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1.
Photoelectric lightcurves of six asteroids, observed at the ESO 50-cm photometric telescope, are presented. 45 Eugenia, observed for pole determination program, showed a small amplitude of light variation, i.e., about 0.09÷0.10 mag. For 120 Lachesis, no period of rotation was deduced from three observing nights; it is probably longer than 20 hr. 776 Berbericia was observed again to eliminate the ambiguity between 23h and 15h.3 periods, as pointed out by Schober (1979). The longer period is ruled out, but we suggest a very plausible shorter period of 7h.762, implying, at least at this opposition, one maximum and one minimum per cycle. A similar ambiguity is present for 804 Hispania also. The period could be either 14.h.84 or 7h.42. These two objects are typical of a class of asteroids whose periods are uncertain by a factor two. A short discussion on this problem is given. For 814 Tauris a long period of 35.8 hr is found, confirming the tendency of dark asteroids of intermediate size to rotate more slowly than larger ones. Finally a single-night lightcurve of the fast-moving object 1982DV is presented. Our observations agree very well with Harris' results (1982, private communication).  相似文献   

2.
Cassini 2.2-cm radar and radiometric observations of seven of Saturn's icy satellites yield properties that apparently are dominated by subsurface volume scattering and are similar to those of the icy Galilean satellites. Average radar albedos decrease in the order Enceladus/Tethys, Hyperion, Rhea, Dione, Iapetus, and Phoebe. This sequence most likely corresponds to increasing contamination of near-surface water ice, which is intrinsically very transparent at radio wavelengths. Plausible candidates for contaminants include ammonia, silicates, metallic oxides, and polar organics (ranging from nitriles like HCN to complex tholins). There is correlation of our targets' radar and optical albedos, probably due to variations in the concentration of optically dark contaminants in near-surface water ice and the resulting variable attenuation of the high-order multiple scattering responsible for high radar albedos. Our highest radar albedos, for Enceladus and Tethys, probably require that at least the uppermost one to several decimeters of the surface be extremely clean water ice regolith that is structurally complex (i.e., mature) enough for there to be high-order multiple scattering within it. At the other extreme, Phoebe has an asteroidal radar reflectivity that may be due to a combination of single and volume scattering. Iapetus' 2.2-cm radar albedo is dramatically higher on the optically bright trailing side than the optically dark leading side, whereas 13-cm results reported by Black et al. [Black, G.J., Campbell, D.B., Carter, L.M., Ostro, S.J., 2004. Science 304, 553] show hardly any hemispheric asymmetry and give a mean radar reflectivity several times lower than the reflectivity measured at 2.2 cm. These Iapetus results are understandable if ammonia is much less abundant on both sides within the upper one to several decimeters than at greater depths, and if the leading side's optically dark contaminant is present to depths of at least one to several decimeters. As argued by Lanzerotti et al. [Lanzerotti, L.J., Brown, W.L., Marcantonio, K.J., Johnson, R.E., 1984. Nature 312, 139-140], a combination of ion erosion and micrometeoroid gardening may have depleted ammonia from the surfaces of Saturn's icy satellites. Given the hypersensitivity of water ice's absorption length to ammonia concentration, an increase in ammonia with depth could allow efficient 2.2-cm scattering from within the top one to several decimeters while attenuating 13-cm echoes, which would require a six-fold thicker scattering layer. If so, we would expect each of the icy satellites' average radar albedos to be higher at 2.2 cm than at 13 cm, as is the case so far with Rhea [Black, G., Campbell, D., 2004. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 36, 1123] as well as Iapetus.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract— The Leedey, Oklahoma, meteorite shower fell on 1943 November 25, following a fireball which was visible across much of southwestern Oklahoma and northcentral Texas. The shower produced 24 stones with a total mass of ~51.5 kg. The stones formed a strewnfield ~18 km in length in the same direction as the observed path of the meteor (N50°W). Leedey is classified as an L6(S3) ordinary chondrite. We report bulk major element chemical analyses from four separate laboratories. Leedey contains an unusual 6 by 8 mm composite Fe,Ni-FeS grain, which is composed of a 3 mm kamacite grain adjacent to a 5 mm troilite grain. A 50–100 μm rim of high-Ni (45–55 wt%) taenite (tetrataenite) occurs at the boundary between kamacite and troilite. A single, zoned pyrophanite grain is observed at the boundary between the inclusion troilite and host silicates. An origin as a foreign particle incorporated after metamorphism or during impact melting appears unlikely. This particle likely formed by a complex set of processes, including melting in the nebula, parent body metamorphism and reheating by later shock, mirroring the history of the host chondrite.  相似文献   

4.
The Whitecourt meteorite impact crater, Alberta, Canada is a rare example of a well‐preserved small impact structure, with which thousands of meteorite fragments are associated. As such, this crater represents a unique opportunity to investigate the effect of a low‐energy impact event on an impacting iron bolide. Excellent documentation of meteorite fragment locations and characteristics has generated a detailed distribution map of both shrapnel and regmaglypted meteorite types. The meteorites' distribution, and internal and external characteristics support a low‐altitude breakup of the impactor which caused atmospherically ablated (regmaglypted) meteorites to fall close to the crater and avoid impact‐related deformation. In contrast, shrapnel fragments sustained deformation at macro‐ and microscales resulting from the catastrophic disruption of the impactor. The impactor was significantly fragmented along pre‐existing planes of weakness, including kamacite lamellae and inclusions, resulting in a bias toward low‐mass (<100 g) fragments. Meteorite mineralogy was investigated and the accessory minerals were found to be dominated by sulfides and phosphides with rare carlsbergite, consistent with other low‐Ni IIIAB iron meteorites. Considerations of the total mass of meteoritic material recovered at the site relative to the probable fraction of the impactor that was preserved based on modeling suggests that the crater was formed by a higher velocity, lower mass impactor than previously inferred.  相似文献   

5.
The Northwest Africa (NWA) 773 clan of lunar meteorite stones are coarse‐grained breccias that provide an opportunity to examine a lunar igneous system that includes inferred intrusive and extrusive lithologies, possibly related through a common liquid line of descent from a single source region. Such extensive sampling of a single very low‐Ti (VLT) magmatic system on the Moon is unprecedented among the lunar samples. This study focuses on the olivine gabbro (OG), anorthositic gabbro (AG), and ferroan gabbro (FG) lithologies variably contained in NWA 773, NWA 2727, NWA 3160, NWA 3170, NWA 7007, and NWA 10656. Mineral compositions in the three gabbros indicate the crystallization sequence OG → AG → FG. Petrologic modeling of these three lithologies, and an olivine phyric basalt that also occurs in the NWA 773 clan, however, suggests that the relationship among the lithologies is more complex. The OG and basalt can be modeled as originating from a VLT KREEP‐bearing parental melt similar to the Apollo 14 Green Glass b1 composition through mainly equilibrium crystallization. The AG and FG, however, do not fit this simple model and require either a more complex crystallization sequence involving fractional crystallization, magma chamber recharge, or perhaps heterogeneity in the source region.  相似文献   

6.
Our Universe consistes of particles, space and time. Ever since Descartes we have known that true emptiness cannot exist; ever since Einstein we have known that space and time are part of the stuff of our world. Efforts to determine the structure of particles go in parallel with the search for the structure of spacetime. Einstein gave us a geometrical answer regarding the structure of spacetime: a distance recipe (Lorentz-Minkowski) suffices. The theory boils down to a patching together of local Lorentz frames into a global whole, which gives it the form of a gauge field theory based on local Lorentz symmetry. On large scales, the Einstein Equation seems to work well. The structure of particles is described by a gauge field. too. On small scales the Standard Model seems to work very well.However, we know from Newtonian gravity that the presence of particles must be related to the structure of spacetime. Einstein made a conjecture for the form of this connection using the Newtonian limit of small speeds and weak fields. The right hand side of his equation for the bulk theory of matter (the energy-momentum tensor), is equated to the Einstein tensor from non-Euclidian geometry.But that connection is wrong. The structure of spacetime cannot be equated to the density of particles if we include the Standard Model in the matter tensor. In field theory a potential is not something that can be freely changed by adding an arbitrary scalar term; due to the local (as opposed to global) character of the fields, a potential becomes an entity in itself. Einstein's conjecture runs into profound trouble because the reality of potentials implies that the zero point energy of the vacuum must be included in the Einstein equation. The net result is the appearance of a term equivalent to a cosmological constant A of stupendous size, some 10118 times the critical cosmic density.The crisis due to the zero point fluctuations in the energy-momentum tensor is a clash of titans: Einstein's geometrical ideas on spacetime structure vs the behaviour of particles and the vacuum discribed by Dirac and followers. Someone, or everyone, is wrong. In my opinion the straightforward quantization of spacetime will always be impossible because the usual particle symmetries (U(1), SU(2), SU(3) and relatives) connect fermions and bosons, whereas relativistic analogies of these symmetries (the Lorentz symmetry) says something about spacetime and not about particles.  相似文献   

7.
Solar flares,microflares, nanoflares,and coronal heating   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
H. S. Hudson 《Solar physics》1991,133(2):357-369
Solar flare occurrence follows a power-law distribution against total flare energy W: dN/dW W with an index 1.8 as determined by several studies. This implies (a) that microflares must have a different, steeper distribution if they are energetically significant, and (b) there must be a high-energy cutoff of the observed distribution. We identify the distinct soft distribution needed for coronal heating, if such a distribution exists, with Parker's nanoflares.This paper considers a microflare to be a member of the normal X-ray burst population, with comparable physical parameters except for a smaller total energy.  相似文献   

8.
Planetary atmospheres are complex dynamical systems whose structure, composition, and dynamics intimately affect the propagation of sound. Thus, acoustic waves, being coupled directly to the medium, can effectively probe planetary environments. Here we show how the acoustic absorption and speed of sound in the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, Titan, and Earth (as predicted by a recent molecular acoustics model) mirror the different environments. Starting at the surface, where the sound speed ranges from ∼200 m/s for Titan to ∼410 m/s for Venus, the vertical sound speed profiles reveal differences in the atmospheres' thermal layering and composition. The absorption profiles are relatively smooth for Mars, Titan, and Earth while Venus stands out with a noticeable attenuation dip occurring between 40 and 100 km. We also simulate a descent module sampling the sound field produced by a low-frequency “event” near the surface noting the occurrence of acoustic quiet zones.  相似文献   

9.
Bruce Fegley  John S. Lewis 《Icarus》1980,41(3):439-455
The results of the most extensive set to date of thermodynamic calculations of the equilibrium chemistry of several hundred compounds of the elements Na, K, F, Cl, Br, and P in a solar composition system are reported. The calculations are carried out over a wide range of temperatures and pressures and along an adiabat in the primitive solar nebula. Two extreme models of accretion are investigated. In one extreme complete chemical equilibrium between condensates and gases is maintained because the time scale for accretion is long compared to the time scale for cooling or dissipation of the nebula. Condensates formed in this homogeneous accretion model include several phases such as whitlockite, alkali feldspars, and apatite minerals which are found in chondrites. In the other extreme complete isolation of newly formed condensates from prior condensates and gases occurs due to a time scale for accretion that is short relative to the time required for nebular cooling or dissipation. The condensates produced in this heterogeneous accretion model include alkali sulfides, ammonium halides, and ammonium phosphates. None of these phases are found in chondrites. Available observations of the Na, K, F, Cl, Br, and P elemental abundances in the terrestrial planets are found to be compatible with the predictions of the homogeneous accretion model.  相似文献   

10.
Six-color photometric observations made during Saturn's 1972/73 opposition enable us to separate the solar phase and orbital phase contributions to the observed light variations of Iapetus, Titan, Rhea, Dione and Tethys. Titan shows no orbital variations, but has phase coefficients which range from negligible values in the infrared to 0.014mag/deg in the ultraviolet. Rhea has a bright leading side, a light curve amplitude of about 0.2mag, which increases toward short wavelengths, and surprisingly large phase coefficients, which increase from 0.025mag/deg in the red to 0.037mag/deg in the ultraviolet. Combined with other available information, this behavior suggests a very porous, texturally complex surface layer. Dione also has a leading side which is a few tenths of a magnitude brighter than the trailing side, but the light curve amplitude has little wavelength dependence and the phase coefficients are significantly smaller than those of Rhea, suggesting a less intricate surface texture. The leading side of Tethys is probably a few tenths of a magnitude brighter than the trailing side. Our Iapetus observations generally supplement the earlier work by Millis. The phase coefficients of the bright (trailing) side are typically ~0.03mag/deg and are not strongly wavelength dependent; the dark (leading) side coefficients are large (~0.05 mag/deg) and increase at shorter wavelengths, indicating a very porous and intricate surface texture. The light curve amplitude shows a slight increase at shorter wavelengths, suggesting an increasing contrast between the dark and bright materials. The spectral reflectance curves we derive for the satellites are in agreement with the spectrophotometry of McCord, Johnson, and Elias.  相似文献   

11.
We present a semi-analytical investigation of a simple one-dimensional, steady-state model for a mass-loaded, rotating, magnetized, hydrodynamical flow. Our approach is analogous to one used in early studies of magnetized winds. The model represents the infall towards a central point mass of the gas generated in a cluster of stars surrounding it, as is likely to occur in some active nuclei and starburst galaxies. We describe the properties of the different classes of infall solutions. We find that the flow becomes faster than the fast-mode speed, and hence decoupled from the centre, only for a limited range of parameter values, and when magnetic stresses are ineffective. Such flow is slowed as it approaches a centrifugal barrier, implying the existence of an accretion disc. When the flow does not become super-fast and the magnetic torque is insufficient, no steady solution extending inward to the centre exists. Finally, with a larger magnetic torque, solutions representing steady sub-Alfvénic flows are found, which can resemble spherical hydrodynamical infall. Such solutions, if applicable, would imply that rotation is not important and that any accretion disc formed would be of very limited size.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract— Concentration and isotopic composition of the light noble gases as well as of 84Kr, 129Xe, and 132Xe have been measured in bulk samples of 60 carbonaceous chondrites; 45 were measured for the first time. Solar noble gases were found in nine specimens (Arch, Acfer 094, Dar al Gani 056, Graves Nunataks 95229, Grosnaja, Isna, Mt. Prestrud 95404, Yamato (Y) 86009, and Y 86751). These meteorites are thus regolith breccias. The CV and CO chondrites contain abundant planetary‐type noble gases, but not CK chondrites. Characteristic features of CK chondrites are high 129Xe/132Xe ratios. The petrologic type of carbonaceous chondrites is correlated with the concentration of trapped heavy noble gases, similar to observations shown for ordinary chondrites. However, this correlation is disturbed for several meteorites due to a contribution of atmospheric noble gases, an effect correlated to terrestrial weathering effects. Cosmic‐ray exposure ages are calculated from cosmogenic 21Ne. They range from about 1 to 63.5 Ma for CO, CV, and CK classes, which is longer than exposure ages reported for CM and CI chondrites. Only the CO3 chondrite Isna has an exceptionally low exposure age of 0.15 Ma. No dominant clusters are observed in the cosmic‐ray exposure age distribution; only for CV and CK chondrites do potential peaks seem to develop at ~9 and ~29 Ma. Several pairings among the chondrites from hot deserts are suggested, but 52 of the 60 investigated meteorites are individual falls. In general, we confirm the results of Mazor et al. (1970) regarding cosmic‐ray exposure and trapped heavy noble gases. With this study, a considerable number of new carbonaceous chondrites were added to the noble gas data base, but this is still not sufficient to obtain a clear picture of the collisional history of the carbonaceous chondrite groups. Obviously, the exposure histories of CI and CM chondrites differ from those of CV, CO, and CK chondrites that have much longer exposure ages. The close relationship among the latter three is also evident from the similar cosmic‐ray exposure age patterns that do not reveal a clear picture of major breakup events. The CK chondrites, however, with their wide range of petrologic types, form the only carbonaceous chondrite group which so far lacks a solar‐gas‐bearing regolith breccia. The CK chondrites contain only minute amounts of trapped noble gases and their noble gas fingerprint is thus distinguishable from the other groups. In the future, more analyses of newly collected CK chondrites are needed to unravel the genetic and historic evolution of this group. It is also evident that the problems of weathering and pairing have to be considered when noble gas data of carbonaceous chondrite are interpreted.  相似文献   

13.
The spectral reflectances of Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, and Triton were measured in 28 bandpasses between λ326 and λ976 nm on the night of 28/29 June 1974. These observations were made with the 200-in. Hale telescope and multichannel spectrometer. Bandpasses of 8 nm from λ326 to λ566 nm and 16 nm from λ592 to λ976 nm were employed. The spectral reflectances of Ariel, Oberon, and Titania increase from λ342 to λ534 nm and are relatively flat from λ550 to λ976 nm. Umbriel's reflectance decreases monotonically with increasing wavelength through the entire range of measured wavelengths. Triton is found to have a constant spectral reflectance.  相似文献   

14.
B.L. Ulich  E.K. Conklin 《Icarus》1976,27(2):183-189
We have measured the 3.33 mm wavelength disk brightness temperatures of Ganymede (136 ± 21°K), Callisto (95 ± 17°K), Ceres (137 ± 25°K), Uranus (125 ± 9°K), and Neptune (126 ± 9°K). Our observations of Ganymede are consistent with the radiation from a blackbody in solar equilibrium, whereas Callisto's microwave spectrum indicates a surface similar to that of the Moon. The disk temperature for Ceres agrees with that expected from a rapidly rotating blackbody. The millimeter temperatures of Uranus and Neptune greatly exceed solar equilibrium values, implying atmospheres with large temperature gradients.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract— The 3.6 Myr old El'gygytgyn impact crater is located in central Chukotka, northeastern Russia. The crater is a well‐preserved impact structure with an inner basin about 15 km in diameter, surrounded by an uplifted rim about 18 km in diameter. The flat floor of the crater is in part occupied by Lake El'gygytgyn, 12 km in diameter, and surrounding terraces. The average profile of the rim is asymmetric, with a steep inner wall and a gentle outer flank. The rim height is about 180 m above the lake level and 140 m above the surrounding area. An outer ring feature, on average 14 m high, occurs at about 1.75 crater radii from the center of the structure. El'gygytgyn crater is surrounded by a complex network of faults. The density of the faults decreases from the bottom of the rim to the rim crest and outside the crater to a distance of about 2.7 crater radii. Lake El'gygytgyn is surrounded by a number of lacustrine terraces. Only minor remnants are preserved of the highest terraces, 80 and 60 m above the present‐day lake level. The widest of the terraces is 40 m above the current lake level and surrounds the lake on the west and northwest sides. The only outlet of the lake is the Enmivaam River, which cuts through the crater rim in the southeast. In terms of structure, El'gygytgyn is well preserved and displays some interesting, but not well understood, features (e.g., an outer ring), similar to those observed at a few other impact structures.  相似文献   

16.
The Kamiomi, Sashima-gun (Iwai-shi), Ibaraki-ken, Japan, chondrite (observed to fall in spring, during the period 1913–6), consists of olivine, orthopyroxene, nickel-iron and troilite with minor amount of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, apatite and chromite. The average molar composition of olivine (Fa19) and orthopyroxene (Fs17) indicates that Kamiomi is a typical olivine bronzite chondrite. From the well-recrystallized texture, the presence of poorly-definable chondrules, homogeneous composition of olivine and absence of glass, this chondrite could be classified in petrologic type 5. The bulk chemical composition, especially, total Fe (27.33%) and metallic Fe (17.00%) as well as Fetotal/SiO2(0.72), Femetal/Fetotal (0–633) and SiO2/MgO (1.59) support the above conclusion. Coexistence of heavily-shocked olivine grains in the matrix composed of olivines and pyroxenes which suffered from light to moderate shock effect suggest that impacting phenomena, small-scaled but locally strong, occurred on the Kamiomi parent body.  相似文献   

17.
Ci, Ni, andOi permitted and forbidden lines in the near-infrared spectra of Procyon (F5 IV–V), Sun (G2 V), and Arcturus (K2 IIIp) have been analyzed to determine their carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances. Procyon is found to have normal abundances while Arcturus is found to have an enhanced nitrogen abundance by a factor of 1.03 dex relative to the Sun. The dependence of the derived abundances on the effective temperature and luminosity is investigated.Much of the work reported here was contained in the Ph.D. thesis of the author submitted to the Istanbul University, Turkey, in 1986.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract— We report the first petrologic examination of all stone meteorites of Fayette County, Texas. The 10 stones represent four or five different fall events. The three recovered Bluff stones represent two falls. Bluff (a), which includes the 145.5-kg Bluff #1 stone, is classified as L5(S4), whereas Bluff (b) is classified as L4(S3) and is represented by a single stone. The studied Cedar stones are classified as H4(S3), and all four Cedar stones appear to define a strewnfield. Round Top (a), classified as L5(S3) and represented by two stones, is unrelated to either Bluff or Cedar. Round Top (b) [H4(S3); 1 stone], whose exact provenance is unknown, might be a transported fragment of the Cedar shower.  相似文献   

19.
《Astronomische Nachrichten》2005,326(7):647-674
P01 Calibrations on DSS‐II Plates P02 High‐Resolution Near‐Infrared Speckle Interferometry and Radiative Transfer Modeling of the OH/IR star OH 26.5 + 0.6 P03 Mid‐infrared long‐baseline interferometry of the symbiotic Mira star RX Pup with the VLTI/MIDI instrument P04 N2D+ abundance in high mass star forming regions P05Causal Viscosity in Accretion Disc Boundary layers P06 Planetesimals in protoplanetary disks P07 Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud P08 Is there a universal mass function? P09 On CO cooling in dense molecular clouds P10 An unbiased search for molecular clumpuscules P11 Vertical structure of accretion disks P12 A New Data Acquisition System and User Control Program for CCD Cameras at “Hoher List” Observatory P13 Tracing the Photon Dominated Region around DR21 with CO, CI, CII, and OI emission P14 Time resolved spectroscopy of CI Aql P15 Empirical Color Transformations between SDSS Photometry and Other Photometric Systems P16 V4332 Sgr P17 Low rotation velocities of white dwarfs from the CaII K line P18 E‐Learning in Astronomy P19 RR Lyrae stars: Kinematics, orbits and z‐distribution P20 New developments on the field of chemically peculiar stars in the milky way and the LMC P21 Large‐scale CO Mapping of the CEPHEUS Giant Molecular Cloud using KOSMA P22 HoLiCS II – The “Hoher List Control System” II P23 88 GHz “Holotransmitter” for the Nanten2 Telescope P24 Comet Astrometry – Tracing the last witnesses of the solar system's childhood P25 Considerations on the spectral appearance of M‐type brown dwarfs P26 Photon Dominated Region Modelling of Barnard 68 P27 A New Versatile Multichannel CCD‐Controller for BUSCA P28 High Precision “Bonn Shutters” for the largest CCD Mosaic Cameras P29 High‐Resolution Near‐Infrared Speckle Interferometry and Radiative Transfer Modeling of the OH/IR star OH 104.9 + 2.4 P30 A new Doppler image of the weak‐line T Tauri star V410 Tauri P31 Improving our knowledge on open cluster radial velocities P32 The Distribution of MSX Infrared Dark Clouds in the inner Milky Way P33 Was the Early Earth shielded from UV by Ozone produced from the Smog Mechanism? P34 Structure Analysis of the CO data in the Perseus clouds P35 Evidence for Turbulence in the Velocity Fields of Perseus Cores P36 Dust‐driven Winds and Their Resulting Mass Loss at Subsolar Metallicity P37 Two adjacent gigantic (∼9°) IRAS filaments of bipolar morphology: An almost invisible pair P38 A new optical filament of the Monogem Ring P39 The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of OVI Emission in the Milky Way  相似文献   

20.
For seven faint southern Cepheids (WW Car, SX Car, UZ Car, UY Car, GX Car, HW Car, YZ Car), we have determined their atmospheric parameters and chemical composition for the first time based on ten high-resolution (R = 50 000) spectra taken with the 1.5-m Hexapod telescope at the Joint Observatory of the Northern Catholic University (Antofagasta, Chile) and the Ruhr University (Bochum, Germany). Six objects from the list demonstrate atmospheric parameters and chemical composition typical of Cepheids that have passed through the first dredge-up phase, while WW Car is probably an anomalous Cepheid. According to our preliminary estimates, it has an overabundance of CNO, a deficit of sodium and aluminum, and a slight deficit of magnesium, with iron and other elements being underabundant relative to the Sun.  相似文献   

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