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《Geoforum》2016
Guatemalan protected areas have been sites for genocidal massacres, drug trafficking landing strips, and remilitarized “states of emergency,” but these activities are rarely considered in relation to conservation practices. This paper employs a political ecology approach to analyze interpellations of transboundary spaces as security threats, arguing that threat narratives produce insecurity in conservation spaces. Instead of assuming the primacy of neoliberalism in producing protected areas as sites of violence in the service of capitalism, the analysis traces the changing meanings of security in relation to Guatemala’s borderlands, from Cold War National Security Doctrine to discourses of citizen security in the twenty-first century Drug War. It is in the unmanned “blind passes” (pasos ciegos) of the Guatemalan–Mexican border, rendered as insecure spaces through the state’s putative absence, that policing paradoxically seeks to ensure “citizen security” through violence. 相似文献
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Marco-Antonio Torres-Vera 《Natural Hazards》2010,54(3):863-878
Iso-intensity contour maps were calculated on the basis of the intensity data derived from historical information about strongest
earthquakes in Mexico. Intensity data contain a great deal of information that can be used to constrain the essential characteristics
of the seismic source. In particular, both the seismological theory and its practice suggest that the orientation of the source
of significant earthquakes is reflected in the elongation of the associated damage pattern. The present paper uses information
about historical seismicity in Mexico from 1568 to 1837 to point out the sites, where the strongest damages took place. After
information selection, maps of iso-intensities were built to determine epicentres. This information was interpreted, and damages
and major risk zones were mapped. The systematic application of this method to all the M > 5.5 earthquakes that occurred in Mexico in the past five centuries produced encouraging results about the determination
of the seismic source parameters that compare well with existing instrumental, geological, and geodynamic evidence. 相似文献
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M. A. Hamadouche K. Mederbal L. Kouri Z. Regagba Y. Fekir D. Anteur 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(2):419-434
This paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based multicriteria decision-making approach for biodiversity preservation of the Ahaggar National Park in Algeria. This tool named spatial decision-making aid (SDMA) enables decision makers to evaluate the relative priorities of conserving the biodiversity in protected areas basing on a set of preferences, criteria and indicators of the area. In this study, we have developed conceptual and methodological solutions to integrate outranking methods (such as elimination and choice to translate reality TRI, preference ranking organizational methods and analytical hierarchy process) of multicriteria analysis in the GIS software to enhance its potential as tools of spatial decision support in land management problems. We integrated the results and other data relevant studied area in a GIS as a starting point for our SDMA prototype for resources management. Through the application, we have designed functionalities that allow producing maps of areas which needed urgent preservation. These methods are more appropriate to decision-making problems and their integration into GIS software (ArcView GIS 3.2 software from Environmental Systems Research Institute) that constitutes a powerful tool of spatial decision-making aid. 相似文献
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Chia-Nan Liu Jia-Jyun Dong Yih-Ferng Peng Hsiao-Fung Huang 《Engineering Geology》2009,104(3-4):241-253
Typhoon Herb in 1996 caused widespread debris flows in central Taiwan. The 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake on September 21, 1999, which also took place in central Taiwan, induced many landslides in the region. These landslides turned into debris flows when Typhoon Toraji struck Taiwan in 2001. This research selects three regions which suffered a ground motion class of 5, 6, and 7 on the Richter scale during the Chi-Chi earthquake as study areas. Air photos from 1997 and 2001 of these regions are used to map the gully-type debris flows that took place after Typhoons Herb and Toraji, respectively. The gullies adjacent to the debris flow, but without a trace of debris flows, are also mapped as the non-debris flow data. The topography, hydrogeology, and rainfall factors – where debris flow occurred and in which there was no occurrence of debris flows in these gullies were retrieved from DTM, geological maps, and iso-countour maps, and of rainfall through GIS processing. These characteristic are introduced into a probabilistic neural network to build a predicting model for the probability of the occurrence of debris flows. Three series of cross analyses are conducted to compare the probability of the occurrence of debris flows of the same dataset predicted by different prediction models. The results reveal that the susceptibility of debris flows was elevated after the Chi-Chi earthquake struck. The upsurge of susceptibility was more obvious for the regions that received a higher class of ground motion. 相似文献
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3S(RS,GIS和GPS)集成技术为城市规划提供了有力工具,3S不仅可高精度快速、实时地采集各种地质信息,而且能够利用GIS强大的空间数据综合分析功能,将各种信息进行叠加、对比、综合与复合,从而为城市规划提供更丰富的图件等资料.这是以汶川、映秀震区重建为例,应用2008年、2009年和2010年该区的航空遥感影像图进... 相似文献
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Hakan Mete Dogan 《Journal of Earth System Science》2009,118(6):701-710
Utilizing remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) tools, mineral composite characteristics (ferrous minerals
(FM), iron oxide (IO), and clay minerals (CM)) of the Kelkit River Basin (15913.07 km2) in Turkey were investigated and mapped. Mineral composite (MC) index maps were produced from three LANDSAT-ETM+ satellite
images taken in 2000. Resulting MC index maps were summarized in nine classes by using ‘natural breaks’ classification method
in GIS. Employing bi-variety correlation analysis, relationships among index maps were investigated. According to the results,
FM and IO index maps showed positive correlation, while CM index map is negatively correlated with FM and IO index maps. Negative
correlations between iron and clay variables suggested that the dominant clay minerals of the study area might be smectite,
illite, kaolinite, and chlorite, which have little or no iron content. Using field data for which their geographic coordinates
had been determined by global positioning system (GPS), developed MC maps were verified, and found dependable for environmental
and ecological modeling studies. 相似文献
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In this study, environmental and natural vulnerability maps developed for a Brazilian coastal region at São Sebastião City in São Paulo State helped to address a better understanding of the ecosystem fragility. Intense anthropogenic activities take place in the site that are mainly related to the petroleum industry and involve the operation of refineries and storage/transport of gas/oil by pipelines. A Geographical Information System (GIS) allowed the maps elaboration and analysis, where the region vulnerability was classified into five indexes: very low, low, medium, high and very high. The results depicted well the most vulnerable areas in the site, which should receive special care for their preservation. They include the coastal zones, the fluvial marine plain, the mangrove and the urban area of São Sebastião City. The results reported herein also show that the approach utilized may provide the decision makers with tools to develop an integrated coastal zone management for preserving the environmental resources in São Sebastião municipality. The methodology adopted is of easy implementation and adaptation to other areas, only taking into account the decision rules fitting diverse criteria imposed by the new reality. 相似文献
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空间信息技术的发展及其在地球科学中的应用 总被引：35，自引：1，他引：34
空间信息技术有两个分支：其一是空间图形信息技术,即地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）;其二是地质统计学。两种技术在本质上是相通的。ＧＩＳ的核心是建立图形元素的拓扑关系与建立空间数据库与属性数据库的联动关系。正是立足于这两个重要关系,使对千变万化的地学图形信息进行灵活高效的编辑、检索与显示成为可能。在迄今为止所有的计算机应用系统中,ＧＩＳ无疑将在地学中产生最重要的影响。地质统计学是一种空间数字处理技术,它是传统统计学的空间版本。用包含多元统计学的传统统计方法研究地质问题存在严重的缺陷,因为传统统计学忽略变量的空间存在,而地质过程具有强烈的空间性。地质统计学恰恰是立足于变量的空间关系发展起来的统计科学,因此它特别适用于地球科学。正如空间图形与空间数字可以相互转换一样,两种空间信息技术也存在内在的关系。利用ＧＩＳ与地质统计学这两种空间信息技术,使我们能不断地在空间图形与空间数字这两种状态间穿越。空间信息技术为地质学家在进行矿产资源预测、物化遥数据分析、地质环境评价、地质灾害评价与矿产资源管理等方面提供了强有力的工具。空间信息技术特别适合于地球科学,它不仅能大幅度地提高地球科学对图形的编制和研究的效率和水平,而且也将转变传统的? 相似文献
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随着科学技术的发展 ,GIS、RS、GPS等新技术将逐步被应用到区调填图中。应用GIS、RS、GPS填图涉及到数据的采集、输入、编辑等过程 ,而最终形成多信息的数字化地图及其相关的数据库。这些数字化地图可十分方便地进行更新、查询及输出 ,从而更好服务于社会。 相似文献
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基于GIS与ANN模型的地震滑坡易发性区划 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于遥感数据、地理信息系统(GIS)技术和人工神经网络(ANN)模型,开展地震滑坡易发性区划研究.2010年4月14日玉树地震后,基于航片与卫星影像目视解译,并辅以野外调查的方法,在地震区圈定了2036处地震诱发滑坡.选择高程、坡度、坡向、斜坡曲率、坡位、与水系距离、地层岩性、与断裂距离、与公路距离、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、与同震地表破裂距离、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)共12个因子作为地震滑坡易发性评价因子.这些因子均是应用GIS技术与遥感影像处理技术,基于地形数据、地质数据、遥感数据得到.训练样本中的滑动样本有两组,一组是滑坡区整个单滑坡体的质心位置,另一组是滑坡滑源区滑前的坡体高程最高的位置.应用这12个影响因子,分别采用这两组评价样本,基于ANN模型建立地震滑坡易发性索引图,基于GIS工具建立地震滑坡易发性分级图.分别应用训练样本中滑坡分布的点数据去检验各自的结果正确率,正确率分别为81.53％与81.29％,表明ANN模型是一种高效科学的地震滑坡易发性区划模型. 相似文献
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In this paper, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and fieldwork techniques were combined to study the groundwater conditions in Vaigai basin, Tamilnadu. Several digital image processing techniques, including standard color composites, intensity–hue–saturation transformation and decorrelation stretch were applied to map rock types. Remote sensing data were interpreted to produce lithological and lineament maps such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use/land cover and drainage map were prepared and analyzed using GIS Arc Map GIS Raster Calculator module as geomorphology?×?12?+?drainage?×?9?+?lineament?×?5?+?geology?×?8?+?land use?×?2?+?relief?×?4. The final cumulative map generated by applying the above equation had weight values ranging from 0.315 to 4.515. The overall results demonstrate that the use of remote sensing and GIS provide potentially powerful tools to study groundwater resources and design a suitable exploration plan, the thematic maps for the study area. 相似文献
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MAPGIS大比例尺数字测图系统的设计 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着城市信息化建设特别是GIS应用的发展，对大比例尺数字图的需求日益增加。以往的测图软件往往着重于制图的需要，很少考虑GIS应用的需求。在MAPGIS平台的基础上，根据系统性、兼容性、扩展性和开发性等原则，详细探讨了大比例尺数字测图系统的整体结构、数据组织、工作流程，设计了一个完整的数字测图系统。该系统具有野外数据采集、输入、处理、联接成图、编辑与修改及绘图等淡啤酒，在输入地物图形的同时，可以输入图形属性信息，输出符合国家标准图式的图形，并自动生成和维护拓扑关系。输出成果数据可以直接进入GIS系统，进行分析处理。 相似文献
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National-scale assessment of landslide susceptibility to rank the vulnerability to failure of rock-cut slopes along expressways in Korea 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Jangwon Suh Yosoon Choi Tae-Dal Roh Hyi-Jun Lee Hyeong-Dong Park 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(3):619-632
The objective of this study is to perform a preliminary national-scale assessment of the landslide susceptibility of rock-cut slopes along expressways in Korea. A geographic information system (GIS) database was compiled based on data from topographical and geological maps, and rock-cut slope data, including the locations of past landslides. Seven factors (i.e., slope height, slope length, slope gradient, upper slope gradient, lithology, distance from nearest fault, and dip direction of slope) were extracted from the GIS database to assess the relationship between each factor and landslide events. Weight of evidence (WOE), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and fuzzy logic methods, as well as hybrid methods, were used to establish the rating of classes for each factor, weightings for the factors, and to combine multiple factor layers into landslide-susceptibility maps. A comparison of the results obtained using several different methods, based on the area under curve technique, revealed that the WOE method showed the highest accuracy of 74%. The annual cost of traffic congestion resulting from slope failures was evaluated to identify those rock-cut slopes where detailed investigations and landslide warning systems are required. 相似文献
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Carlos Moreira Souza Jr. Kátia Pereira Victor Lins Sanae Haiashy Daniel Souza 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(4):205-215
A web GIS (WGIS) system for the Brazilian Amazon, named ImazonGeo and based on open source and public domain data, is presented.
ImazonGeo was built following three principles. First, the system is based on Spatial Data Infrastructure architecture and
web interface built using free software and public domain data. Second, we went beyond visualization of maps and spatial queries
by providing information obtained with spatial analysis models. To do that, we designed a database that stores the results
of previously defined spatial analyses and developed customized reports and query tools to facilitate fast access of information
by end-users. Finally, the system is application-oriented in the areas of forest monitoring, conservation and forest law enforcement,
meaning that it aims to contribute to support the protection of Brazilian Amazon forests. We illustrate these principles by
presenting ImazonGeo’s technology, architecture, content and tools. Moreover, we present two successful cases to demonstrate
how the system is being used. We conclude the paper discussing the challenges and potential solutions to turning our WGIS-SDI
system into an internet hub of geo-information about the Brazilian Amazon. 相似文献
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Mohamed O. Arnous 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(5):1349-1369
With the development of economic activities in the world, the construction activities have also increased. A proper surface and subsurface investigation is made to assess the general suitability of the site and to prepare an adequate and economic safe design for the proposed work. The main purpose of the current study is to create a spatial model of the geotechnical conditions and considerations by using geographic information systems (GIS) techniques to develop and analyze a site model and to plan site activities at the new extension of Suez City (SC). In the geotechnical site evaluations, GIS can be used in four ways, data integration, data visualization and analysis, planning and summarizing site activities, and data presentation. The integrated data can be displayed; manipulated and analyzed using tools build into the GIS programs, thus creating the geotechnical site model of the study area. Decisions can be made for further site activities and the results of the site activities can be integrated into the GIS site model. Interpretation of geotechnical data frequently involves assimilating information from many sites each with a unique geographical location. Interpretation of these data requires the spatial location to incorporate into the analysis. Weights are assigned to different of mechanical, physical soil properties, geological, hydrogeological, and other ancillary data. Finally, the weighted maps are integrated using a GIS based on the construction purposes for the new extension of SC for significant cost savings in design, construction and longevity. The ideal and good zones’ highest regime has been observed towards central and western regions with sporadic pockets. The marginal zones to average zones are moderately suited for shallow foundation. 相似文献