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1.
《地学前缘》2017,(4):320-328
洋-陆转换带是被动陆缘的特殊构造,是伸展背景下大陆岩石圈与大洋岩石圈相互作用的关键区域,对于理解和认识大洋和大陆的地球动力过程、机制尤为关键。基于不同的被动陆缘类型,本文总结了不同类型被动陆缘的洋-陆转换带分类及特征,同时探讨其成因机制。根据大陆边缘类型,洋-陆转换带可以划分为四类,火山型被动陆缘中以海倾反射层和下地壳高速体为特征的洋-陆转换带、非火山型被动陆缘蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩出露的洋-陆转换带、异常减薄洋壳组成的洋-陆转换带、强烈减薄陆壳为主的洋-陆转换带。洋-陆转换带成因模式取决于不同类型被动陆缘的伸展破裂过程,火山型被动陆缘起源于主动的火山裂谷,通过热作用来减薄岩石圈的底部进而发生地幔熔融,产生溢流玄武岩,浅表形成海倾反射体,下地壳表现为高P波速度异常且巨厚的高速体。非火山型陆缘的岩石圈横向伸展与深度相关,岩石圈变形既有均一纯剪切变形(均匀伸展)也有不对称的简单剪切变形(拆离断层)。 相似文献
2.
岩浆在被动大陆边缘的张-破裂过程中起到决定性作用.南海东北部陆缘发育厚度达10 km的下地壳高速体,其成因机制长期存在争议,影响了对南海东北部陆缘构造归属的界定.为了分析南海共轭陆缘的张破裂机制,本文调研了国内外最新研究进展,系统分析了南海南北陆缘的地壳结构和岩浆活动特点,提出:南海陆缘和海盆中发育有大量岩浆活动,但东西陆缘存在较大差异,底侵高速体东厚西薄,推测为同张裂成因.根据地壳结构与底侵岩浆的量,将被动陆缘划分为5个子类,南海陆缘东侧为多岩浆型,向西变为少岩浆型.东西差异除与伸展速率有关,可能还与东侧陆缘发生了板缘破裂,而西侧陆缘发生了板内破裂有关. 相似文献
3.
火山型被动大陆边缘是在大陆分解过程中有大量地幔物质参与,并在其中起到重要作用的一种被动大陆边缘类型,典型特征是发育向海倾斜反射体(SDR)和高纵波速度体(HVZ)。由于SDR独特的地震反射特征,很容易将其与裂谷期沉积充填,特别是与湖相烃源岩地震反射特征相混淆,通过地震火山地层学的研究有助于识别SDR。西南非海岸盆地A区块位于典型的火山型被动大陆边缘,通过区域地质分析和火山岩地震相研究,并结合类比分析综合研究后认为,研究区内裂谷期主要为火山岩充填,对烃源岩有两点不利影响:1大规模发育的火山岩侵占了烃源岩沉积的可容纳空间,不利于烃源岩发育;2裂谷期大规模发育的火山岩带来的大量高温热能对烃源岩具有烘烤作用,使其在圈闭形成之前快速生烃和异常成熟,从而失去生烃能力。因此,研究区烃源岩存在巨大风险,勘探潜力较小。 相似文献
4.
南海共轭被动大陆边缘洋陆转换带构造特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《大地构造与成矿学》2015,(4)
南海被动大陆边缘洋陆转换带与典型洋陆转换带相比有其特殊性,南海共轭被动陆缘的构造运动、火山活动以及海底地形的差异表明南、北洋陆转换带具有不同的构造特征。本文利用多条多道地震反射剖面和重力异常数据,研究南海共轭被动陆缘洋陆转换带构造特征差异性,探讨南海被动陆缘的类型和伸展模式。南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带可以划分为两种类型:一类以前缘铲状断块为界与洋壳区分,发育有裂陷期断陷、火山带(埋藏海山带)和不十分发育的向海倾的掀斜断块带;另一类则以海山为界,发育裂陷期断陷、宽缓的低凸起和火山或海山。深反射地震特征显示出了下地壳高速层的存在。南部以裂陷期断陷和明显的向海倾的掀斜断块为特征,以前缘铲式断层为界与洋壳区分。自由空间重力异常由陆向海从高异常值过渡为低异常值再到高异常值,预示着地壳由陆壳→过渡壳→洋壳的变化。结果表明,南海共轭被动陆缘更可能属于非火山型被动大陆边缘,其洋陆转换带的构造差异主要受岩石圈差异伸展变形控制。 相似文献
5.
《地质科技情报》2021,40(5)
随着全球油气勘探的不断深入,北大西洋极地逐渐成为油气勘探研究的前沿领域,而扬马延矿区勘探程度极低。基于中海油冰岛矿区新采集的地震及重磁资料,结合其他有关扬马延微陆块最新的研究资料,开展了扬马延微陆块的地层和构造特征分析,以及与共轭盆地的对比,建立了扬马延火山型被动陆缘远端带的构造演化模式。研究表明:位于北大西洋格陵兰与挪威之间海域的扬马延微陆块,与北大西洋两侧陆架盆地古生代-中生代地层具有共轭特征;构造呈NE-SE向展布,发育拆离断裂体系,与挪威西部陆架盆地中生界拆离断裂体系具有相似性;构造内部受岩浆侵入及喷出等强烈影响,发育向海倾斜反射层(SDR)及岩浆溢流相沉积。在上述研究基础上,探讨了扬马延微陆块与格陵兰古陆和波罗的海古陆拉断分离的构造演化过程,认为扬马延在古生代-中生代与格陵兰古陆和波罗的海古陆为一体,在经历了古生代-中生代陆内碰撞、弱伸展到陆内裂谷和陆内热沉降后,受北大西洋拉开影响,经历了古近纪和新近纪火山型被动陆缘远端带的形成演化过程,在55 Ma第一次洋中脊扩张期,与波罗的海古陆挪威陆缘盆地分离,在25 Ma第二次洋脊跃迁时期,新生洋脊扩张导致扬马延微陆块与格陵兰古陆分离,在沉积与构造上开始与北大西洋火山型被动陆缘盆地产生分异,最终扬马延微陆块成为孤立在洋壳上的一个"弃子"。本次关于扬马延微陆块的研究揭示了火山型被动陆缘远端带在岩浆活动、拆离断裂作用下,减薄-破裂的残余陆壳及内部新生洋壳的构造面貌及板块构造背景下的演化过程。 相似文献
6.
洋-陆过渡带是理解大陆岩石圈破裂和海底初始扩张的关键位置,但是在南海北部地区仍然存在关于相关地质过程的诸多疑问.通过近年开展的国际大洋发现计划航次以及深部地质地球物理探测,取得以下4个方面的认识.（1）南海北部的洋-陆边界一般与自由空间重力异常的正-负值过渡位置对应,而更加准确地限定需要结合反射、折射地震资料.稳定大洋岩石圈生成与大陆岩石圈最终破裂之间的洋-陆过渡边界的位置比以往认为的还应往深海盆方向移动.（2）洋-陆过渡带代表了远端带构造作用减弱和岩浆作用逐渐增强的区域.陆坡地壳发育扩张后岩浆底侵、洋-陆过渡带发育同破裂期岩浆喷出结构和侵入反射体.（3）在中生代的古俯冲带弧前区域,新生代的断裂沿着早期的构造开始活动,岩石圈多处发生强烈的共轭韧性剪切作用.随着大陆岩石圈的进一步拉伸减薄,部分靠陆一侧的裂谷中心停止张裂,成为夭折裂谷,以台西南盆地南部凹陷、白云凹陷、西沙海槽为代表,而南海陆缘异常伸展和最终破裂的地方集中在南侧裂谷中心.夭折裂谷下亦发现地幔蛇纹石化,进一步反映了较弱的同破裂岩浆活动.（4）南海初始洋壳的增生沿着大陆边缘走向具有显著的变化,南海东北部洋-陆过渡带下伏地幔明显抬升和部分蛇纹石化,地震纵、横波速度以及折射波衰减特征都支持此观点,反映南海东北部是一个贫岩浆型大陆边缘.未来,南海北部洋-陆过渡带有望成为南海“莫霍钻”的理想备选钻探区. 相似文献
7.
大陆解体与被动陆缘的演化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
火山型被动陆缘是大陆解体过程中形成的一类陆缘类型,其演化过程与活动陆缘一样复杂多变。随着近年来对大陆解体过程与被动陆缘演化的深入研究,对其沉积过程、岩浆活动以及变质作用研究都有了很大的进展。陆壳减薄解体的过程有许多不同的模式,不对称的简单剪切模式可能是火山型被动陆缘的成因,其机制是软流圈隆起的最大位置从剖面上看与地壳减薄最大位置不在一条垂线上,造成软流圈上升的岩浆在解体的大陆一侧形成火山型被动陆缘。被动陆缘的沉积建造由两套沉积物组成,一套是大陆解体的裂谷阶段所形成的陆相沉积物和双模式火山岩组合,另一套是稳定陆缘的复理石组合;岩浆作用中基性岩类反应了物质直接源于上地幔的主要特点,并有部分受到地壳混染的特征;变质作用中高温低压环境主要发生在裂谷作用阶段,其特点反映了大陆解体过程中随着时间的增温和减压过程,而拆离伸展阶段则被脆性变形所代替。 相似文献
8.
火山型被动陆缘是大陆解体过程中形成的一类陆缘类型,其演化过程与活动陆缘一样复杂多变。随着近年来对大陆解体过程与被动陆缘演化的深入研究,对其沉积过程、岩浆活动以及变质作用研究都有了很大的进展。陆壳减薄解体的过程有许多不同的模式,不对称的简单剪切模式可能是火山型被动陆缘的成因,其机制是软流圈隆起的最大位置从剖面上看与地壳减薄最大位置不在一条垂线上,造成软流圈上升的岩浆在解体的大陆一侧形成火山型被动陆缘。被动陆缘的沉积建造由两套沉积物组成,一套是大陆解体的裂谷阶段所形成的陆相沉积物和双模式火山岩组合,另一套是稳定陆缘的复理石组合;岩浆作用中基性岩类反应了物质直接源于上地幔的主要特点,并有部分受到地壳混染的特征;变质作用中高温低压环境主要发生在裂谷作用阶段,其特点反映了大陆解体过程中随着时间的增温和减压过程,而拆离伸展阶段则被脆性变形所代替。 相似文献
9.
印度西部洋陆过渡区位于上印度扇,处于印度板块、阿拉伯板块和欧亚板块交汇处,周缘发育多种板块边界类型,构造特征复杂.前人对该区域的构造性质及演化的研究较少,其内部一级构造的地壳性质认识存在争议.本文在对地震资料构造解析的基础上,分析了印度扇近海盆地、默里脊系统和拉克西米山脊的断裂样式、断裂组合以及盆地结构特征,揭示印度西缘的洋陆过渡区为发育向海倾斜反射层(SDRs)和下地壳高速体(HVZ)的火山型被动陆缘.其中,印度扇近海盆地的断层多构成地堑、半地堑和地垒组合,地壳性质为减薄陆壳;默里脊系统表现为右行张扭性质,以小默里脊为界,以西为正在低速扩张的洋壳基底,以东为减薄的陆壳;拉克西米山脊地壳性质则为减薄的陆壳.印度西缘的洋陆过渡区的形成与白垩纪以来马达加斯加板块、塞舌尔微板块和印度板块之间的多期裂解事件,以及多个热点导致的岩浆事件有关.此外,运用2DMove软件进行了平衡剖面恢复,揭示了印度扇在新生代以来经历了古-始新世初始伸展断陷期、渐新世-早中新世稳定沉积期、中-晚中新世张扭断陷期和上新世以来的热沉降期4个构造演化阶段. 相似文献
10.
拉张速率和岩石圈流变结构是影响大陆岩石圈破裂的重要因素,共同控制大陆裂谷的演化过程,最终形成不同结构的被动大陆边缘.本文通过热?动力学数值模拟,分析了拉张速率和岩石圈流变结构对初始裂谷形态及最终大陆边缘结构的影响.模拟结果显示,在不同下地壳厚度(15 km或20 km)和拉张速率(半拉张速率为2～50 mm/a)条件下... 相似文献
11.
Structure and evolution of an obliquely sheared continental margin: Rio Muni, West Africa 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Oblique-shear margins are divergent continental terrains whose breakup and early drift evolution are characterized by significant obliquity in the plate divergence vector relative to the strike of the margin. We focus on the Rio Muni margin, equatorial West Africa, where the ca. 70-km-wide Ascension Fracture Zone (AFZ) exhibits oblique–slip faulting and synrift half-graben formation that accommodated oblique extension during the period leading up to and immediately following whole lithosphere failure and continental breakup (ca. 117 Ma). Oblique extension is recorded also by strike–slip and oblique–slip fault geometry within the AFZ, and buckling of Aptian synrift rocks in response to block rotation and local transpression. Rio Muni shares basic characteristics of both rifted and transform margins, the end members of a spectrum of continental margin kinematics. At transform margins, continental breakup and the onset of oceanic spreading (drifting) are separate episodes recorded by discrete breakup and drift unconformities. Oceanic opening will proceed immediately following breakup on a rifted margin, whereas transform and oblique-shear margins may experience several tens of millennia between breakup and drift. Noncoeval breakup and drift have important consequences for the fit of the equatorial South American and African margins because, in reconstructing the configuration of conjugate continental margins at the time of their breakup, it cannot be assumed that highly segmented margins like the South Atlantic will match each other at their ocean–continent boundaries (OCBs). Well known ‘misfits’ in reconstructions of South Atlantic continental margins may be accounted for by differential timing of breakup and drifting between oblique-shear margins and their adjacent rifted segments. 相似文献
12.
E. N. Melankholina 《Geotectonics》2011,45(4):291-301
The main features of the volcanic and nonvolcanic passive margins of the North and Central Atlantic are considered. The margins
are compared using rather well-studied reference tectonotypes as examples. The conjugate margins of the Norwegian-Greenland
region and the margins of West Iberia and Newfoundland are chosen as tectonotypes of volcanic and nonvolcanic margins, respectively.
The structural and magmatic features of the margins and their preceding history are discussed. A complex of interrelated attributes
is shown for each tectonotype. The Norwegian-Greenland region close to the Iceland plume is distinguished by narrow zones
of stretched continental crust, rapid localization of stretching with breakup of the continent, a high rate of subsequent
spreading, and intense magmatism with the formation of a thick new crust at the margin and the adjacent oceanic zone. The
Iberia-Newfoundland region, remote from the plumes, is characterized by wide zones of stretched continental crust, long-term
and diachronous prebreakup extension propagating northward, extremely restricted mantle melting during rifting and initial
spreading, and frequent occurrence of ancient crustal complexes and serpentinized mantle rocks at the margin. Crustal faults
and a thin tectonized oceanic crust appear along the margin under conditions of slow spreading. A model of hot and fast spreading
with a high degree of melting in the mantle is applicable to the Norwegian-Greenland region, whereas a model of cold and slow
amagmatic rifting with a long pre-breakup stretching and thinning of the lithosphere is appropriate to the Iberia-Newfoundland
margins. The differences in the development of the margins is determined by the interaction of many factors: deep temperature,
rheology of the underlying lithosphere, heterogeneities in the previously formed crust, and the duration and rate of stretching.
All of these factors can be related to the effect of deep plumes and propagation of the extension zone toward the segments
of the cold Atlantic lithosphere. Both types of margins also reveal similar features, in particular asymmetry. It is suggested
that the rotation forces superimposed on the general tectonomagmatic pattern controlled by plumes could have been the cause
of structural asymmetry. 相似文献
13.
E. N. Melankholina 《Geotectonics》2011,45(1):71-93
The tectonotype of nonvolcanic passive margins is discussed on the basis of data on the conjugate margins of West Iberia and
Newfoundland. Magmatic, structural, and historical aspects are considered. The Late Mesozoic structural elements related to
rifting and transition to spreading are considered, as well as the Early Mesozoic sedimentary basins that begin the history
of oceanic opening. The problem is set to determine the tectonic conditions of the early opening of the ocean in the framework
of the chosen tectonoptype. These conditions are compared with the setting at the volcanic margins. The formation of the conjugate
Iberia-Newfoundland margins is reconstructed as an asymmetric rift system developing in an almost amagmatic regime. All three
segments of the margins on both sides of the ocean reveal similar features of transverse zoning with zones of the tectonized
continental, transitional, and oceanic crust oriented nearly parallel to the margin. Special attention is called to the old
age of the continental crust and subcontinental mantle and the absence of newly formed crystalline crust; the stadial tectonic
and rheological evolution of the crust and lithospheric mantle; the specific features of the transitional zone; the serpentinization
and exhumation of mantle peridotites and their role in the development of detachment at the crust-mantle interface, related
listric faults and the Peridotite Ridge, attenuation of the medium, further localization of continental breakup, and the eventual
development of asymmetric conjugate margins. Two papers characterizing the tectonotypes of volcanic and nonvolcanic passive
margins ([2] and this paper) determine the line of further comparative analysis necessary for insights into the geodynamics
of ocean opening. 相似文献
14.
E. N. Melankholina 《Geotectonics》2008,42(3):225-244
A tectonotype of volcanic passive margins exemplified in the conjugate Norwegian and East Greenland margins is considered, with discussion of the Paleogene igneous complexes and the regional rift structure before continental breakup. Fragments of asymmetrical rift have been retained on both sides of the ocean. Large Cretaceous pre-rift sedimentation basins marking the initial stage of the ocean opening are included into the passive margin as well. The continental breakup was accompanied by intense basaltic magmatism over a short time span. This magmatic episode was distinguished by (1) the formation of widespread plateau-basalt complexes on continents and in near-shore areas of the ocean; (2) the development of thick lava series that are recorded in seaward dipping reflector wedges; (3) thick high-velocity lower crust, resulting from magmatic underplating; (4) asymmetrical accretion of the crust and structure formation. The discussion is based on published seismic data and reference sections selected for each margin with consideration of the composition and thickness of the igneous rocks, their lateral variations, source composition, and eruption and crust formation conditions. The characteristic feature of both sections is the two-member structure of volcanic complexes with substantial geochemical differences between the rocks from the lower and upper parts of the section, which correspond to the pre-breakup and breakup phases. At the initial phase, small magma volumes were melted out from the lithosphere. The geochemical signatures of the upper parts of the sections testify to the melting of the asthenospheric mantle. Their spatiotemporal variations reflect the ascent and melting of the deep plume, which was active during and after continental breakup. In the Greenland area, near the central part of the plume, a N-MORB-type mantle magma source gave way to a depleted Iceland-type mantle, while apart from the central part of the plume, its effect is expressed only in the enormous volume of mantle-derived melt without migration of its source. A variety of evidence is provided for the plume’s activity: the great thickness of the volcanic complexes and the relatively stable composition of the melt; the elevated temperature in the mantle; the specific geochemistry of the breakup-related lavas and their lateral zoning; conclusions on the necessity of dynamic support of volcanic eruptions; and recent results of seismographic tomography. The continental breakup inherited a system of older sedimentary basins in the zone of prolonged extension of the lithosphere in the North Atlantic. The continuous dynamic support of extension was most likely provided by long-term ascent of the Iceland plume. The comparison of the considered tectonotype with other volcanic and non-volcanic margins opens the way to further elucidation of the geodynamic processes responsible for the ocean opening. 相似文献
15.
被动陆缘洋陆转换带和岩石圈伸展破裂过程分析及其对南海陆缘深水盆地研究的启示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作为伸展陆壳和正常洋壳之间重要的过渡和衔接,洋陆转换带(ocean-continent transition,简写为OCT)蕴含有丰富的地壳岩石圈伸展破裂过程的信息。文中通过系统的资料调研,在总结OCT研究历史、现状和发展趋势的基础上,阐明了OCT的现代概念、类型及其识别标志;详细介绍了以OCT为基础而建立的被动陆缘地壳岩石圈结构构造单元划分方案、表层沉积盆地构造地层格架及重要的构造变革界面特征;分析了大型拆离断层在地壳岩石圈薄化、地幔剥露过程中的控制作用;揭示了陆缘变形集中、迁移和叠合的规律,建立了被动陆缘岩石圈伸展、薄化、剥露和裂解模式。最后,论文对比了国际非岩浆型被动大陆边缘与我国南海OCT的研究,介绍了南海OCT和陆缘深水超深水盆地研究的新发现,提出深入研究南海OCT将为南海陆缘构造演化、洋盆扩张过程和深水超深水盆地的成因机制研究提供新的启示。 相似文献
16.
火山型被动陆缘演化与拉张期岩浆活动的壳底垫托作用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文讨论了被动陆缘演化研究中的最新进展和大陆岩石圈拉伸的纯剪切模式,简单剪切主“对”被动陆缘新概念、详细论述了火山型被动陆缘形成、演化的深部构造背景及拉张期岩浆活动的壳底垫托作用,强调在陆间型褶皱带研究中拉张型过渡的划分和研究肯有重要意义。 相似文献
17.
Magmatism synchronous to the formation of passive margins of the North Atlantic is discussed. The main features and causes of the geochemical enrichment of the primary magmas at the margins have been established. This paper is based on the published data on the Norwegian-Greenland tectonotype of volcanic margins and the West Iberia-Newfoundland tectonotype of nonvolcanic margins. In the first tectonotype the hot rifting and active magmatism gave rise to the formation of a thick crust at the margin and the adjacent oceanic zone. The second tectonotype is characterized by cold amagmatic rifting and slow initial spreading, which led to the widespread occurrence of ancient continental complexes and serpentinized mantle rocks at the margin, as well as the thin and disturbed oceanic crust nearby. In order to characterize the magmatism and initial oceanic opening, the geological and geochemical data pertaining to the reference sections chosen for each margin were compared in detail. In particular, the geochemical and isotopic data on the flood basalts and suites of parallel dikes related to the pre- and synbreakup magmatic phases were involved for the Norwegian-Greenland region. The predominance of tholeiites enriched in lithophile elements and radiogenic isotopes, as well as a significant contribution of continental material to them, are typical of the volcanic margins. No less than two enriched magma sources for the lower part of the volcanic complex are suggested, whereas a depleted or slightly enriched source is established for the upper part. A more enriched source as compared with the volcanic margins of the Norwegian-Greenland region is suggested for the low-volume magmatic manifestations at the nonvolcanic Iberian margin. The tectonic settings of margins development and their relationships with the effect of deep plumes and the propagation of the extension zone toward the cold Atlantic lithosphere are discussed. 相似文献
18.
华北地块北缘中新元古界沉积构造演化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据文献资料及对研究区8 条实测剖面资料的综合分析结果表明,Columbia 超级大陆的裂解导致华北陆块北缘大陆裂
谷盆地的形成。随着大陆进一步伸展和洋壳的形成,华北地块北缘逐渐发展为被动大陆边缘。在1400 Ma 左右,即铁岭组
沉积后,华北地块北缘转变为活动大陆边缘。早期洋壳向华北地块低角度的俯冲造成弧后地区发生挤压（芹峪上升）,导致
铁岭组抬升和剥蚀,而后期洋壳高角度的俯冲又造成弧后区域发生强烈的伸展和断陷,沉积了下马岭组,并伴随辉绿岩的
侵入。华北地块与相邻地体之间的碰撞导致下马岭组的抬升（或蔚县抬升）以及碰撞花岗岩的形成,挤压构造发生的时间
对应于Rodinia 超级大陆的形成期。新元古代沉积是Rodinia 超级大陆裂解的结果。龙山组石英砂岩和海绿石砂岩是Rodinia
超级大陆裂解后的最早期沉积,记录了海侵初期的超覆过程。 相似文献