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1.
公元九世纪初鄂尔多斯沙漠图图说——唐夏州、丰州境内沙漠 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
依据唐代文献主要是《元和郡县图志》(该书成于公元813年),考证鄂尔多斯高原公元九世纪初人文地物与自然地物,试图复原当时流沙分布情况,为研究沙漠化历史过程提供基础资料。 相似文献
2.
中国古地图遗产与文化价值 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国古地图学创于公元三世纪《西晋·裴秀传》提出的“制图之体有六焉”,被西方誉为中国地图学之父的裴秀（西晋司空）,领衔制作了《禹贡地域图》十八篇和《地形方丈图》（公元224-271年）。其后的1600年间,先后完成了一批著名的中国古地图,例如南朝大臣谢庄领衔完成的”木方丈图”（公元502-557年）、隋炀帝命学者崔绩（550-618年）撰《区宇图志》（公元581-600年）、唐朝宰相贾耽领衔绘制《海内华夷图》（公元730-805年）、北宋科学家沈括领衔绘制《守令图》（公元1031-1095年）、南宋礼部尚书黄裳绘制《苏州石刻天文图》原图（公元1190年）、元代玄教宗师朱思本制作《舆地图》（公元1273-1333年）、明代航海家郑和领衔完成《郑和航海图》与地理学家罗洪先领衔制作《广舆图》（公元1504-1564年）、明代天文学家徐光启等完成的《恒星屏障图》、清代高邮知州魏源受林则徐委托编撰《海国图志》（公元1842-1852年）等,继承与发展了独特的中国古代地图学,即使西方经纬度制图技术于公元1584-1600年前后传至中国,启动了中西地图融合发展,中西两种制图理论和方法并行地使用了400余年。闻名中外的中国古地图,包括古天文图、世界图、中国图、航海图、区域图、水利图、军事图、风景名胜图、历史图、教育图等,迄今仍被国内外著名藏图机构分散地保存着,构成了世界古地图文化遗产中的重要组成部分,具有十分珍贵的文化价值,值得进一步深入探讨、挖掘和利用。本文最后初步地探讨了中国古地图的稀有价值、应用价值、历史价值、科学价值和艺术价值。 相似文献
3.
《三国演义》,原名《三同志通俗演义》,是我同古代四大名著之一,也是中国古代历史演义小说的经典之作。《三同演义》为中国古代长篇历史章回小说,是四大名著中唯一一本根据历史事实改编的小说。演义以史实为依据．以儒家思想为本,着重描写了公元3世纪,以曹操、刘备、孙权为首的魏、蜀、吴三个政治军事集团之间的矛盾和斗争。 相似文献
4.
舆地之学,在我国渊源流长。《山海经》、《禹贡》是我国早期地理学的代表作。秦汉以后随着人们利用和改造自然能力的加强,视野的扩展,不断有新的地理著作出现。魏晋六朝时期编撰地记、图经成为一代风气。六世纪郦道元注《水经》引用了数百种资料,其中大部分为地理文献,可谓"集六朝地志之大成”(清陈运溶《郦州记序》,载《麓山精舍丛书》)。《隋书经籍志》载当时所存地理著作140部1400卷。《宋史艺文志》载地理类总志、方志达400种部。明清以还至近代,新出现的地理著作更是不胜枚举。 相似文献
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6.
库布齐沙漠历史地理研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文运用考古和文献资料, 并通过实地调查, 对汉唐时期曾在库布齐沙漠设置州县问题进行了考证, 复原了周朔方城、汉朔方郡和隋唐丰州的历史原貌, 并探讨了该时期库布齐沙漠的流沙分布状况。 相似文献
7.
游记作为一种特殊的文学形式,因其承载的时间和空间意义而兼具历史和地理的双重价值.通过对《马可波罗行纪》、《乘小猎犬号环球航行》和《哥伦布首航美洲——历史文献与现代研究》3本论著的定性式内容分析,比较了公元12、14、18世纪3个不同历史时期西方地理思想在空间认知、经济地理和政治地理三方面的差别和特点,并尝试探究公元12... 相似文献
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9.
库布齐沙漠典型地区沙漠化动态分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以库布齐沙漠东部达拉特旗的农牧交错区为研究区域,以达拉特旗1987年、1995年、2000年和2003年四期遥感影像为信息源,在3S技术支持下,对遥感影像进行解译,获得1987—2003年来沙漠化动态变化数据,分析了该地区20世纪80年代中期到21世纪初的沙漠化变化情况,从土地流向角度探讨了沙漠化发展演变的动力机制。结果表明：该地区近20 a来,四个时期的沙漠化土地面积处于减少—增加—再增加的过程中,而沙漠化程度呈现减少—减少—增加的趋势,且2000—2003年间,是该地区沙漠化程度动态变化最大的时期。从土地流向看,各种土地类型向沙漠化土地之间的转化是导致沙漠化的一个重要原因之一,而土地利用类型之间的转化主要是由人类不合理的土地利用方式造成的。 相似文献
10.
沙漠湖泊动态变化研究对于揭示区域水循环和了解沙漠生态环境具有重要意义。本文利用1986—2020年覆盖库布齐沙漠区域10期Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像提取沙漠湖泊,统计各时期沙漠湖泊数量和面积变化信息,分析库布齐沙漠湖泊数量和面积动态变化的空间特征。结果表明：库布齐沙漠湖泊数量与面积整体表现为减小趋势,现存湖泊22个,面积7.4678 km2;库布齐沙漠湖泊在1986—2020年共干涸26个,现存湖泊中众多小型湖泊呈现增长趋势,但面积较小,对整个库布齐沙漠湖泊的影响较小,>1 km2湖泊中的大青龙湖、天鹅湖以及大道图湖表现为萎缩状态,减少幅度较大,对整个库布齐沙漠湖泊影响较大;降水量、蒸发量和气温不是影响库布齐沙漠湖泊面积变化的主要因素,湖泊面积的空间特征可能由补给来源、补给方式及人为干扰造成。 相似文献
11.
对运河遗产进行判别与登录,是大运河遗产保护的基础性工作。对运河遗产基本特征与演变规律的揭示,则是深入认识运河遗产的根本要求。历史舆图直观地反映了古代运河及其沿河的自然环境与人文景观,对研究各历史时期的运河具有重要的参考价值。但由于历史时代的限制,历史舆图在表达位置、距离、形状等地理空间要素时准确性较差,给大运河遗产的判别工作带来了困难。历史舆图与现代空间信息技术结合是解决这一问题的重要途径。通过"舆图新绘"的方式对区域时空演变过程进行复原,从而直观地揭示出运河遗产的本质特征与演变规律,为运河遗产判别提供依据。并且,同步集成的历史地理信息与现状遗存信息数据库也为运河遗产的评估、保护与管理等后续工作提供了坚实的工作平台与数据基础。 相似文献
12.
Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring Annett Junginger Lydia A. Olaka Ralph Tiedemann Martin H. Trauth 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,45(3):353-367
Lake Naivasha, Kenya, is one of a number of freshwater lakes in the East African Rift System. Since the beginning of the twentieth
century, it has experienced greater anthropogenic influence as a result of increasingly intensive farming of coffee, tea,
flowers, and other horticultural crops within its catchment. The water-level history of Lake Naivasha over the past 200 years
was derived from a combination of instrumental records and sediment data. In this study, we analysed diatoms in a lake sediment
core to infer past lacustrine conductivity and total phosphorus concentrations. We also measured total nitrogen and carbon
concentrations in the sediments. Core chronology was established by 210Pb dating and covered a ~186-year history of natural (climatic) and human-induced environmental changes. Three stratigraphic
zones in the core were identified using diatom assemblages. There was a change from littoral/epiphytic diatoms such as Gomphonema gracile and Cymbella muelleri, which occurred during a prolonged dry period from ca. 1820 to 1896 AD, through a transition period, to the present planktonic Aulacoseira sp. that favors nutrient-rich waters. This marked change in the diatom assemblage was caused by climate change, and later
a strong anthropogenic overprint on the lake system. Increases in sediment accumulation rates since 1928, from 0.01 to 0.08 g cm−2 year−1 correlate with an increase in diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations since the beginning of the twentieth century.
The increase in phosphorus accumulation suggests increasing eutrophication of freshwater Lake Naivasha. This study identified
two major periods in the lake’s history: (1) the period from 1820 to 1950 AD, during which the lake was affected mainly by
natural climate variations, and (2) the period since 1950, during which the effects of anthropogenic activity overprinted
those of natural climate variation. 相似文献
13.
对中世纪暖期（MWP）的时空分异和区域影响进行综合分析,关系到对近百年来全球气候变暖驱动力的正确认识,也有助于客观地解析20世纪气候变化增暖的历史地位.本研究对中国疆域内各个地区MWP的一些成果进行梳理和再思考,表明MWP在中国疆域内的存在是毋庸置疑的,但不同地区MWP表现出明显的时空差异.中国中东部地区在800—1300 AD存在明显温暖期,各种地质记录和文献记载都有较明显反映;虽然西北部MWP表现不很明显,但是众多石笋、湖泊沉积和风沙沉积也记录了500—1500 AD间呈现温暖湿润的气候特征;青藏高原各地MWP的表现差异明显,其中800—1100 AD暖期是高原东北部最暖的时期,而南部和西部最暖期分别出现于1150—1400 AD和1250—1500 AD.太阳辐射变化和火山活动可能是形成MWP的基本原因,而中国三大自然区下垫面条件的复杂多样性造成MWP发生过程和表现形式的时空分异. 相似文献
14.
А. V. Volokitina 《Geography and Natural Resources》2017,38(1):46-51
The need to improve the assessment of the wildfire hazard in nature reserves is considered. It is suggested that the natural vegetation fuel map compiled by using a specially developed determinant of the types of main conductors of burning having regard to the period of a fire-hazardous season should be used for such purposes. The types of prime conductors of burning constitute the major group of vegetation fuels which determines the possibility of the spread of burning across the territory covered by vegetation. A classification of this group was carried out on the basis of long-term pyrological investigations in different regions of the RF. The vegetation fuel maps are presented for the Stolby nature reserve, separately for the spring (autumn) and summer seasons, because the southern-taiga forests are characterized by a predominance of the grass forest types with the involvement of gramineous species. The map of the current wildfire hazard is compiled and presented as an example, on the basis of the vegetation fuel map for the spring (autumn) periods of the season for drought class II according to the weather conditions. This map is representative of the possibility or impossibility of the spread of burning for each area in the nature reserve in the event that the source of fire (of anthropogenic or natural origins) appears. It is shown that vegetation fuel map can be compiled for any nature reserve by using the determinant of the types of prime conductors of burning. 相似文献
15.
The proxy records on typhoons in the Yangtze River Delta from 1644 to 1949AD were extracted from historical chorographies in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China Period.In reference to the basic principles for identifying historical typhoons,time series on the Yangtze River Delta over a period of 306 years were developed.The conclusions are as follows.(1) There were a total of 241 typhoons from 1644 to 1949AD.Using the historical chorographies from 1884 to 1949AD,the number of typhoons was 65,equal to 87.8% recorded by meteorological observation.The number of years with differences in typhoon activities reconstructed using two ways no more than once is 55,reaching 83.3% in the period from 1884 to 1949AD.This result means the series of historical typhoons reconstructed using historical chorographies can represent the change of typhoon activities over years.(2) The average number of typhoon activities is 0.79 times per year from 1644 to 1949AD,and they show an increasing trend.These 306 years can be divided into three periods by the average number of typhoon activities:it is low from 1644 to 1784AD,and more typhoon activities are found from 1785 to 1904AD.It is worth noting that the number of typhoon activities reaches the summit in the last period,which is 1.2 times per year from 1905 to 1949AD.(3) Before the 20th century,the number of typhoon activities in warm periods is less than the number of cold periods.However,the number of typhoon activities increased dramatically in the early 20th century.Comparing the typhoon activities with El Ni o events,the data show that the number of typhoon activities did not increase when El Ni o occurred. 相似文献
16.
世界地图的编辑出版一直被认为是文明国家的标志之一。在《中国近代地图志》世界地图篇的编写基础上,首先系统地梳理了明清两代近600年间（公元1368-1911年）的25余种代表性世界地图,着重地分析了这些世界地图的历史背景,探讨了明清世界地图特色、贡献和作用。主要结论为：① 中国古代文明与经济水平长期领先于世界,自然成就了先于西方完成世界地图之创举;② 受制于多个皇权实施“闭关锁国”保守政策,中国古代世界地图呈现出集中于5个相对开放繁荣时段轨迹,即“自主传统、中西融合、康乾盛世、自主创新和近代化发展”时段;③ 中国古代世界地图具有5个鲜明的成就与特色,即“先于西方成图、资料积累丰富、传统制图优势、图文并茂模式、中西融合先河”;④ 诠释了中国古代世界地图在传播世界地理知识与推动社会进步中的重要作用。总之,中国古代世界地图具有重要的史料价值和现实意义。 相似文献
17.
Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu, who is known as the father of Chinese cartography, oversaw the completion of the “Yu Gong Regional Maps”, along with 18 articles and the “Terrain Fangzhang Map” (AD 224–271). This led to a number of subsequent cartographic initiatives including the “Wooden Fangzhang Map” (an administrative map) which was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasties (AD 502–557), “Haineihuayi Tu” (Map of China and its neighbouring countries) (AD 730–805), drawn by Jia Dan, a cartographer of the Tang Dynasty, and “Shouling Tu” (an administrative map, AD 1031–1095), drawn by Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty. Throughout the 16th century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, and formed the specific characteristics of China ancient cartography. Although Western latitude- based and longitude-based mapping techniques introduced to China in AD 1460, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems co-existed for over 400 years. The cultural heritage of Chinese cartography can be seen in many famous ancient Chinese maps, including astronomical figures and atlases (world, Chinese, regional, military, water conservancy, historical, and educational maps), charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been kept in well-known archives and institutions across the world. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, these maps remain an important point of study. This paper provides a preliminary discussion on the rarity, application, and the historical, scientific, and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps. 相似文献
18.
Michael G. Loso 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(1):117-128
For the heavily glaciated mountains of southern Alaska, few high-resolution, millennial-scale proxy temperature reconstructions
are available for comparison with modern temperatures or with the history of glacier fluctuations. Recent catastrophic drainage
of glacier-dammed Iceberg Lake, on the northern margin of the Bagley Icefield, exposed subaerial outcrops of varved lacustrine
sediments that span the period 442–1998 AD. Here, an updated chronology of varve thickness measurements is used to quantitatively
reconstruct melt-season temperature anomalies. From 1958 to 1998, varve thickness has a positive and marginally significant
correlation with May–June temperatures at the nearest coastal measurement stations. Varve sensitivity to temperature has changed
over time, however, in response to lake level changes in 1957 and earlier. I compensate for this by log-transforming the varve
thickness chronology, and also by using a 400-year-long tree-ring-based temperature proxy to reconstruct melt-season temperatures
at Iceberg Lake. Regression against this longer proxy record is statistically weak, but spans the full range of occupied lake
levels and varve sensitivities. Reconstructed temperature anomalies have broad confidence intervals, but nominally span 1.1°C
over the last 1500+ years. Maximum temperatures occurred in the late twentieth century, with a minimum in the late sixth century.
The Little Ice Age is present as three cool periods between 1350 and 1850 AD with maximum cooling around 1650 AD. A Medieval
Warm Period is evident from 1000 to 1100 AD, but the temperature reconstruction suggests it was less warm than recent decades—an
observation supported by independent geological evidence of recent glacier retreat that is unprecedented over the period of
record.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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