共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
本文通过东太平洋海盆、中太平洋海盆锰结核、云南东南部土壤锰结核及原生沉积锰矿特征及形成环境的对比研究,表明:(1)海洋水深,地形、生物生产力与水—沉积物界面的Eh、pH值等是控制锰结核物质成份、生长速率及分布格局的重要因素,(2)南极底层流和深海沉积间断的形成发展是造成锰结核生长间断的关键,(3)新生代低海平面时期可能是锰结核生成的重要时期。 相似文献
2.
细菌对锰的氧化和聚集作用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
细菌是锰矿床生物沉积过程中的主要营力。通过总结生物与锰的关系,重点评述了细菌对锰的氧化和聚集作用,并探讨了锰的微生物氧化机制;同时,分析和总结了锰结核和锰的生物沉积特征。最后得出细菌在锰的地球化学循环中起着重要作用。 相似文献
3.
过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中富集的控制因素 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在不同生成环境下生成的铁锰结核(壳)吸收不同的过渡金属元素。在成岩作用形成的铁锰结核中,Cu、Ni主要以锰相形式存在,而Co则以铁相的形式存在;在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中Cu、Co、Ni均以锰相的形式存在。这些过渡金属元素在成岩作用形成的结核中的存在与铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化学特征密切相关,而在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中的富集与锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化。学特征关系不大。同时铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物又严格地受结核(壳)的生成环境的制约,因此,过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中的富集在一定程度上受结核(壳)生成环境的控制。 相似文献
4.
大洋铁锰结核的微生物成矿过程及其研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
深海铁锰结核作为世界上潜在的巨大金属宝库已成为当今开发海底矿藏的热点，因而深入了解铁锰结核成矿过程成为其开发利用的先决条件。研究发现多金属铁锰结核中的铁锰矿物不仅仅是由单纯的物理作用形成的，同时也包含了海洋生物驱动的生物矿化的过程。本文介绍了运用分子生物学、矿物学和地球化学等多学科的研究方法对大洋中铁锰的生物成矿过程和成矿特征的研究。深海铁锰结核的生长速率缓慢且其生长演化伴随着微生物群落的活动，因此结核的生长过程同时也记录着不同时期微生物群落结构的变化并生成了大量的微生物化石。在铁和锰的生物矿化过程中，细菌可以通过酶促反应氧化Fe（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅱ），同时可能伴随生物能量的生成，此外微生物还可以通过非酶促反应的方式促进Fe和Mn的富集沉淀。这些研究表明生物矿化作用在大洋铁锰结核成矿过程中有巨大贡献，对大洋铁锰结核的生物成因过程提供更加全面准确的理解，从而为今后进一步充实大洋铁锰结核的生物矿化理论及其开发利用提供依据。 相似文献
5.
中印度洋海盆生物硅质沉积区的锰结核有三种主要核心类型：(1)蚀变火山灰层碎块；(2)长英质浮石；(3)固结的残余沉积物(红粘土类型)．结核中的形态变化是由于核心的形成、堆积过程(成岩或水成成园堆积)和结壳厚度所造成的． 相似文献
6.
南海铁锰结核(壳)的地球化学特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文研究了南海中部铁锰结核(壳)的地球化学特征。南海铁锰结核(壳)以高Mn富Ni为特征。但不同沉积部位的铁锰结核(壳),化学成分也有一定的差异,这是受不同沉积区的物源特性,地化环境差异和沉积成矿过程中环境的变化所影响的结果。 相似文献
7.
深海钻探573B孔始新世末与渐新世初地层界线处有一层含金属黏土，其底部有一微锰结核富集层。研究了这些微锰结核的形态特征、化学成分及形成,总体看来始新世末期微锰结核中锰的含量比太平洋CC区的大锰结核、微锰结核含量明显高，但铁含量则明显低，属亚氧化成岩类型。始新世末期该区丰富的金属元素和微量元素的供给、沉积间断或缓慢 的沉积速率等条件利于该时期微锰结核的形成。 相似文献
8.
为了解海洋微生物的生物矿化作用在大洋铁锰结核形成过程中的意义,选取芽孢八叠球菌作为实验菌株,通过实验室模拟中性有氧环境下的生物矿化实验,测定了Fe生物矿化过程中Fe离子浓度与价态的变化、细菌表面形态与矿物成分的变化。反应过程中,通过与死菌对照组和空白对照组的对比研究,有菌实验组的总Fe浓度、Fe2+浓度和Fe3+浓度下降最快,尤其是在前24 h。TEM照片显示细菌表面有明显的矿物颗粒生成,对这些矿物颗粒进行EDS分析测定,推测为Fe的氧化物或氢氧化物。实验结果表明,以芽孢八叠球菌为代表的海洋微生物在中性有氧条件下,通过主被动相结合的过程,对Fe产生了明显的矿化作用,揭示了微生物矿化作用对大洋铁锰结核形成的贡献。 相似文献
9.
有关锰结核及其金属富集的制约因素问题,已有不少作者报道过,认识较为普遍的有沉积速率[1]、核种物质[2]和沉积物类型[3]对锰结核赋存的制约作用以及来源物质[4]、环境因子[5,6](Eh、水深等)对金属富集的重要影响. 相似文献
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11.
Recently published distribution patterns have shown that in the Atlantic Ocean Mn, Ni and Co tend to be concentrated in those deep-sea sediments deposited in a central zone which extends down the length of the ocean. The present paper shows that these trace elements are also concentrated in certain clays from the south-west region of the North Atlantic. This region is rich in manganese nodules, and analyses reveal that the non-lithogenous fractions of some of the clays approximate to those of the nodules in composition. It is suggested that these clays have acquired their relatively high concentration of non-lithogenous trace elements from sea water by processes associated with the formation of manganese nodules. 相似文献
12.
Noburu Takematsu 《Journal of Oceanography》1979,35(5):191-198
The mechanisms of incorporation of minor transition metals into marine manganese nodules are discussed on the basis of differential chemical leaching.A small portion of iron and manganese in deep-sea nodules was dissolved in dilute acetic acid. Hydrogenous cobalt and nickel in nodules were also slightly leached with the acid solution, while 50–60 % of hydrogenous copper and zinc were leached. This difference suggests that the greater parts of hydrogenous cobalt and nickel are present in the lattices of manganese oxide phases, while the major parts of hydrogenous copper and zinc are present in the sorption sites of manganese oxide phases.The enrichment of minor transition metals in manganese nodules may be controlled by their substitution for manganese atoms in manganese oxide lattices after their sorption on manganese oxide phases. 相似文献
13.
G.P. Glasby 《Marine Chemistry》1973,1(2):105-125
The rare-earth distribution has been determined in five manganese nodules from a range of marine environments. Manganese nodules from Loch Fyne, Scotland, and the Gulf of Aden are characterized by a low absolute abundance of the rare-earth elements and a low Ce/La ratio compared with deep-sea nodules. This difference is interpreted in terms of the diagenetic remobilization of manganese in the high sedimentation regimes leading to the effective fractionation of manganese from the rare-earth elements and the resultant depletion of the rare earths in nodules from these environments. The mechanism of incorporation of the rare-earth elements into manganese nodules is thought to be either the direct adsorption of these elements from seawater or the scavenging of the elements by colloidal iron oxide prior to their incorporation into the authigenic phase of nodules. There appears to be no evidence for the surface transfer of these elements from inorganic detritus into the authigenic phase of nodules as suggested by previous authors. The distribution of U and Th in the nodules is controlled by factors similar to those controlling the rare-earth abundance in nodules. The higher U/Th ratios in nodules from Loch Fyne and the Gulf of Aden is considered to be due to the preferential reduction of UO2(CO3)34? to some lower-valency uranium species such as U3O8 in nodules from less oxidizing environments. 相似文献
14.
111 samples of diagenetically aged radiolarians sampled in the Central Pacific manganese nodules belt were investigated chemically and microscopically.
Authigenic clays of the smectite group are precipitated in the cavities of radiolarian tests; metal oxides are precipitated on the surfaces of radiolarian tests. During these processes a separation of iron from manganese takes place: about 96% of the iron is bound to smectites and all of the manganese is bound to the oxide coatings of the radiolarians.
With further diagenesis, radiolarian tests are dissolved together with their oxide coatings. This dissolution of the oxide coatings provides material for the growth of manganese nodules, material which is depleted in Fe and enriched in Mn, Cu, and Zn.
The smectite aggregates that fill the cavities of radiolarian tests contain iron bound to their crystal lattice. Whereas radiolarian tests are dissolved during the diagenesis, these smectite aggregates do not dissolve and thus become enriched in older samples. 相似文献
15.
Eighty-seven manganese nodules, representing six different locations at depths ranging from 2400 to 7400 m, from the eastern edge of the Blake Plateau were studied. Most of the nodules contained secondary structural textures resulting from the apparent burrowing of marine microfauna. This biogenic activity produced modification of the original growth patterns. In many cases the burrowed zones served as favored sites for redeposition of iron—manganese material.Transmitted light and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed the presence of three types of organic activity: (1) agglutinated foraminiferal tests; (2) pre-bored clay particles acting as nuclei or later included during nodule growth; and (3) younger burrows that cross-cut all older structures.In many instances this cross-cutting action resulted in almost total eradication of areas of the original growth patterns. The final texture may be mistaken for a similar growth texture previously classified as mottled, but a more specific genetic term might be “disrupted.” 相似文献
16.
东太平洋多金属结核及相关因素概述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以翔实的照片与图件资料为依据, 展示东太平洋中国开辟区内多金属结核类型及其在大洋底赋存状态; 结核内部叠层石纹层及其建造者——两种超微生物化石特征; 不同类型结核的矿物与化学成分特点。同时对结核分布规律与区内地化环境、水深、地形、沉积物类型等之间关系也作扼要说明。 相似文献
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18.
Dietrich Heye 《Progress in Oceanography》1978,7(5-6)
Twenty-four manganese nodules from the surface of the sea floor and fifteen buried nodules were studied. With three exceptions, the nodules were collected from the area covered by Valdivia Cruise VA 04 some 1200 nautical miles southeast of Hawaii.Age determinations were made using the ionium method. In order to get a true reproduction of the activity distribution in the nodules, they were cut in half and placed for one month on nuclear emulsion plates to determine the α-activity of the ionium and its daughter products. Special methods of counting the α-tracks resolution to depth intervals of 0.125 mm. For the first time it was possible to resolve zones of rapid growth (impulse growth) with growth rates, s > 50 mm/106 yr and interruptions in growth. With few exceptions the average rate of growth of all nodules was surprisingly uniform at 4–9 mm/10 yr. No growth could be recognized radioactively in the buried nodules. One exceptional nodule has had recent impulse growth and, in the material formed, the ionium is not yet in equilibrium with its daughter products. Individual layers in one nodule from the Indian Ocean could be dated and an average time interval of t = 2600±400 yr was necessary to form one layer. The alternation between iron and manganese-rich parts of the nodules was made visible by colour differences resulting from special treatment of cut surfaces with HCl vapour. The zones of slow growth of one nodule are relatively enriched in iron.Earlier attempts to find paleomagnetic reversals in manganese nodules have been continued. Despite considerable improvement in areal resolution, reversals were not detected in the nodules studied. Comparisons of the surface structure, microstructure in section and the radiometric dating show that there are erosion surfaces and growth surfaces on the outer surfaces of the manganese nodules. The formation of cracks in the nodules was studied in particular. The model of age-dependent nodule shrinkage and cracking surprisingly indicates that the nodules break after exceeding a certain age and/or size. Consequently, the breaking apart of manganese nodules is a continuous process not of catastrophic or discontinuous origin. The microstructure of the nodules exhibits differences in the mechanism of accretion and accretion rate of material, shortly referred to as accretion form. Thus non-directional growth inside the nodules as well as a directional growth may be observed. Those nodules with large accretion forms have grown faster than smaller ones. Consequently, parallel layers indicate slow growth. The upper surfaces of the nodules, protruding into the bottom water appear to be more prone to growth disturbances than the lower surfaces, immersed in the sediment. Features of some nodules show, that as they develop, they neither turned nor rolled. Yet unknown is the mechanism that keeps the nodules at the surface during continuous sedimentation. All in all, the nodules remain the objects of their own distinctive problems. The hope of using them as a kind of history book still seems to be very remote. 相似文献
19.
于１９８６－１０９９年由海洋四号调查船的ＨＹ４－８６１,８７１,８８１三个航次采集的锰结核样品中选出３７个以老结核或老结核碎块为核心的结核,进行研究,划分出３个结核世代,并大致确定其生长期：第一世代结核的生长期是在早中新世（〈２０Ｍａ）;第二世代结核形成于早中新世－晚中新世（〉６Ｍａ）;第三世代结核的生长期是在上新世－第四纪。同时对老、新世代结核的矿物成份和化学成份进行成析,并得出,老世代结核比新 相似文献