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1.
Pyrogenic carbon (PyC), a by-product of recurrent boreal wildfires, is an important component of the global soil C pool, although precise assessment of boreal PyC stock is scarce. The overall objective of this study was to estimate total C stock and PyC stock in forest floors of Eastern Canada boreal forests. We also investigated the environmental conditions controlling the stocks and characterized the composition of the forest floor layers. Forest floor samples were collected from mesic black spruce sites recently affected by fire (3–5 yr) and analyzed using elemental analysis and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PyC content was further estimated using a molecular mixing model. Total C stock in forest floors averaged 5.7 ± 2.9 kg C/m2 and PyC stock 0.6 ± 0.3 kg C/m2. Total stock varied with position in the landscape, with a greater accumulation of organic material on northern aspects and lower slope positions. In addition, total stock was significantly higher in spruce-dominated forest floors than stands where jack pine was present. The PyC stock was significantly related to the atomic H/C ratio (R2 0.84) of the different organic layers. 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed a large increase in aromatic carbon in the deepest forest floor layer (humified H horizon) at the organic-mineral soil interface. The majority of the PyC stock was located in this horizon and had been formed during past high severity fires rather than during the most recent fire event. 相似文献
2.
The environmental conditions of the Szczecin Bay, which existed prior to Szczecin Lagoon, have been reconstructed on the basis of the stable carbon and oxygen isotope (18O and 13C) analysis and radiocarbon dates obtained for subfossil shells of Cerastoderma (Cardium) glaucum. The shells in the collected core were well preserved in their life positions, representing a geochemical record of past temperature variation over the middle Holocene. Three major periods with different thermal conditions have been distinguished in the interval ~ 6000–4300 cal yr BP, when the important Littorina regional transgression took place. During the first period, 6000–5250 cal yr BP, water temperature decreased by 1.4°C, and then remained constant over the second period (5250–4750 cal yr BP). In contrast, during the third period (4750–4300 cal yr BP) both δ-values were highly variable and the mean summer temperature (March–November) increased by about 3.5°C. During first two periods, δ18O and δ13C were significantly correlated, indicating stability of the environmental conditions. 相似文献
3.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2003,22(5-7):541-554
The ecotone between the boreo-nemoral (hemiboreal) and the southern boreal vegetation zones constitutes the northern distributional limit of a number of thermophilous tree species in northern Europe and is, to a large extent, controlled by climatic conditions. We present a quantitative annual mean temperature reconstruction from a high-resolution pollen stratigraphy in southern boreal Finland, using a pollen-climate calibration model with a cross-validated prediction error of 0.9°C. Our model reconstructs low but steadily rising annual mean temperature from 10,700 to 9000 cal yr BP. At 8000–4500 cal yr BP reconstructed annual mean temperature reaches a period of highest values (Holocene thermal maximum) with particularly high temperatures (2.0–1.5°C higher than at present) at 8000–5800 cal yr BP. From 4500 cal yr BP to the present-day, reconstructed annual mean temperature gradually decreases by ca 1.5°C. Comparison of present results with palaeotemperature records from the Greenland ice cores, notably with the NorthGRIP δ18O record, shows marked similarities, suggesting parallel large-scale Holocene temperature trends between the North Atlantic and North European regions. The verification of the occurrence, timing, and nature of the short-term temperature fluctuations during the Holocene in the southern boreal zone in Europe requires replicate, high-resolution climate reconstructions from the region. 相似文献
4.
Black carbon decomposition under varying water regimes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The stability of biomass-derived black carbon (BC) or biochar as a slow cycling pool in the global C cycle is an important property and is likely governed by environmental conditions. This study investigated the effects of water regimes (saturated, unsaturated and alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions) and differences in BC materials, produced by carbonizing corn residues and oak wood at two temperatures (350 °C and 600 °C) on BC degradation at 30 °C over 1 year in a full factorial experiment. Effects of water regime on C loss and potential cation exchange capacity (CECp at pH 7) significantly depended on biomass type. Corn BC was both mineralized (16% C loss for the first year) and was oxidized [1000 mmole(+) kg?1 C] significantly faster under unsaturated conditions than under other water regimes, whereas oak BC mineralized most rapidly (12%) under alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions with similar oxidation, irrespective of water regime. Over 1 year of saturated incubation, the O/C ratio values did not significantly (P > 0.05) increase even though BC was mineralized by 9% and CECp increased by 170 mmole(+) kg?1 C, in contrast to unsaturated and alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions. While mineralization and oxidation significantly decreased at higher charring temperature for corn, no difference was observed for oak (P > 0.05). Unsaturated and alternating conditions increased carboxylic and OH functional groups, while they decreased aliphatic groups. The pH increased by about one unit for corn BC, but decreased by 0.2 units for oak BC, indicating strong mineral dissolution of corn BC. Carbon loss strongly correlated with changes in O/C values of both corn BC and oak BC, indicating that oxidation of BC was most likely the major mechanism controlling its stability. However, under saturated conditions, additional mechanisms may govern BC degradation and require further investigation. 相似文献
5.
Torben C. Rick Gregory A. Henkes Darrin L. Lowery Steven M. Colman Brendan J. Culleton 《Quaternary Research》2012,77(1):205-210
Radiocarbon dates from known age, pre-bomb eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shells provide local marine reservoir corrections (?R) for Chesapeake Bay and the Middle Atlantic coastal area of eastern North America. These data suggest subregional variability in ?R, ranging from 148 ± 46 14C yr on the Potomac River to ? 109 ± 38 14C yr at Swan Point, Maryland. The ?R weighted mean for the Chesapeake's Western Shore (129 ± 22 14C yr) is substantially higher than the Eastern Shore (? 88 ± 23 14C yr), with outer Atlantic Coast samples falling between these values (106 ± 46 and 2 ± 46 14C yr). These differences may result from a combination of factors, including 14C-depleted freshwater that enters the bay from some if its drainages, 14C-depleted seawater that enters the bay at its mouth, and/or biological carbon recycling. We advocate using different subregional ?R corrections when calibrating 14C dates on aquatic specimens from the Chesapeake Bay and coastal Middle Atlantic region of North America. 相似文献
6.
V.V. Bakhterev 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2009,50(7):651-655
Physical, physicochemical, and mineralogical-petrographic methods have been applied to samples of ophiolite-hosted chromite ore from different deposits and occurrences in the Urals. Temperature dependences of dielectric loss obtained for nine chromite ore samples consisting of 95–98% Cr spinel show prominent peaks indicating a relaxation origin of the loss. The analyzed samples have the loss peaks at different temperatures depending mainly on H = (FeO/Fe2O3)? : (FeO/Fe2O3)??, where (FeO/Fe2O3)? and (FeO/Fe2O3)?? are, respectively, the ferrous/ferric oxide ratios in the samples before and after heating to 800 °C, and H is thus the heating-induced relative change in the FeO/Fe2O3 ratio. These peak temperatures vary from 550 °C (sample 1, high-Cr chromium spinel with more than 52% Cr2O3) to 750 °C (sample 2, aluminous and magnesian spinel with less than 30% Cr2O3), and H ranges correspondingly from 1.61 to 5.49. The temperature of the loss peaks is related with H as H = 34.30 ? 11.52N + 1.20N2, with an error of σ = 0.19 (N = T · 10?2, T is temperature in °C). 相似文献
7.
Field application of biochar is intended to increase soil carbon (C) storage. The assessment of C storage potential of biochars lacks methods and standard materials. The reactivity of biochars and hydrochars may be one possible means of evaluating their environmental stability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reactivity of biochar produced by gasification (GS) and hydrochar produced by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC). The approach included analysis of the two different char types produced from the same three feedstocks. Moreover, we analysed the reactivity of Holocene charcoal (150 and 2000 yr old) to evaluate whether or not their use as standard materials to represent stable biochar is meaningful. We assessed carbon loss following oxidation with acid dichromate as well as hydrolysis with HCl. Our results showed that chemical reactivity is not a straightforward approach for characterising the stability of biochar and hydrochar. Acid hydrolysis showed little difference between HTCs and GSs, despite the contrasting elemental composition. Using acid dichromate oxidation, we determined that GSs contained ca. 70% of oxidation resistant C while the proportion for HTCs was < 10%. The different feedstocks had a slight, but significant, influence on the reactivity of GSs and HTCs. The content of oxidation resistant C decreased in the order 100 yr old charcoal = GSs > 2000 yr old charcoal > HTCs > feedstock and was related to elemental composition. This shows that acid dichromate oxidation may allow differentiation of the reactivity of modern biochars but that there is not necessarily a relationship between reactivity and age of Holocene charcoals. As the chemical reactivity of biochars may change with exposure time in soil, it is poorly suited for assessing their environmental residence time. 相似文献
8.
The oxidation of surface functional groups on biochar increases its reactivity and may contribute to the cation exchange capacity of soil. In this study, two Eucalyptus wood biochars, produced at 450 °C (B450) and 550 °C (B550), were incubated separately in each of the four contrasting soils for up to 2 years at 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C. Carbon functional groups of the light fraction (< 1.8 g/cm3) of the control and biochar amended soils (fresh and aged for 1 and 2 years at 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C) were investigated using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The spectra of biochar and light fractions of the control and biochar amended soils showed two distinct peaks at ∼285.1 eV and 288.5 eV, which were attributed to the C1s-π1CC transitions of aromatic C and C1s-π1CO transitions of carboxylic C, carboxyamide C and carbonyl C. The proportion of aromatic C was substantially greater in the light fraction of the biochar amended soils than the corresponding light fraction of the control soils. Also, the proportion of aromatic C was much higher in the light fraction of the B550 amended soils than in the corresponding B450 amended soils. Neither NEXAFS nor XPS results show any consistent change in the proportion of aromatic C of biochar amended soils after 1 year ageing. However, XPS analysis of hand-picked biochar samples showed an increase in the proportion of carboxyl groups after ageing for 2 years, with an average value of 8.9% in the 2 year aged samples compared with 3.0% in the original biochar and 6.4% in the control soil. Our data suggest that much longer ageing time will be needed for the development of a significant amount of carboxyl groups on biochar surfaces. 相似文献
9.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(6):1099-1105
Fluorite is one of the secondary minerals precipitated in pore spaces at the future nuclear waste repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The authors have conducted (U–Th)/He dating of this fluorite in an attempt to constrain the temperature and timing of paleo-fluid flux into the site. Repeated analysis of colourless fluorite yielded a weighted average age of 9.7 ± 0.15 Ma (2σ), younger than previously determined sanidine 40Ar/39 Ar ages (12.8 Ma) for deposition of the tuff.Laboratory He-diffusion experiments conducted on the Yucca fluorite yield a preliminary He closure temperature (Tc) of 90 ± 10 °C (cooling rate of 10 °C/Ma) and previous studies have determined that the fluorite precipitated from warm fluids (65–80 °C) at depths of <400 m. However, minerals can experience partial He loss at temperatures well below the Tc and therefore the (U–Th)/He age of 9.7 Ma is interpreted to be a cooling age. This result implies that the last period of elevated temperature fluid circulation through the Yucca site was approximately 9.7 Ma ago.It was observed that the purple coloured outer portion of the fluorite nodule yielded non-reproducible and invariably older ages than colourless fluorite. Several possible reasons are suggested. 相似文献
10.
Mónika Tóth Enikő K. Magyari Stephen J. Brooks Mihály Braun Krisztina Buczkó Miklós Bálint Oliver Heiri 《Quaternary Research》2012,77(1):122-131
Late glacial and early Holocene summer temperatures were reconstructed based on fossil chironomid assemblages at Lake Brazi (Retezat Mountains) with a joint Norwegian–Swiss transfer function, providing an important addition to the late glacial quantitative climate reconstructions from Europe. The pattern of the late glacial temperature changes in Lake Brazi show both similarities and some differences from the NGRIP δ18O record and other European chironomid-based reconstructions. Our reconstruction indicates that at Lake Brazi (1740 m a.s.l.) summer air temperature increased by ~ 2.8°C at the Oldest Dryas/Bølling transition (GS-2/GI-1) and reached 8.1–8.7°C during the late glacial interstade. The onset of the Younger Dryas (GS-1) was characterized by a weak (< 1°C) decrease in chironomid-inferred temperatures. Similarly, at the GS-1/Holocene transition no major changes in summer temperature were recorded. In the early Holocene, summer temperature increased in two steps and reached ~ 12.0–13.3°C during the Preboreal. Two short-term cold events were detected during the early Holocene between 11,480–11,390 and 10,350–10,190 cal yr BP. The first cooling coincides with the Preboreal oscillation and shows a weak (0.7°C) temperature decrease, while the second is characterized by 1°C cooling. Both cold events coincide with cooling events in the Greenland ice core records and other European temperature reconstructions. 相似文献
11.
Increased seismicity and occurrences of hot springs having surface temperature of 36–58 °C are observed in the central part of India (74–81° E, 20–25° N), where the NE trending Middle Proterozoic Aravalli Mobile Belt meets the ENE trending Satpura Mobile Belt. Earlier Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) studies along Thuadara-Sendhwa-Sindad profile in the area has showed Mesozoic Sediments up to around 4 km depth covered by Deccan Trap and the Moho depth with a boundary velocity (Pn) of 8.2 km/s. In the present study, surface heat flow of 48 ± 4 mW m?2 has been estimated based on Pn velocity, which agrees with the value of heat flow of 52 ± 4 mW m?2 based on Curie point isotherms estimates. The calculated temperature-depth profile shows temperature of 80–120 °C at the basement, which is equivalent to oil window temperature in Mesozoic sediments and around 570–635 °C at Moho depth of 38–43 km and the thermal lithosphere is about 110 km thick, which is comparatively higher than those of adjoining regions. The present study reveals the brittle–ductile transition zone at 14–41 km depth (temperature around 250–600 °C) where earthquake nucleation takes place. 相似文献
12.
Significant amounts of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) rich saline water can be produced by the oxidation of sulfide minerals contained in inland acid sulfate soils (IASS). In the absence of carbonate minerals, the dissolution of phyllosilicate minerals is one of very few processes that can provide long-term acid neutralisation. It is therefore important to understand the acid dissolution behavior of naturally occurring clay minerals from IASS under saline–acidic solutions. The objective of this study was to investigate the dissolution of a natural clay-rich sample under saline–acidic conditions (pH 1–4; ionic strengths = 0.01 and 0.25 M; 25 °C) and over a range of temperatures (25–45 °C; pH 1 and pH 4). The clay-rich sample referred to as Bottle Bend clay (BB clay) used was from an IASS (Bottle Bend lagoon) in south-western New South Wales (Australia) and contained smectite (40%), illite (27%), kaolinite (26%) and quartz (6%). Acid dissolution of the BB clay was initially rapid, as indicated by the fast release of cations (Si, Al, K, Fe, Mg). Relatively higher Al (pH 4) and K (pH 2–4) release was obtained from BB clay dissolution in higher ionic strength solutions compared to the lower ionic strength solutions. The steady state dissolution rate (as determined from Si, Al and Fe release rates; RSi, RAl, RFe) increased with decreasing solution pH and increasing temperature. For example, the highest log RSi value was obtained at pH 1 and 45 °C (−9.07 mol g−1 s−1), while the lowest log RSi value was obtained at pH 4 and 25 °C (−11.20 mol g−1 s−1). A comparison of these results with pure mineral dissolution rates from the literature suggests that the BB clay dissolved at a much faster rate compared to the pure mineral samples. Apparent activation energies calculated for the clay sample varied over the range 76.6 kJ mol−1 (pH 1) to 37.7 kJ mol−1 (pH 4) which compare very well with the activation energy values for acidic dissolution of monomineralic samples e.g. montmorillonite from previous studies. The acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) of the clay sample was calculated from the release of all structural cations except Si (i.e. Al, Fe, K, Mg). According to these calculations an ANC of 1.11 kg H2SO4/tonne clay/day was provided by clay dissolution at pH 1 (I = 0.25 M, 25 °C) compared to an ANC of 0.21 kg H2SO4/tonne clay/day at pH 4 (I = 0.25 M, 25 °C). The highest ANC of 6.91 kg H2SO4/tonne clay/day was provided by clay dissolution at pH 1 and at 45 °C (I = 0.25 M), which is more than three times higher than the ANC provided under the similar solution conditions at 25 °C. In wetlands with little solid phase buffering available apart from clay minerals, it is imperative to consider the potential ANC provided by the dissolution of abundantly occurring phyllosilicate minerals in devising rehabilitation schemes. 相似文献
13.
The large, newly discovered Sharang porphyry Mo deposit and nearby Yaguila skarn Pb–Zn–Ag (–Mo) deposit reside in the central Lhasa terrane, northern Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. Multiple mineral chronometers (zircon U–Pb, sericite 40Ar–39Ar, and zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He) reveal that ore-forming porphyritic intrusions experienced rapid cooling (> 100 °C/Ma) during a monotonic magmatic–hydrothermal evolution. The magmatic–hydrothermal ore-forming event at Sharang lasted ~ 6.0 Myr (~ 1.8 Myr for cooling from > 900 to 350 °C and ~ 4.0 Myr for cooling from 350 to 200 °C) whereas cooling was more prolonged during ore formation at Yaguila (~ 1.8 Myr from > 900 to 500 °C and a maximum of ~ 16 Myr from > 900 to 350 °C). All porphyritic intrusions in the ore district experienced exhumation at a rate of 0.07–0.09 mm/yr (apatite He ages between ~ 37 and 30 Ma). Combined with previous studies, this work implies that uplift of the eastern section of the Lhasa terrane expanded from central Lhasa (37–30 Ma) to southern Lhasa (15–12 Ma) at an increasing exhumation rate. All available geochronologic data reveal that magmatic–hydrothermal–exhumation activities in the Sharang–Yaguila ore district occurred within four periods of magmatism with related mineralization. Significant porphyry-type Mo mineralization was associated with Late Cretaceous–Eocene felsic porphyritic intrusions in the central Lhasa terrane, resulting from Neotethyan oceanic subduction and India–Asia continental collision. 相似文献
14.
The Hengshan massif is an exhumed, mid-crustal, plutonic–metamorphic dome formed during Cretaceous crustal extension in the Jiangnan orogenic belt, central South China. Multiple thermochronometers (mica 40Ar/39Ar, apatite fission track and zircon (U–Th)/He) are applied to its footwall along a slip-parallel transect to quantify its thermal history and cooling rate, and the slip magnitude, rate, initial geometry and kinematic evolution of the low-angle Hengshan detachment fault. Our thermochronological data, in conjunction with previous ages, indicate that (1) footwall rocks cooled from ~ 700 °C to ~ 60 °C in less than 60 Myr (136–80 Ma) at variable rates ranging from ~ 50 °C/Myr to ~ 13 °C/Myr, (2) the Hengshan detachment fault accommodated ~ 8–12 km of total slip at variable slip rates from 0.14 to 1 mm/yr during tectonic exhumation, (3) the footwall has been tilted ~ 26°–50° to the east since slip began, indicating that the low-angle Hengshan detachment fault initiated at a steep dip and was passively rotated to a more gentle orientation during subsequent normal slip. This study provides compelling evidence supporting that the low-angle detachment fault in the extensional dome can be generated by the reactivation and passive rotation of an initially steep reverse fault during normal slip. In addition, our thermochronological data constrain the time of extension in the Hengshan dome between 136 and 80 Ma, which implies that the back-arc extension within South China associated with the rollback of the Paleo-Pacific slab might have lasted until at least 80 Ma. 相似文献
15.
We have used geodetic techniques to improve constraints on the crustal motion of the Pamir Plateau. Three campaigns of Global Position System data acquisition between 2011 and 2015 demonstrate that, in association with the India–Asia collision, a complex pattern of crustal motion exists in the Pamir Plateau. In a north–south direction from the Indian Plate to the Hazak Block, the crust has absorbed ~ 35 mm/yr of shortening, of which ~ 35% is distributed around the Hindu Kush region (~ 12 mm/yr), and another ~ 35% is taken up around the Alai Valley (also ~ 12 mm/yr). Global Position System measurements also show ~ 5 mm/yr of shortening between the Pamir Plateau and the Tajik Basin, whereas between the Pamir and the Tarim Basin, an ~ 10 mm/yr extension rate is observed. With respect to the stable Eurasian Plate, the Pamir rotates counterclockwise at a rate of ~ 1.822°Myr− 1, with an Euler pole positioned about the west end of the Tajik Basin (37.03 ± 0.74°N, 65.89 ± 0.12°E). The strain rate field calculated from Global Position System velocities reveals that the crustal motion is consistent with localized deformation around the Hindu Kush and the Alai Valley, the latter representing a zone with strong shallow seismic activity. 相似文献
16.
Following surface mining of the Athabasca Oil Sands deposits in northeastern Alberta, Canada, land reclamation entails the reconstruction of soil-like profiles using salvaged soil materials such as peat and mining by-products. The overall objective of this research was to assess soil organic matter (SOM) quality in different reclamation practices as compared to undisturbed soils found in the region. Soil samples (0–10 cm) were taken from 45 plots selected to represent undisturbed reference ecosites and reclamation treatments. Soil OM pools were isolated using a combination of acid hydrolysis and physical separation techniques. Chemical composition of the low density fractions was characterized using ramped cross polarization (RAMP-CP) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Differences between disturbed and undisturbed sites reflected the influence of different botanical inputs (peat vs. forest litter) to SOM composition. Reconstructed soils were characterized by significantly lower alkyl over O-alkyl carbon (ALK/O-ALK) ratios (0.3) than undisturbed sites (0.5). For these reconstructed soils, a significantly higher proportion of soil carbon was present in the sand associated (Heavy sand) pool (49.2 vs. 37.3) and in the acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) fraction (61.3 vs. 54.7). These SOM parameters were significantly related to time since reconstruction, with the AUR (p value = 0.012) and Heavy sand (p value = 0.05) fractions decreasing with time since reconstruction, while the ALK/O-ALK ratio increased (p value = 0.006). These findings suggest that the ALK/O-ALK, AUR, and Heavy sand parameters are suitable indicators for monitoring SOM quality in these reconstructed soils following oil sands mining. 相似文献
17.
The Dongping gold deposit hosted in syenites is one of the largest hydrothermal gold deposits in China and composed of ore veins in the upper parts and altered zones in the lower parts of the ore bodies. Pervasive potassic alteration and silicification overprint the wall rocks of the ore deposit. The alteration minerals include orthoclase, microcline, perthite, quartz, sericite, epidote, calcite, hematite and pyrite, with the quartz, pyrite and hematite assemblages closely associated with gold mineralization. The phases of hydrothermal alteration include: (i) potassic alteration, (ii) potassic alteration - silicification, (iii) silicification - epidotization - hematitization, (iv) silicification - sericitization - pyritization and (v) carbonation. Mass-balance calculations in potassic altered and silicified rocks reveal the gain of K2O, Na2O, SiO2, HFSEs and transition elements (TEs) and the loss of REEs. Most major elements were affected by intense mineral reactions, and the REE patterns of the ore are consistent with those of the syenites. Gold, silver and tellurium show positive correlation and close association with silicification. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures in quartz veins range from 154 °C to 382 °C (peak at 275 °C–325 °C), with salinities of 4–9 wt.% NaCl equiv. At temperatures of 325 °C the fluid is estimated to have pH = 3.70–5.86, log fO2 = − 32.4 to − 28.1, with Au and Te transported as Au (HS)2− and Te22 − complexes. The ore forming fluids evolved from high pH and fO2 at moderate temperatures into moderate-low pH, low fO2 and low temperature conditions. The fineness of the precipitated native gold and the contents of the oxide minerals (e.g., magnetite and hematite) decreased, followed by precipitation of Au- and Ag-bearing tellurides. The hydrothermal system was derived from an alkaline magma and the deposit is defined as an alkaline rock-hosted hydrothermal gold deposit. 相似文献
18.
Dissolution rates of pressure solution (PS) for quartz aggregates in 0.002 M NaHCO3 solution were experimentally determined under low effective stress conditions of 0.42–0.61 MPa, and low temperatures of 25–45 °C. At temperatures of 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C, the resultant silicon dissolution rates are 4.2 ± 1.2 × 10−15, 6.0 ± 1.0 × 10−15 and 7.8 ± 1.9 × 10−15 mol/cm2/s, respectively. Ratios between these dissolution rates and those of quartz sand at zero effective stress are 4.1 ± 1.2 at 25 °C, 3.0 ± 0.5 at 35 °C, and 2.4 ± 0.6 at 45 °C. As the uniaxial pressure was increased, the dissolution rate of PS also increased, though gradually decreased when the effective stress was kept constant. After the removal of stress, the dissolution rate was observed to increase once again. The activation energy of our PS experiments was determined to be approximately 24 kJ/mol, lower than the amount required for quartz sand dissolution to commence at zero effective stress. Our results clearly show that, even at such low temperature and effective stress, Si released into solution as a result of PS can be detected. This implies that experimental compaction of quartz aggregates can be measured even under such condition. 相似文献
19.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(1):23-39
Hydrothermal alteration at Los Azufres geothermal field is mostly propylitic with a progressive dehydration with depth and temperature increase. Argillic and advanced argillic zones overlie the propylitic zone owing to the activity of gases in the system. The deepest fluid inclusions (proto-fluid) are liquid-rich with low salinity, with NaCl dominant fluid type and ice melting temperatures (Tmi) near zero (0 °C), and salinities of 0.8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The homogenization temperature (Th) = 325 ± 5 °C. The boiling zone shows Th = ±300 °C and apparent salinities between 1 and 4.9 wt% NaCl equivalent, implying a vaporization process and a very important participation of non-condensable gases (NCGs), mostly CO2. Positive clathrate melting temperatures (fusion) with Th = 150 °C are observed in the upper part of the geothermal reservoir (from 0 to 700 m depth). These could well be the evidence of a high gas concentration. The current water produced at the geothermal wells is NaCl rich (geothermal brine) and is fully equilibrated with the host rock at temperatures between T = 300 and 340 °C. The hot spring waters are acid-sulfate, indicating that they are derived from meteoric water heated by geothermal steam. The NCGs related to the steam dominant zone are composed mostly of CO2 (80–98% of all the gases). The gases represent between 2 and 9 wt% of the total mass of the fluid of the reservoir.The authors interpret the evolution of this system as deep liquid water boiling when ascending through fractures connected to the surface. Boiling is caused by a drop of pressure, which favors an increase in the steam phase within the brine ascending towards the surface. During this ascent, the fluid becomes steam-dominant in the shallowest zone, and mixes with meteoric water in perched aquifers. Stable isotope compositions (δ18O–δD) of the geothermal brine indicate mixing between meteoric water and a minor magmatic component. The enrichment in δ18O is due to the rock–water interaction at relatively high temperatures. δ13C stable isotope data show a magmatic source with a minor meteoric contribution for CO2. The initial isotopic value δ34SRES = −2.3‰, which implies a magmatic source. More negative values are observed for shallow pyrite and range from δ34S (FeS2) = −4‰ to −4.9‰, indicating boiling. The same fractionation tendencies are observed for fluids in the reservoir from results for δ18O. 相似文献
20.
The solubility of synthetic ZnS(cr) was measured at 25–250 °C and P = 150 bars as a function of pH in aqueous sulfide solutions (~ 0.015–0.15 m of total reduced sulfur). The solubility determinations were performed using a Ti flow-through hydrothermal reactor. The solubility of ZnS(cr) was found to increase slowly with temperature over the whole pH range from 2 to ~ 10. The values of the Zn–S–HS complex stability constant, β, were determined for Zn(HS)20(aq), Zn(HS)3?, Zn(HS)42?, and ZnS(HS)?. Based on the experimental values the Ryzhenko–Bryzgalin electrostatic model parameters for these stability constants were calculated, and the ZnS(cr) solubility and the speciation of Zn in sulfide-containing hydrothermal solutions were evaluated. The most pronounced solubility increase, about 3 log units at m(Stotal) = 0.1 for the temperatures from 25 to 250 °C, was found in acidic solutions (pH ~ 3 to 4) in the Zn(HS)20(aq) predominance field. In weakly alkaline solutions, where Zn(HS)3? and Zn(HS)42? are the dominant Zn–S–HS complexes, the ZnS(cr) solubility increases by 1 log unit at the same conditions. It was found that ZnS(HS)? and especially Zn(HS)42? become less important in high temperature solutions. At 25 °C and m(Stotal) = 0.1, these species dominate Zn speciation at pH > 7. At 100 °C and m(Stotal) = 0.1, the maximum fraction of Zn(HS)42? is only 20% of the total Zn concentration (i.e. at pHt ~ 7.5), whereas at 350 °C and 3 <pHt <10, the fraction of Zn(HS)42? and ZnS(HS)? is less than 0.05% and 2.5% respectively, of the total Zn concentration and Zn(HS)20 and Zn(HS)3? predominate. The measured equilibrium formation constants were combined with the literature data on the stability of Zn–Cl complexes in order to evaluate the concentration and speciation of Zn in chloride solutions. It was found that at acidic pH, and in more saline fluids having total chloride > 0.05 m, Zn–Cl complexes are responsible for hydrothermal Zn transport with no significant contribution of Zn–S–HS complexes. The hydrosulfide/sulfide complexes will play a more important role in lower salinity (< 0.05 m chloride) hydrothermal solutions which are characteristic of many epithermal ore depositing environments. The value of ΔfG° (β-ZnS(cr)) = ? 198.6 ± 0.2 kJ/mol at 25 °C was determined via solubility measurements of natural low-iron Santander (Spain) sphalerite. 相似文献