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In 1984, on a transect covering the whole Baltic Sea and parts of the adjacent North Sea, 160 water samples were taken and analysed for their concentrations of particulate and dissolved metals. In addition, the suspended materials were investigated for their elemental bulk composition.The particulate fractions represented from about 5% (Cd, Cu and Ni) to 50% (Fe and Pb) of the total (particulate plus dissolved) concentrations. For some elements (Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn), the particulate matter from the surface microlayer was enriched with respect to those suspended materials taken from 0.2 m depth. This could reflect the atmospheric input of metal-rich aerosols. In anoxic deep waters, maximum contents of Zn (6400 μg g−1), Cu (1330 μg g−1) and Cd (12 μg g−1) were observed in the particulate matter, indicating sulphidic forms. On the other hand, under oxic conditions the distribution coefficients (Kd) decreased with the water depth (Cd, Fe and Pb).Relative to global background levels, the particulate matter contained metal “excesses” amounting to more than 90% of the total contents (Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn). Automated electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) revealed that the elemental composition of sediments is mainly governed by post-depositional processes of early diagenesis and is only weakly related to the composition of suspended matter in the overlying water body. For instance, in relation to surface mud sediments of the central Baltic net-sedimentation basins, Zn, Cd, Cu and Mn had 30–100% higher levels in the suspended materials. The general pattern of metal contents of particulate matter taken from 10 m depth on a transect between the Bothnian Bay and the North Sea were—possibly as a result of anthropogenic inputs—rather similar for Pb, Zn and Cu. For Fe and Mn, the distribution patterns along the transect were probably governed by the natural loading characteristics and by the biogeochemistry of those elements. 相似文献
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Abigail Parcasio Cid Syouhei Urushihara Tomoharu Minami Kazuhiro Norisuye Yoshiki Sohrin 《Journal of Oceanography》2011,67(6):747-764
The distribution of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in seawater was investigated on the Bering Sea shelf (56–64°N,
165–169°W) in September 2000. The unfiltered and filtered seawater samples were used for determination of total dissolvable
(TD) and dissolved (D) metals (M), respectively. The TD-M concentrations were generally higher than in the Pacific Ocean.
TD-Cd was highest in deep water of the outer shelf domain and dominated by dissolved species. The other TD-M were highest
at stations close to the Yukon River delta and had higher fractions of labile particulate (LP) species that were obtained
as the difference between TD-M and D-M. Dissolved Al, Ni, and Cu were characterized by input from the Yukon River. Dissolved
Mn and Co showed maximums on the bottom of the coastal domain, suggesting influence of sedimentary Mn reduction. The correlations
of D-Zn, D-Cd, and macronutrients indicated their distributions were largely controlled through uptake by microorganisms and
remineralization from settling particles. All these three processes (river input, sedimentary reduction, and biogeochemical
cycle) had an influence on the distribution of D-Fe. D-Pb was fairly uniformly distributed in the study area. The stoichiometry
of D-M in the Bering Sea shelf showed enrichment of Co and Pb and depletion of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd compared with that in the
North Pacific. The LP-M/LP-Al ratio revealed significant enrichment of the other eight metals relative to their crustal abundance,
suggesting importance of formation of Fe–Mn oxides and adsorption of trace metals on the oxides. 相似文献
4.
The anthropogenic contribution of trace metals to settling particulate matter (SPM) and surficial sediments was determined on the high-energy continental shelf adjacent to Sydney, Australia. Settling particulate matter and surficial sediment was collected in the vicinity of a major sewage outfall and at five control sites on the middle shelf (80-100 m water depth). Sediment traps were deployed on 10 occasions for up to 2 weeks during the summer and winter of 1995 and SPM was analyzed for Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Cobalt, Fe, Mn and Ni act conservatively in SPM and in sediments regionally and are used as normalizing elements to determine anthropogenic enrichment. Surficial sediments and SPM are enriched in Ag, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn near a major ocean outfall and at four of the five control sites, although sewage particles contribute < 5% of trace metals in the total sample. Silver is the most sensitive trace metal tracer for establishing the presence of sewage particulate matter. Sewage particulate matter flux near the outfall was estimated using a two end-member mixing model and is below 0.5 g m(-2) day(-1) during all deployment periods. The mean sewage particulate matter flux at sampling locations 30 km and 60 km north of the outfall are <0.13 g m(-2) day(-1) and <0.01 g m(-2) day(-1), respectively, indicating an efficient dispersal of anthropogenic material on this high energy continental shelf. 相似文献
5.
九龙江口和厦门西港海域若干重金属元素的生物地球化学特性 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
根据１９８７年３月至１９８８年１２月九龙江口，厦门西港海域的调查资料，初步探讨该海域Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ等重金属元素的生物地球化学特性，及其与磷的生物地球化学的关系。结果表明该海域重金属元素的分布主要受九龙江径流的影响。在河水与海水混合过程中，悬浮颗粒态重金属元素发生明显转移，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｏ，Ｚｎ等元素自悬浮颗粒物上解吸，Ｃｕ可能被吸附，颗粒态重金属元素与颗粒态磷呈良好 相似文献
6.
Lutz Brügmann 《Marine Chemistry》1988,23(3-4)
Between 1980 and 1984 extensive studies were carried out in the Baltic Sea on trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in water, suspended matter and sediments. The results enabled the influence of different factors on metal distribution patterns to be considered. The vertical profiles of dissolved and particulate metals in waters of the central deep basins reflect influences caused by oxygen deficiency and anoxic conditions in near-bottom water layers. Peculiarities at Station BY15 in the Gotland Deep included high dissolved Fe, Mn and Co concentrations and remarkable enrichment of Zn (0.64%), Cd (51 μg g−1) and Cu (0.15%) in particulate matter from the anoxic zone. Manganese-rich particles were accumulated above this layer.In fine-grained soft sediments below anoxic deep waters, maximum contents of Cd, Cu and Zn were observed, relative to other coring sites, between Bothnian Bay and Lübeck Bight. The Hg content in sediments probably reflects the joint flocculation with organic matter. Land-based sources seem to play the leading part for maximum lead contents. 相似文献
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The transport of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate trace metals (PTM) to the sea surface by rising bubbles in samples of surface water collected in Narragansett Bay was examined using an adsorptive bubble separation technique. Recoveries of POC ranged from 30 to 59% while those of the particulate form of the trace metals, Al, Mn, Fe, V, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd were generally greater than 50%. The recovery data were used to arrive at a rough order of magnitude estimate of the bubble transport of POC and PTM under open-ocean conditions. While transport rates of the trace metals to the sea surface by both bubble transport and atmospheric deposition varied over approximately 3 orders of magnitude, the ratio of bubble transport to atmospheric deposition for most metals varied over approximately one order of magnitude, perhaps suggesting some degree of coupling between atmospheric PTM and bubble-transported PTM. 相似文献
8.
Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, As, and Sb were determined in sediment trap and bottom sediment samples collected seasonally from a station on the eastern Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Cd, Pb and Mn concentrations were highest in the sediment trap samples except during the summer period, whereas Co, Ni, Zn and Fe levels were much lower than corresponding levels found in the surface sediments. Cu, Cr, As and Sb levels showed no definite trend with sediment type. In general, with the exception of Cr, relatively lower metal concentrations in the sediment trap material were determined in the summer period. The highest mass flux, 56.5 g m−2 day−1, was measured during autumn. The highest flux of heavy metals also occurred during autumn and was strongly dependent on particle mass flux. Based on these results, we suggest that the downward vertical transport of particulate heavy metals in this region is related to the high degree of land erosion and the resultant particulate flux dynamics, which occur here. It was noteworthy that the highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe and Sb in particles were measured during winter a finding which suggests that enhanced fossil fuel combustion, which occurs during this period in adjacent urban and industrial areas plays an important role in the metal composition of sinking particles in nearshore waters. 相似文献
9.
Rob F. Nolting Wim Helder Hein J. W. de Baar Loes J. A. Gerringa 《Journal of Sea Research》1999,42(4):2393
Dissolved and particulate trace metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn) measured at six stations along the Scheldt estuary in October/November 1978 are compared with more recent data. Based on Ca content in the suspended matter, three distinct geochemical regions could be distinguished: the upper estuary (salinity 1–7) dominated by fluvial mud, mid-estuary (salinity 7–17) where the composition of the suspended matter remained relatively constant, and the lower estuary where marine mud prevailed. Re-suspension of sediments is the major factor controlling the composition of the particles in the upstream region. Anoxic conditions prevailed in the upper part of the estuary extending to a salinity of 15 in 1978, while at present the seaward boundary of the anoxic water body is located at less saline waters. Furthermore, the present-day metal load is much lower than in 1978. As a consequence of the changed situation, maxima in dissolved concentrations of redox-sensitive metals in the mid/lower estuary have moved as well, which affects the trace metal re-distribution pattern. In the anoxic zone, exchange processes between dissolved and particulate metal fractions were strongly redox regulated, with Fe and Mn as excellent examples. Iron was removed from the dissolved phase in the early stages of mixing resulting in an increase in the suspended particulate matter of the leachable ‘non-residual' Fe fraction from 2 to 3.5%. Due to its slower kinetics, removal of Mn from solution occurred in mid-estuary where oxygen concentrations increased. Cu, Cd and Zn on the contrary were mobilised from the suspended particles during estuarine mixing. External inputs of Pb, and to a lesser extent of Cu, in the lower estuary resulted in the increase of their particulate and the dissolved concentrations. Calculated Kd (distribution coefficient) values were used to assess the redistribution between the dissolved and particulate phase of the investigated metals. Due to the existence of the anoxic water body in the upper estuary, the importance of redox processes in determining the Kd values could be demonstrated. The sequence of Kd values in the upper estuary (Fe, Cd, Zn, Pb > Cu > Ni, Mn) is significantly different from that in the lower estuary (Fe > Mn > Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd). Thus, in such a dynamic estuary single metal-specific Kd values cannot be used to describe redistribution processes. 相似文献
10.
J.T. Hardy C.W. Apts E.A. Crecelius N.S. Bloom 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,20(3):299-312
The sea-surface microlayer is an important interface between the atmosphere and ocean and a collection point for many anthropogenic materials including potentially toxic metals. We developed a glass plate sampler to collect the upper 30 to 55 micrometers of the sea surface. Samples of the microlayer and subsurface bulk water from an urban and rural bay were analysed for concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Fe. Metal concentrations in both the microlayer and bulk water were generally 2 to 15 times greater in the urban than in the rural bay. Concentrations of metals in the microlayer of both bays averaged 6 to 65 times greater than those in the bulk water. In the urban bay, microlayer concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cu from 10 to > 100 μg 1?1 were common. Measured microlayer metals concentrations agree well with those predicted from atmospheric deposition rates using a previously derived empirical model developed from laboratory microcosm studies. Further work will be required to determine whether or not these high microlayer metal concentrations contain significant biologically available fractions which could impact fisheries recruitment of larval icthyoneuston. 相似文献
11.
利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)方法测定了汕头南澳海水养殖区溶解态的重金属在不同水层中的分布.在龙须菜、鱼类和贝类养殖水域检出Fe、Zn、Mn、Pb等重金属,其中微表层(SML)和底层(BW)是这些重金属的主要存在区域.这些重金属在微表层(SML)中的浓度(Fe 27.5-286.5 μg/L,Zn13.5... 相似文献
12.
青岛近海秋末冬初悬浮颗粒物中部分金属元素的组成与影响因素研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2008年11月末在青岛近海和胶州湾11个站点采集表层和底层海水中的悬浮颗粒物(SPM)样品,经消解后用等离子体发射光谱法测定了Al、Ca、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ti和Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn共15个金属元素以及P的含量,结合SPM和元素含量聚类分析的结果探讨了秋末冬初青岛近海SPM的来源以及金属元素组成的影响因素.SPM含量范围在1.7～16.1mg/L之间,平均为7.9 mg/L;SPM来源以陆源风化产物为主,生物生产有较小的贡献.SPM中Ti、Fe、Mn、Mg、Al、V、Co、Sr和Ni的含量相对恒定,且主要受陆源输入的控制;Ca和P除受陆源影响外,生物生产亦有附加贡献.离陆地相对较远的区域表层海水SPM中Pb、Zn和Ba、Cr、Cu的含量较高,特别是Pb和Zn的富集因子较大,可能受到了潜在的污染影响.Ti的恒定性以及与SPM的良好相关性代表着在青岛近海可用Ti作为颗粒物陆源指示元素,且优于Al. 相似文献
13.
Influence of point sources on trace metal contamination and distribution in a semi-enclosed industrial embayment: the Ferrol Ria (NW Spain) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Concentrations of heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn), particulate organic (POC) and nitrogen (PON), particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and opal content were measured in 35 surface sediment samples taken in the Ferrol Ria (Galicia, NW Spain). This ria is a semi-enclosed embayment receiving inputs from industrial and urban effluents. The restricted water exchange between the ria and the shelf has led to a significant accumulation of contaminants within the embayment. Two main factors controlled the metal distribution and concentrations in the bay: (1) contamination point sources and (2) distribution of the organic-rich sediments. Zn, Cu and, to a lesser extent Pb, were the metals most contaminated in the bay, with average enrichment factors (AEF)—defined as the mean metal concentration in the bay divided by the background value reported for this ria—of 4.7, 5.5 and 2.7, respectively. The highest concentrations for these metals were observed in the vicinity of the point sources. Values found for Zn, Cu and Pb are comparable to other industrialized coastal areas in the world. For Ni, Fe, Cr and Co a negligible to low contamination was found (AEF = 1–2), with the highest concentrations found in the organic-rich sediments. 相似文献
14.
于1978年采集了西藏高原26个盐湖、6条河流、10处泉水及3地盐湖区的大气降水的水样,以ZCP等离子光谱仪测定所采水样中Fe,Mn,Al,Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Cr等痕量金属含量,结果表明,1.盐湖水及河流、泉水和大气降水等水系中的痕量金属均高度富集,但以盐湖水的最大;盐湖水中各痕量金属富集程度不一,其顺序:Pb>Mn>Cr>Fe>Zn>Cu>Al>Ni。2.区域出露的岩性、气候、湖盆及水文等为盐湖水中富集痕量金属创造了有利条件。3.高痕量金属浓度的河流、泉水及大气降水是控制和影响盐湖水中痕量金属富集的主要的直接因素。4.盐湖水的矿化度、pH及水化学类型也影响着水中痕量金属的富集。 相似文献
15.
The relative contributions of adsorption to particulate surfaces, complexation with surface-active organic ligands and uptake by micro-organisms were evaluated with respect to their importance in the surface microlayer enrichment (‘partitioning’) of Cd, Pb and Cu. The contributions of each process were inferred from field data in which partitioning of the dissolved and particulate forms of Cd, Pb and Cu, total and dissolved organic carbon, particles and total bacteria were observed. In the South San Francisco Bay estuary, particle enrichment appears to control trace metal partitioning. Trace metal association with the particulate phase and the levels of partitioning observed were in the order Pb > Cu > Cd and reflect the calculated equilibrium chemical speciation of these metals in computer-simulated seawater matrices. 相似文献
16.
南海铁锰结核(壳)的元素地球化学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用南海11个铁锰结核(壳)样品的化学分析资料,研究了铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn,Cr,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Si,P,Al,Ti,Sr,Ba及∑REE的元素地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)铁锰结核(壳)以高Fe,∑REE,低Mn,Cu,Co,Ni等元素为主要特征;(2)铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn间无明显相关,而Fe与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈弱的正相关,Mn与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈明显的正相关,结壳中Fe,Mn与Si,Al,Cu Co Ni呈负相关;(3)结核(壳)中Mn/Fe与Cu/Ni,Ce/La呈负相关,Mn/Fe主要受Mn控制;(4)结核(壳)中Fe,∑REE等元素主要来自南海陆源中酸性岩类的风化、淋滤和沉积。 相似文献
17.
菊花岛周围海域38个站表层沉积物的铁、锰、铝、钛、磷、有机质、氮、铜、锌、铅、镉、镍和汞等化学要素含量的Q型因子分析计算表明,本区可划分为三个化学元素沉积区:1.海流悬浮沉积区;2.近岸波浪作用区;3.波浪海流作用区。柱状沉积物中铁等化学元素的迁移、富集受氧化——还原界面的控制。 相似文献
18.
The determination of Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, K and Na was carried out in the mesozooplankton caught in the southern Baltic in July 1980. The species structure of mesozooplankton was characterized on the basis of mean numbers of particular components and their percentage. The chemical analyses of the samples of mesozooplankton show a wide range of values, although they were within the ranges published for zooplankton from other aquatic regions of the world. Both concentration factors and selectivity factors for Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the organisms analysed were calculated. The significant cross-correlation coefficients calculated for all possible pairs of metals showed the following associations: CuPbNiMnFe, MnZn and NaZn. 相似文献
19.
To study biological effects on the particulate removal of chemical elements from seawater, sediment trap experiments were carried out successively ten times throughout the spring phytoplankton bloom in Funka Bay. Sediment traps were deployed every one to two weeks at 1, 40 and 80 m depths. The settling particles obtained were analyzed for trace metals, phosphate and silicate. The propagation of diatoms in spring results in larger particulate fluxes than that of dinoflagellates. The biogenic silicate concentration is higher in the earlier period, when diatoms are predominant, than in the subsequent period, when dinoflagellates are predominant. The concentrations of aluminum, iron, manganese and cobalt in the settling particles comprising largely biogenic particles are lower during phytoplankton bloom. The concentration of copper is not reduced by the addition of biogenic particles, and its vertical flux is approximately proportional to the total flux, indicating that its concentration in the biogenic particles is nearly equal to that in the non-biogenic particles. The results for nickel and lead show the same tendency as for copper. Cadmium is more concentrated in biogenic particles than in non-biogenic particles, and the concentration of cadmium in the settling particles decreases with depth, similarly to phosphate and organic matter. Thus, metals in seawater are segregated by biological affinities, and the degree of incorporation into biogenic particles is in the order Cd > Pb, Ni, Cu > Co > Mn, Fe, Al. Biogenic particles are the most important agent controlling the vertical distribution of metals in the ocean. They remove the metals from the surface water, transport them through the water column, and regenerate them in the deep. 相似文献
20.
Metal concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in an infaunal facultative deposit-feeding bivalve, the Baltic clam Macoma balthica, in the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic Sea) were assessed and compared to selected concentrations of metals in the environment. Between October 1996 and September 1997, dissolved and easy extractable (by 1M HCl) metal fractions of total suspended particulate matter (TPM) in the overlying water and of surficial sediments (<63 microm) were measured monthly at five sublittoral sites in the Gulf of Gdansk, and accumulated tissue metal concentrations in M. balthica were determined simultaneously. The study highlights the importance of sediment geochemistry as a factor modifying ambient trace metal bioavailabilities. Surficial sediments appeared to contribute most to the accumulation of Cu and Pb in M. balthica, reflecting the high metal availability in the Gulf. Assimilation of Cu from sediments is controlled by Mn components possibly through an inhibitory effect of Mn oxyhydroxides, while Pb accumulation from sediments depends on the organic content of the sediment. A dual metal uptake pathway, with a suspended particulate-bound fraction and surficial sediments, was apparent for Mn and Zn. Partitioning of Mn in sediments was related to the concentration of labile Fe, with increased levels of Fe tending to inhibit the accumulation of Mn by the clam. Tissue accumulated Zn might have been altered by the clam's internal regulation, making Zn tissue concentrations, to some degree, independent of its environmental level. The principal source of Ni accumulated by the clams exists in the soluble phase. 相似文献