or less; for larger events the observed durations are longer than predicted. This theory predicts that a temporal increase in scattering attenuation will reduce the coda duration relative to magnitude. Thus, any temporal changes in the duration-magnitude relation can be interpreted in terms of changes inQ. However, it is necessary to consider spatial biases since the observed durations are relatively long for shallow events and, for events of all depths, at stations situated in the south-eastern half of the region, usually believed part of the accretionary border. For both these situations other evidence would suggest that the scattering coefficient would be relatively high (lowQ). These observations may be due to a relatively high component of surface wave scattering and the importance of multiple scattering in the later part of the coda in regions of lowQ as suggested by finite element studies of coda formation. Despite the lack of any significant earthquakes during the 1978–1985 period there is nevertheless a significant temporal change in duration observed in the Wellington region: a change from relatively long to relatively short codas occurred in mid-1981. This change correlates well with changes in the rate of activity,b-value, radon emission, and ground tilt as derived from lake levels. It is not yet clear how all these parameters are related physically, but an episode of aseismic slip, or creep, along the plate interface below the region may have been the cause. 相似文献
20.
Phase and Correlation in `Random' Seismic Fields and the Reconstruction of the Green Function 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Michel Campillo 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(2-3):475-502
We first present a summary of recent results on coda interpretation. We emphasize the observation of the stabilization of
P to S energy ratio indicating the modal equipartition of the wavefield. This property clearly shows that the coda waves are
in the regime of multiple scattering. Numerical solutions of the elastic radiative transfer equation are used to illustrate
the evolution of the wave-field towards P-to-S energy stabilization, and asymptotically to complete isotropy. The energy properties
of the coda have been widely studied but the phase properties have often been neglected. The recently observed coherent backscattering
enhancement, an expression of the so-called `weak localization', demonstrates that interference effects still persist for
multiple diffracted waves. Another manifestation of the persistence of the phase is the possibility to reconstruct the Green
function between two stations by averaging the cross correlation of coda waves produced by distant earthquakes and recorded
at those two stations. This reconstruction is directly related to the properties of reciprocity and time reversal of any wavefield.
Using broadband seismic coda waves, we show that the dominant phases of the Green function in the band 2 s–10 s, namely fundamental
mode Rayleigh and Love waves, are reconstructed. We analyze the time symmetry of the cross correlation and show how the level
of symmetry evolves with the isotropization of the diffuse field with lapse time. Similarly we investigate the correlation
in continuous ambient noise records. Whereas the randomness of the coda results from multiple scattering by randomly distributed
scatterers, we assume that the seismic noise is random mostly because of the distribution of sources at the surface of the
Earth. Surface waves can be extracted from long time series. The dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves are deduced from the
correlations. On paths where measurements from earthquake data are also available, we show that they are in good agreement
with those deduced from noise correlation. The measurement of velocities from correlation of noise along paths crossing different
crustal structures opens the way for a `passive imaging' of the Earth's structure. 相似文献