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1.
Combined tracer tests in the karst aquifer of the artesian mineral springs of Stuttgart,Germany 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Chlorinated solvents have been detected at low concentrations in some of the mineral and medicinal springs (spas) of Stuttgart since 1984. These springs discharge from a confined karst aquifer. In order to investigate both the properties of the aquifer and the mechanisms of contaminant transport, two multi-tracer tests were carried out in 1998 and 1999. Both fluorescent tracers (naphthionate, eosin, pyranine) and particle tracers (clubmoss spores, microspheres) were used. All available wells and springs were sampled for at least 12 months. In these experiments naphthionate produced the best results. Maximum flow velocities were established to be within the range of 53 and 230 m/day. The breakthrough curves demonstrated a heterogeneous aquifer. The results identified flow to the springs from the west and south-west. It was possible to prove an assumed boundary between the northern zone of low mineralised water and the southern zone of highly mineralised water. 相似文献
2.
There is an exceptionally rich aquatic fauna in the epikarst, the skin of karst. High species richness in the epikarst, coupled
with its special vulnerability as the first point of entry of nearly all toxic spills, makes its protection especially important.
The epikarst fauna may also be an useful tool in tracing the potential route of pollutants. Copepods in epikarst have extremely
local distributions, and their body size is such that they are largely at the mercy of directional flows. In a series of caves
in southwest Slovenia and West Virginia, a significant fraction of the copepod species occur in less than 100 m of linear
extent. This suggests a pattern of highly restricted lateral flow under normal conditions and the distribution of copepods
could potentially be used to trace water movement. Under high flow conditions as would often be the case with toxic spill,
mounding of water may increase the lateral radius of flow. Nevertheless, copepods may be useful tracers. 相似文献
3.
B. Trček 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(2):269-276
The role of the unsaturated zone in the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour was brought into focus in these studies of the catchment
of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia). The variations of natural tracers in precipitation and in groundwater during a summer
storm event made it possible to trace local flow and solute transport in the observed aquifer. The results produced data on
the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on mechanisms that affected them, which reflects a karst
groundwater dynamics also at a regional scale. They point out the significance of effects of the fast preferential flow—epiflow
that is the main factor controlling solute/contaminant transport towards the aquifer saturated zone. Numerous arguments indicate
that the karst aquifer flow and solute transport mechanisms depend on the hydraulic behaviour of the epikarst zone. 相似文献
4.
5.
岩溶表层带水生动物研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文旨在介绍岩溶表层带水生生态研究中微小甲壳类生物的最新研究进展,相关研究国内还少有涉及。岩溶表层带不仅仅是岩溶地下含水层的一个重要组成,而且是岩溶发育的活跃地带,同时也是大量地下生物生存的栖息地。目前,岩溶表层带内甲壳类主要采自洞穴滴水,残留的滴水水洼以及裂隙中的水体。这些甲壳类主要是桡足类,也有其他甲壳类,如端足目和介形虫,它们主要为暗层生物（stygobiont）,也包括一些陆生物种。以斯洛文尼亚为例,在所调查的洞穴中平均每个洞穴有近9个暗层桡足类物种,为了适应表层带特殊的地质环境,这些物种在形体上存在适当的进化。表层带的众多地质因子如顶板厚度、栖息地的连通性、及栖息地的大小等,以及水文因子包括水文动态特征、水化学特征等,都对这些物种的组成与分布有较大的影响。虽然岩溶表层带及其水生动物的独特性和重要性已逐步得到了许多地质学家和生物学家的认可,但还有很多问题有待进一步的解答,譬如邻近群落间差异性,以及桡足类对非饱和带水流指示作用等。 相似文献
6.
岩溶峰丛洼地地区石漠化、饮水困难和水污染等环境问题高发,生态环境十分脆弱。低影响开发概念的引入有助于规范开发行为,促进水资源的高效利用,降低石漠化和地下河污染风险。根据水文条件和开发方式岩溶洼地空间分为坡耕地水土流失敏感区、表层岩溶泉水源地敏感区和落水洞污染输入敏感区。低影响开发模式总体是在3类敏感区实现5个管理目标。坡耕地敏感区的低影响开发目标设置为降低农田耗水量和减少水土流失,开发途径是减少蒸发和调控坡面洪水径流。表层岩溶泉敏感区的管理目标是降雨－径流资源化利用和饮用水安全保障,通过实施雨水收集回用工程和设置水源地保护区来实现。落水洞敏感区需要通过设置径流缓冲区和沉淀过滤池来预防污染物进入。我国南方石漠化地区探索和总结出以表层岩溶带降雨－径流管理为特征的低影响开发模式。该模式要求峰丛顶部留置生态保护区涵养水源。岩溶洼地底部为落水洞排洪预留缓冲区,利用岩溶裂缝设置下凹式绿地,实现自然渗透和净化。“峰”、“洼”之间过渡区划定水源地保护区边界,同时设法增加雨水资源化利用率,补充生态和生活缺水量。低影响开发模式也适用于峰丛洼地发育的东南亚和中美洲等地区。 相似文献
7.
The hydraulic behaviour of the karst aquifer in the Hubelj spring catchment area (SW Slovenia) was studied by using an indirect
research method based on natural tracers. The variations of natural tracers (in precipitation and in groundwater) during the
storm event made possible the separation of the Hubelj spring storm hydrograph by the three-component separation technique.
The results produced information on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on the mechanisms that
affected them. They verified the so-called epikarst hypothesis presuming that an important part of a karst aquifer recharge
reaches rapidly and intensively from the epikarst zone. It was demonstrated that epikarst water could occupy up to 50% of
the spring discharge during precipitation events. This phenomenon could have important consequences on protection and management
of the problems of karst aquifers, including engineering problems in karst areas. With this respect the results could give
way to new engineering ideas. 相似文献
8.
湘西洛塔表层岩溶泉的生态环境类型及水文特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩溶石山区表层岩溶带的调蓄功能可有效控制石漠化的加剧并为严重缺水地区提供饮用水。文章以湖南洛塔为例,在大量的野外调查基础上,通过对洛塔岩溶区表层岩溶系统生态环境与表层岩溶泉水文特征的对比研究,按生态环境属性将表层岩溶泉分为三种主要类型:森林环境表层岩溶泉、石漠化环境表层岩溶泉及石漠化-森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉。详细论述上述三种表层岩溶泉的发育条件与水文特征:森林环境表层岩溶泉具有持续稳定的水文动态与流量;石漠化环境表层岩溶泉流量与降雨量相对应,动态极不稳定;石漠化与森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉流量排泄峰值具有随泉域植被覆盖率增加而缓和的趋势。按照环境类型对表层岩溶泉进行分类,可直观地显示其特殊的水文特征,有助于岩溶泉的合理开发和综合利用。 相似文献
9.
广西果化龙何地区表层带岩溶水系统及其水资源特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
从区域岩溶水系统分析入手,详细论述了龙何地区表层带岩溶水系统的结构特征及水循环过程,并按水动力条件将区内表层带岩溶水系统划分为若干个汇流状或散流状表层带岩溶水子系统。在此基础上,通过表层岩溶泉长观数据的统计分析得出本区表层带岩溶水天然资源量为31. 9× 104m3 /a,约占本区年降水总量的9. 5%。在表层带岩溶水天然资源量中,表层岩溶泉的可开采资源量为5. 9×104m3 /a ,可有效利用资源量为7 732. 4m3 /a。 相似文献
10.
A typical small-scale epikarst ecosystem usually consists of an epikarst zone, soil and vegetation. In this study, to determine the hydro-eco-geochemical effects of an epikarst ecosystem in subtropical humid area, the samples of vegetation, soil, soil microbes, rainfall, throughfall, stem flow, soil water and epikarst springs of Nongla Village, Mashan County, Guangxi in China were collected and analyzed. The research results have shown in the epikarst ecosystem, the conductivity, temporary hardness and total carbon increased continuously in hydro-ecochemical cycle; the vegetation–soil system conducted the transformation and transference of carbon in hydro-ecochemical cycle; the vegetation layer was the major source for organic carbon, while the soil layer was of the important chemical field for the conversion of organic/inorganic carbon and HCO3 –, which would affect the epikarst dynamical system; for most ions, the vegetation layer and shallow soil layer presented more leaching effect than absorption, in contrast, the deep soil layer behaved oppositely. The vegetation layer and shallow soil layer leached ions, and deep soil layer absorbed them. With the plant community presenting in a positive succession, the epikarst ecosystem trended to be stabilized gradually, which made the hydro-eco-geochemical effects to be adjusted and controlled more effectively. 相似文献
11.
峰丛洼地的坡地径流成分划分 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
峰丛洼地的石质坡地具有独特的包气带结构和产流模式,其表面岩石裸露,土壤薄且呈现斑块状分布,下部发育表层岩溶带.表层岩溶带的存在决定了石质坡地的产流模式.原本不透水的岩石表面成为"筛子",表层岩溶带和下部包气带之间的界面成为重要的产流界面,称之为表层岩溶带产流.石质坡地的径流是表层岩溶带产流、超渗产流、饱和产流的集合.由于岩溶动力系统的差异导致来自不同界面的径流的温度、pH、电导率、方解石溶解饱和指数(SIc)和二氧化碳分压(P_(CO2))也不同.利用径流的物理、化学曲线对石质坡地的径流进行初步的定性划分,将径流分为洪峰和基流.洪峰的上升段由超渗产流和饱和产流构成,退水过程以及基流则主要是由表层岩溶带径流提供. 相似文献
12.
以表层带岩溶洞穴Velika Pasica溶洞内两个滴水点为研究对象,利用数字滤波法、最小平滑值法,以及两者结合的最小平滑值滤波法,对岩溶表层带水流进行基流分割分析。结果表明:对于特殊的岩溶表层带含水层,递归数字滤波法在滤波参数值（α）为0.925和0.95时,经过正反正三次滤波处理后得到比较好的基流分割效果;经过最小平滑值法处理后再进行一次数字滤波处理,得到结果与在α=0.95时经过三次滤波得到的结果相近。表层带基流分割处理的研究为其调蓄机制的研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
13.
表层岩溶带及其水循环的研究进展与发展方向 总被引：19，自引：7，他引：12
表层岩溶带是现代岩溶学一个很重要的概念,表层岩溶水对于解决西南岩溶山区居民的干旱缺水问题具有重要意义。近年来,不但揭示了表层岩溶带的特征、形成的动力条件机理及其含水层特征、开展了表层岩溶的自动化监测、研究了表层岩溶水与生态环境的相关性,还对西南表层岩溶水资源进行了初步评价。今后一段时期内表层岩溶水的主要研究方向是开展表层岩溶水与管道水的耦合关系研究、生态环境调蓄表层岩溶水的功能研究及表层岩溶水资源评价。 相似文献
14.
As part of the Swedish site investigations and research associated with the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, tracer experiments in deep boreholes have been employed in order to characterize solute transport and hydraulic connectivity in the fractured bedrock at two sites??Forsmark and Laxemar-Simpevarp. Performance and analytical results are presented from a suite of tracer experiments in varying scales, from single-hole injection-withdrawal tests, intermediate-scale tests with sorbing tracers, to large-scale connectivity tests over distances up to several hundred meters in major fracture zones or networks of zones. In addition to demonstrating transport connectivity over large distances, a general result is that the single-hole tests, as well as the cross-hole tests with sorbing tracers, have clearly demonstrated the process of solute retention of water-conductive features in the rock at different scales. 相似文献
15.
简要回顾了近几十年来我国北方型裂隙岩溶水流及污染物运移数值模拟方面的研究成果,评述了裂隙岩溶水资源评价和污染物运移模拟的计算方法和模拟技术,其中对一些与数值模拟相关的重要问题、近年来研究的热点问题,如模型参数识别及其尺度效应问题、数值弥散和数值振荡问题、Non-Darcy流和Non-Fickian运移问题以及随机方法研究等进行了重点评述,对已有的解决办法进行了比较和对照,并探讨了今后的研究趋势. 相似文献
16.
The carbon cycle in a global sense is the biogeochemical process by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the earth. For epikarst systems, it is the exchange of carbon among the atmosphere, water, and carbonate rocks. Southern China is located in the subtropical zone; its warm and humid weather creates favorable conditions for the dynamic physical, chemical, and ecological processes of the carbon cycle. This paper presents the mechanisms and characteristics of the carbon cycle in the epikarst systems in south China. The CO2 concentration in soils has clear seasonal variations, and its peak correlates well with the warm and rainy months. Stable carbon isotope analysis shows that a majority of the carbon in this cycle is from soils. The flow rate and flow velocity in an epikarst system and the composition of carbonate rocks control the carbon fluxes. It was estimated that the karst areas in south China contribute to about half of the total carbon sink by the carbonate system in China. By enhancing the movement of elements and dissolution of more chemical components, the active carbon cycle in the epikarst system helps to expand plant species. It also creates favorable environments for the calciphilic plants and biomass accumulation in the region. The findings from this study should help in better understanding of the carbon cycle in karst systems in south China, an essential component for the best management practices in combating rock desertification and in the ongoing study of the total carbon sink by the karst flow systems in China. 相似文献
17.
Mass fluxes from the ground surface can play a vital role in influencing groundwater ecosystems. Rates of delivery may influence intact ecosystem composition, while fluxes of substances associated with anthropogenic activity may critically alter the functioning of associated microbial assemblages. Field-based tracing experiments offer a valuable means of understanding mass transport rates and mechanisms, particularly in complex heterogeneous epikarst systems overlying vulnerable fissured aquifers. A short-term tracer experiment monitoring solute and particle tracer concentrations after they passed through a 10-m-thick sequence of limestone, capped by a thin soil, revealed rapid travel times and variable attenuation rates for the substances employed. Results demonstrated that particle tracers have shorter average travel times and can reach the subsurface in higher concentrations and over shorter times than non-reactive solutes. High recovery rates for the bacterial tracer Ralstonia eutropha H16 contrasted strongly with those of similarly sized fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, highlighting the importance of physico-chemical surface characteristics of particle tracers. Complementary laboratory batch experiments examined the role played by organic and inorganic soil/rock surfaces on particle tracer attenuation. Findings suggest that biofilms may significantly promote transport of particulate material below ground, i.e., the delivery of allochthonous microorganisms to karst groundwater. 相似文献
18.
Analysis of contaminant transport through fractured crystalline rocks has received considerable attention, particularly with regard to subsurface nuclear waste repositories. Most of the studies have employed the dual continuum approach, with the fractures and the rock matrix as the two continuums, assuming that fractures control the overall conductivity of the rock and the porous matrix just provides storage. However, field observations of rock fractures have shown that the real situation can be very complex. Based on some recent investigations, it has been reported that the portion of the rock matrix adjacent to many open fractures is physically and chemically altered. These alterations, referred to as the fracture skin, can have different sorption and diffusion properties compared to those of the undisturbed rock matrix and this may influence the transport of solutes through such formations. In the present study, a numerical model is developed to simulate conservative solute transport in a fractured crystalline rock formation using the triple continuum approach ?? with the fracture, fracture skin and the rock matrix as the three continuums. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference scheme. Contaminant migration in the fractured formation with and without skin has been simulated. It is observed that contaminant penetration along the fracture is enhanced at large flow velocities. The effect of flow velocity on conservative solute transport is investigated for different fracture apertures and fracture skin thicknesses. The influence of flow velocity on contaminant transport is demonstrated to be more with change in fracture aperture than with change in skin thickness. 相似文献
19.