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1.
龙门山地区强震荷载导致大量已建边坡支挡结构严重受损,如何对震区受损挡土墙进行震害评估成为亟待解决的技术难点。本文首先通过对研究区挡土墙的震害分析,总结出其主要破坏模式包括滑移破坏、沉降破坏、倾覆破坏、墙身破坏以及越顶破坏5类。然后根据全面性、重要性以及科学性原则对影响震害评价的因子进行定性分析和分类,并结合挡墙的破坏模式,综合分析得到挡土墙安全评估的敏感性因子和一般因子。将震害范围60%作为挡墙评价的敏感性因子,而一般因子分为两级共10个指标,包括:滑移距离,沉降深度,倾斜角度,裂缝数量,裂缝长度比,开裂深度比,开裂宽度,错动距离,垮塌范围,覆盖范围。最后,采用灰色关联分析与模糊数学理论相结合的方法构建挡土墙震害评估体系,从而变事后处理为事先预防,为灾后恢复重建服务。 相似文献
2.
This paper presents reliability analyses of soil nail walls against two external ultimate limit states, global and sliding stabilities, which are related to the external stability failures of soil nail walls. Reliability analyses are conducted using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Soil nailing is a popular retaining system in highway construction and slope stabilization, and its current design practice is still based on the working stress design. There remains a need to establish a more rational design framework—load and resistance factor design—based on the concept of limit state design and reliability analysis for soil nail walls. The development of load and resistance factor design approach must consider multiple ultimate limit states, associated with external, internal, and facing failures. The analyses of resistance factors against two external failures are conducted in this study considering various influencing factors, including statistical parameters of soil friction angle, ultimate bond strength between soil and nails, soil type, wall geometry (wall height, back slope angle, and face batter angle), and nail configurations (nail inclination angle, drillhole diameter, and nail spacing). In the end, a series of resistance factors are proposed for potential application of load and resistance factor design approach against external failures for soil nail walls according to different design codes. 相似文献
3.
废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙是一种有效利用废旧轮胎的理想途径,但直立的模块式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙不能承受高强度的地震作用,因而提出格栅条带式加筋的方法提高其抗震性能。根据土-结构动力相似体系,设计格栅条带式加筋废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙振动台试验模型,考虑地震强度、地震波、格栅加筋长度、格栅加筋间距以及墙面坡度的影响,分析胎面墙体与回填料加速度、墙体侧向位移、墙顶表面回填料沉降以及墙背动土压力等地震响应特征,并与无加筋的废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙的振动台模型试验进行对比。研究结果表明:格栅条带式加筋胎面挡土墙的方式显著改善了无加筋状态的胎面挡土墙的地震响应特征,提高了胎面挡土墙的抗震性能,格栅条带式加筋直立式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙可以作为理想的墙体进行工程推广应用。 相似文献
4.
多级组合支挡结构形式在高边坡防护工程中得到了广泛采用,但现有研究却较少涉及这种支挡结构形式的地震土压力计算问题。应用拟静力法和塑性极限分析上限定理,并且基于强度折减技术,推导了重力式挡墙与两级锚杆挡墙组合支挡结构形式的地震主动土压力及其系数的上限解。该上限解考虑了水平和竖向地震系数、墙背倾角、坡面形式及多级支护方式、土体黏聚力、土体与墙背的黏附力等诸多因素。二级锚杆挡墙实例分析表明：静力条件下主动土压力计算值与现有相关方法的计算结果一致,土的抗剪强度折减系数、上挡墙锚杆轴力等参数,对下挡墙地震主动土压力影响显著。二级组合支挡结构地震主动土压力影响参数敏感性分析表明：水平地震系数以及重力式挡墙墙高和倾角的敏感性较大,上挡墙锚杆的轴力和倾角等参数的敏感性相对较小 相似文献
5.
以汶川灾区实地考察资料为背景,选择宇宫庙滑坡为参照,制作了模型试验台,在量纲分析的基础上,对主要参数做了相似理论研究,并采用水下爆炸的方式来模拟地震波（近场）进行了大量模型试验。结果表明：基覆边坡在地震力作用下的破坏模式是浅表层张拉而导致表层松散体流坍,且地震加速度随着药量（地震烈度）的增加而呈递增趋势,重力墙、桩板墙等支挡结构对于基覆边坡的作用明显。其结论将为铁路、公路沿线的高陡边坡分析和研究提供一定的依据。 相似文献
6.
岩质边坡地震稳定性评价是岩土边坡地震失稳防治的基础工作,针对评价过程中评价因素的多源模糊性,借鉴工程可变模糊集理论,将模糊可变评价模型应用于岩质边坡地震稳定性评价中。综合考虑岩质边坡内在结构和外部自然条件,选取岩土体特性、新构造运动特征、坡高、坡角、年均降雨量和场地地震烈度6个指标作为评价指标体系并建立等级标准;将改进熵权算法引入该模型中,利用指标实际数据离散性求权重;通过改变模糊可变评价模型参数对岩质边坡地震稳定性进行线性与非线性组合评价,并将均值作为最终评价结果。将该方法应用于天然边坡与路堑边坡实例中,结果表明,模糊可变评价模型评价结果合理、客观,具有更高的可靠性与稳定性,为岩质边坡地震稳定性评价工作提供了一种新的研究方法与思路 相似文献
7.
The Izu-Ohshima-Kinkai earthquake ( M = 7.0 on the Richter scale) occurred at 12h24 Japan Standard Time on 14 January 1978 in Sagami Bay, and caused hazards in the eastern to central Izu Peninsula. The meizoseismal zone extended 15 km from east to west by 20 km from north to south. The aftershock zone shifted westward to the interior of the peninsula. The largest aftershock (M = 5.8) struck the central to western part of the peninsula on 15 January, causing severe damage in its mountainous terrain. Most of the hazards related to slope failures of sea cliffs, river cliffs and road cuttings of convex vertical section with the upper parts sloping gently and the lower parts steeply. Large slope failures occurred close to the activated faults, indicating that the shocks and displacement were locally amplified along the activated faults. In the meizoseismal zone, high embankments of roads and housing sites on natural slopes were damaged by slides and tension cracks between the embankment and natural ground. Subsidence and tilting of retaining structures were generally observed. Damage to high concrete retaining walls of gravity type was due to the insufficient bearing capacity of the foundation soil. Any type of retaining structure, even if seismic-resistant, would be considered ineffective in case of failure of the back slope. Buildings in the meizoseismal zone were damaged due to sliding of the underlying embankments and ground displacement due to the activated faults. Falling rock blocks and sliding soil masses struck cars and houses close to the foot of cliffs and steep slopes, causing many deaths and injuries. A number of tension cracks in the middle to upper parts of steep slopes and on the shoulders of road embankments threatened to cause secondary failures, rockfalls and avalanches during heavy rain. At a gold and silver mine, the tailings dam of a concentration plant failed due to liquefaction of the tailings. The above experience may throw some light on the possibility of seismic failures in mountainous countries in seismically active regions of the world. 相似文献
8.
为考虑挡墙位移效应对地震土压力的影响,依据前人试验研究的结论,将摩擦角表示为与挡墙位移量和位置高度相关的函数,然后基于拟动力法和水平层分析法,推导得出RT位移模式下的地震非极限主动土压力和合力作用点的计算表达式。计算模型可描述摩擦角沿着墙高逐渐发展的不同非极限位移状态工况,并建立了挡墙位移、地震动荷载和土压力之间的相互联系。参数分析讨论了振动时间、挡土墙位移状态、地震加速度参数和土体摩擦角对地震主动土压力分布、合力大小以及合力作用点高度的影响。相比于传统的极限状态地震土压力理论,所提方法更合理地描述了地震土压力随挡墙位移的发展过程,对发展非极限土压力理论和改进边坡工程中的抗震计算方法具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
9.
针对现有有限土体刚性挡土墙主动土压力研究大都集中于临近建筑物墙体或地下室外墙的狭窄土体,相邻基坑、路堤与切坡挡土墙形成放坡状态有限土体研究甚少,本文考虑填土黏聚力及墙土间黏结力、墙土间摩擦作用、墙背倾角及填土顶面竖向荷载等的影响,利用刚体极限平衡理论进行研究。根据相邻基坑与边坡挡土墙放坡状有限土体的工程特性,分析挡土墙平动位移模式下平面滑动破裂面的形成特征,建立放坡状态有限土体主动土压力计算模型,并利用数值计算方法可以求解。通过对放坡状有限土体主动土压力进行算例分析与参数分析,表明极限破裂角与宽高比、黏聚力、墙背倾角及墙土间外摩擦角为负相关,不同黏聚力下随着宽高比增大,极限破裂角趋近于考虑黏聚力作用库伦方法得到的极限破裂角值,不同黏聚力下有限土体宽度临界值亦是变化的;主动土压力随黏聚力、墙背倾角及墙土外摩擦角增大而减小,随着宽高比增大而增大并逐步趋近于库伦方法计算的土压力值。最后,通过模型试验验证表明按本文方法计算的极限破裂角与实测破裂角吻合,PIV系统测试得到的临界宽高比与库伦方法的结果一致。 相似文献
10.
铁路台阶式加筋土挡墙的设计方法尚不成熟,现有设计方法不能满足铁路边坡工程实践的需求。潜在破裂面的确定是加筋土挡墙设计的关键,但现行规范仅对10 m以下单级加筋土挡墙的潜在破裂面有了明确的规定。为了研究台阶式加筋土挡墙在铁路荷载作用下潜在破裂面的特征,设计了1:4的大比例尺二级台阶式加筋土挡墙室内模型试验,以周期性加卸载的方式模拟铁路荷载,通过监测墙面水平位移、墙顶沉降及土工格栅筋带变形,分析确定潜在破裂面的位置和形状。试验结果表明：I级墙（下级墙）潜在破裂面形状与现行规范中的0.3H法破裂面类似,但位置更深,且下部破裂面更缓,表明潜在不稳定范围更大;II级墙（上级墙）潜在破裂面形状与朗肯主动破裂面基本一致,但并未从II级墙坡脚剪出,而是内移刺入I级墙体;研究结果可为铁路台阶式加筋土挡墙的设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
11.
对边坡临界高度这一工程地质和岩土工程问题,古典的卡尔曼分析法至今仍有生命力和应用价值。全面归纳了确定一般边坡、直立边坡和具张裂隙边坡的临界高度的卡尔曼公式,并提出了应用这些公式的方法和条件,以工程滑坡、路堑边坡、挡墙基坑和天然危岩为例示范了公式的工程应用。 相似文献
12.
滚石坡面运动影响因素众多,分析预测困难,确定崩塌滚石危害范围,对崩塌灾害防治具有重要意义。在实测汶川地震399条崩塌滚石剖面基础上,通过统计分析研究了滚石运动特征和危害范围参数,得出如下结论：(1) 滚石坡面运动可划分为启动阶段、运动阶段和堆积阶段;56º为启动区滚石自由坠落模式和滑动、滚动模式界限,堆积区最大角度为39.6º,26º以下区域为减速带。(2) 滚石运动距离与高度的比值,随着地震烈度以及边坡岩石强度的增高而增大,并给出了统计公式。(3) 滚石最大运动距离与坡高之间以及陡坡段坡度与滚石运动扩散角之间有较好的线性关系,根据堆积区在边坡高度上所占比例,划分了两种坡面形态,给出了两种坡面形态边坡陡坡段坡度与滚石运动扩散角之间的统计关系图,可作为崩塌滚石危害范围判定的参考。 相似文献
13.
Finite Element (FE) pseudo-static analysis can provide a good compromise between simplified methods of dynamic analysis and time domain analysis. The pseudo-static FE approach can accurately model the in situ, stresses prior to seismic loading (when it follows a static analysis simulating the construction sequence) is relatively simple and not as computationally expensive as the time domain approach. However this method should be used with caution as the results can be sensitive to the choice of the mesh dimensions. In this paper two simple examples of pseudo-static finite element analysis are examined parametrically, a homogeneous slope and a cantilever retaining wall, exploring the sensitivity of the pseudo-static analysis results on the adopted mesh size. The mesh dependence was found to be more pronounced for problems with high critical seismic coefficients values (e.g. gentle slopes or small walls), as in these cases a generalised layer failure mechanism is developed simultaneously with the slope or wall mechanism. In general the mesh width was found not to affect notably the predicted value of critical seismic coefficient but to have a major impact on the predicted movements. 相似文献
14.
Failure of several gravity retaining walls in residential areas built on reclaimed land, during the October 23, 2004 Chuetsu
earthquake in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, determined the authorities to consider the seismic retrofit of the walls in order
to mitigate future similar disasters in the urban environment. This study addresses the effectiveness of ground anchors in
improving the seismic performance of such retaining structures through a sliding block analysis of the seismic response of
an anchored gravity retaining wall supporting a dry homogeneous fill slope subject to horizontal ground shaking. Sliding failure
along the base of the wall and translational failure along a planar slip surface of the active wedge within the fill material
behind the wall were considered in the formulation, whereas the anchor load was taken as a line load acting on the face of
the gravity retaining wall. The effects of magnitude and orientation of anchor load on the yield acceleration of the wall-backfill
system and seismically induced wall displacements were examined. It was found that for the same anchor orientation, the yield
acceleration increases in a quasi-linear manner with increasing the anchor load, whereas an anchor load of a given magnitude
acting at various orientations produces essentially identical yield accelerations. On the other hand, the computed earthquake-induced
permanent displacements of the anchored gravity retaining wall decrease exponentially with increasing magnitude of anchor
load. Additionally, the influence of backfill strength properties (e.g., internal friction angle) on the seismic wall displacement
appears to diminish considerably for the anchored gravity retaining wall. A dynamic displacement analysis conducted for the
anchored gravity retaining wall subjected to various seismic waveforms scaled to the same peak earthquake acceleration revealed
a good correlation between the calculated permanent wall displacements and the Arias intensity parameter characterizing the
input accelerogram. 相似文献
15.
The designing of retaining walls requires the complete knowledge of earth pressure distribution. Under earthquake conditions the design needs special attention to reduce the devastating effect, but under seismic conditions, the available literature mostly uses the pseudo-static analytical solution as an approximate to the real dynamic nature of the complex problem. This paper shows a detailed study on the seismic passive earth thrust behind a cantilever retaining wall with inclined backfill surface by pseudo-dynamic analysis. A planar failure surface has been considered. The effect of variation of parameters such as soil friction angle, wall friction angle and back fill inclination have been explored. A complete analysis shows that the time dependent non-linear behaviour of the pressure distribution obtained in the present method results in more realistic design values of earth pressures under earthquake conditions. Results are provided in tabular and graphical non-dimensional form and compared thoroughly with the existing values in the literature. 相似文献
16.
The analyses of retaining walls in California showed many backfills are coarse material with some cohesion. In this investigation, seismic response of cantilever retaining walls, backfilled with dirty sandy materials with up to 30 kPa cohesion, is evaluated using fully dynamic analysis. The numerical simulation procedure is first validated using reported centrifuge test results. The validated methodology is then used to investigate the effects of three earthquake ground motions including Kobe, Loma Prieta, and Chi-Chi on seismic response of retaining walls. In addition, the input peak ground acceleration values are varied to consider a wide range of earthquake acceleration intensity. 相似文献
17.
提出了L型挡土墙两种破坏模式,即长踵板式和短踵板式,且破坏模式受几何参数和物理力学参数影响。研究了两种破坏模式下L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法和地震稳定性问题,界定了两种破坏模式的临界条件。考虑第二、第三滑裂面产生条件,应用极限分析运动学原理,建立地震荷载作用下L型挡土墙临界状态方程,推导出地震加速度系数表达式。根据极值原理,给出最优解,从而计算得到临界屈服加速度系数及其对应的滑裂面倾角。通过算例分析可知：临界屈服加速度系数小于M-O公式法,长踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面倾角与坦墙判别公式结果相同,且滑裂面之间的夹角等于90o-φ,即与滑移线场的结论相同。短踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面夹角近似等于90o-φ。 相似文献
18.
To utilize space more effectively for constructing apartments, roads, infrastructure, etc., excavation work is typically found
in slope areas. An anchored retention wall has been installed because of the presence of soil slopes behind the walls and
unsymmetrical excavation sections. An instrumentation system is normally applied on the anchored retention walls of slopes
to observe and estimate lateral earth pressure acting on anchored walls. The earth pressure acting on the wall is decreased
with increasing the deformation of the wall during the progress of excavation work. An earth pressure diagram acting on the
anchored walls can be presented approximately as a trapezoid. The earth pressure at the ground surface is larger than zero.
Also, the earth pressure is increased linearly from the ground surface to 15% of total excavation depth and then keeps constant.
The earth pressure acting on the anchored retention walls installed on the cut slope is higher than that of the horizontal
ground surface behind the wall, owing to the surcharge load of the slope soils. 相似文献
19.
To understand the serviceability aspects of seawalls, it is essential to study the permanent displacements of seawalls that occur during the earthquakes. Studies in the existing literature have concentrated on displacements of retaining walls with dry backfills; to the authors’ observation there is no specific analytical investigation devoted to the earthquake-induced displacements of retaining walls with submerged backfills. This paper focuses on sliding displacements of gravity type seawall retaining a submerged backfill under active earth pressure condition during the earthquakes. The threshold seismic acceleration coefficients required for initiation of sliding and the amount of sliding displacement due to seismic loading are calculated by adopting Newmark’s sliding block method. One of the prime features of the study is the estimation of seismic inertia forces in the submerged soil and wall applying the modified pseudo-dynamic method. The comparison of the results obtained using the proposed analytical formulation with the existing literature found to be in good agreement. A comprehensive parametric study has been conducted to understand the effects of different parameters such as seismic horizontal and vertical acceleration coefficients, soil and wall friction angles, width of the wall, wall inclination and excess pore water pressure ratio. 相似文献
20.
土工格栅加筋土边坡是一种新型的边坡支护结构,对于提高边坡稳定性、节约工程用地、保护生态环境意义重大。为了对机场加筋高填方边坡加固方案进行优化设计,本文以某机场跑道西北角的6#高填方边坡为例,首先基于边坡的地质条件和高填方边坡的实际情况,提出3种不同边坡坡率的加筋土边坡设计方案;其次采用简化Bishop法、Spencer楔形体法以及Morgenstern-Price法分别计算在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下的边坡稳定系数;最后利用有限元法分析3种加固方案下的加筋土边坡在天然工况下的变形特征以及筋材轴力分布规律。结果表明:3种设计方案在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下均能满足边坡稳定性要求,贴坡填筑的多级加筋土边坡的筋材轴力分布规律沿着竖向呈现锯齿状分布,最大筋材轴力在每级边坡的坡脚处突变增大。与加筋土缓坡（坡率1∶1.5）设计方案相比,加筋土挡墙（坡率1∶0.25）在坡高、筋材使用量、护坡面积以及挖填方量等方面均有明显减小。综合考虑稳定性、工程造价以及施工周期,采用加筋土挡墙的设计方案更合理。 相似文献
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