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1.
The squeezing potential of rock around tunnels: Theory and prediction with examples taken from Japan 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Summary Large deformations of surrounding media around tunnels are often encountered during excavations in rocks with squeezing characteristics. These deformations may sometimes continue for a long period of time. Predictions of deformations of tunnels in such grounds are urgently needed, not because of stability concerns, but also of their sevicability. In the present study, the squeezing phenomenon of rock around tunnels and its mechanism and associated factors are first clarified by carefully studying failures of tunnels, and a survey of tunnels in squeezing rocks in Japan is presented and its results are summarised. Then, a practical method is proposed to predic the squeezing potential and deformation of tunnels in squeezing rock and this method has beeen applied to actual tunnelling projects, where squeezing problems were encountered, to check its applicability and validity. Finally, an extension of this method to the time-dependent behaviour of squeezing rocks is given and an application of this method to an actual tunnel is presented. 相似文献
2.
高地应力条件下,深埋隧道破碎围岩容易发生挤压大变形。挤压变形量的预测对于工程的设计与施工至关重要。经验预测方法因其形式简单、使用方便得到广泛应用,现有隧道挤压变形预测的经验法具有以下特点:(1)考虑的影响因素较少,多数仅能对挤压变形进行分级,无法给出挤压变形量;(2)现有经验变形预测方法多基于围岩Q分级系统,不能直接应用于国内的BQ分级系统。因此,基于对国内外100多条隧道变形监测数据的分析,提出一种新的适用于国内岩体基本质量指标修正值[BQ]的挤压变形预测方法。该方法综合考虑了隧道埋深、跨度、围岩强度应力比、地下水、岩体结构面等影响岩体挤压变形的多种因素。通过与多条大变形隧道监测结果的对比分析,验证了预测方法的合理性,研究成果对高地应力软岩隧道确定支护强度及提前采取超前加固措施具有十分重要的指导作用。 相似文献
3.
软弱围岩隧道洞口段失稳机制分析与处置技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
隧道洞口围岩大多为软弱围岩,加之浅埋、偏压等不良地质地形因素的影响,洞口施工过程中易发生边仰坡的滑塌。厦蓉高速公路水都线的瑞坡隧道在进洞后不久就发生围岩失稳,致使仰坡开裂滑塌和洞内支护变形很大。利用FLAC3D软件模拟了隧道施工全过程,从围岩塑性区分布以及位移情况结合现场实际状况分析了隧道仰坡坍塌和支护变形发生的原因,并通过数值模拟优化了CRD法的开挖工序。最后参考数值分析结果结合工程实际提出了有效的治理措施,得到的结论可供今后类似工程参考与借鉴。 相似文献
4.
Dr W. Steiner 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1996,29(4):211-246
Summary Squeezing rock conditions have posed and continue to pose a major obstacle to the construction of tunnels through mountains, as experience dating back more than a century shows. The paper deals with the study of past experiences in the light of present geotechnical engineering knowledge. Many of the transalpine tunnels were constructed before geotechnical engineering had been developed, and the principles underlying squeezing were not yet understood. Also construction techniques have changed with time. By studying past experience in the light of our present knowledge in geotechnical engineering (rock and soil mechanics), one may gain more insight into the nature and causes of squeezing ground behaviour. Here, a number of older and newer case histories are summarised, providing substantial insight into the phenomenon of squeezing rock. Squeezing rock behaviour is influenced by rock type and structure. Usually, in squeezing zones the rock is strongly jointed and fractured and has low strength. Overburden has also a significant effect and squeezing behaviour may occur abruptly in a tunnel once a limiting overburden has been exceeded. Water pressures in strongly jointed and often crushed rock are important and so are the adopted construction procedures and sequences. A support of substantial structural strength may be necessary to prevent long-term deformations and to withstand increased loading on the tunnel liner from the rock mass surrounding the tunnel. 相似文献
5.
Summary Excessive rock pressure may cause the failure of the tunnel support resulting in large rock deformations. This phenomenon is referred to as squeezing rock behaviour. After discussion of the factors affecting squeezing the relation between rock deformation and rock pressure is described. The paper further deals with widely applied methods of excavation and support measures in squeezing rock. 相似文献
6.
Summary Some comments are presented on the finite element analysis of the time dependent effects that develop when a tunnel is driven in a rock mass characterized by a viscous behaviour. First, the so called swelling and squeezing phenomena are described considering in particular rocks containing clay minerals. Subsequently the discussion is focused on the squeezing behaviour, i.e. on the time dependent increase of the shear deformation which develops with minor volume changes. Some linear and non-linear viscous constitutive laws are discussed, as well as their use in the solution of boundary value problems. Finally, the effects taking place around tunnels driven into squeezing rocks are illustrated through some numerical analyses based on these constitutive models. 相似文献
7.
隧道挤压型变形与支护特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对挤压型大变形问题,通过木寨岭隧道科研试验与相关资料分析,得出挤压型大变形具有变形量大、持续时间长的特点,一般两侧为变形优势部位。测试数据表明,刚性支护中围岩压力、拱架应力、锚杆轴力值均较大,其中拱架应力值可能超过材料屈服强度,边墙锚杆较拱部锚杆作用明显,围岩压力与变形增量呈反比关系;在挤压型变形隧道中允许有控制性地释放围岩变形,能够减小支护结构上的围岩压力,有利于隧道结构的长期稳定。文中阐述了可让式支护原理,对可让式支护结构预留变形量进行初步预测,数值计算表明,采用刚性支护将位移控制在较小的范围内需要足够大的刚度,而可让式支护具有能够允许围岩一定程度的变形同时减小支护结构受力的优势,可在铁路隧道中推广使用。 相似文献
8.
不同围岩类别小间距隧道施工过程模拟研究 总被引：26，自引：6，他引：20
从不同围岩类别出发,对3车道小间距隧道采用典型双侧导坑法的开挖施工过程进行了数值模拟研究。给出了不同围岩类型下的3车道小间距隧道在施工过程中的围岩破坏特征及其变形规律和变形规律的相似性,获得了洞周最大变形量值之间的相对比值关系。通过中隔墙的变形与塑性破坏规律分析,比选出了3车道隧道中隔墙最小间距的工程设计参考值。分析表明：II类围岩合理间距不应小于0.45B,III类围岩应在0.35～0.45B之间,IV,V类围岩可在0.2～0.35B之间选择,对信息化反馈施工,指出了必须重点监控与关注的位置。为小间距隧道的发展和施工设计提供了较确切的参考数据和理论依据。 相似文献
9.
深隧道围岩分区破裂的数学模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
该研究为先前深隧道围岩分区破裂现象内变量梯度塑性模型的进一步发展。利用应变梯度模型研究了深隧道围岩的分区破裂现象。作为额外的状态变量,在此引入应变梯度这一新变量。利用虚功原理得到了深隧道围岩的平衡方程、边界条件和流动准则,利用Clausius-Duhem不等式获得了岩体的本构方程。对于圆形深隧道,由上述模型的一般方程得到了弹性变形情况下、具有下降段的弹塑性变形情况下和不考虑弹性变形的塑性变形情况下圆形深隧道围岩的支配方程,得到了解析解,并讨论了解析解的性质。这一模型不仅扩展了隧道围岩的经典弹塑性模型,也为下一步数值研究深隧道围岩的分区破裂现象奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
10.
高地应力条件下层状地层隧道围岩挤压变形与支护受力特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
西部地区普遍出露层片状岩体。由于强度低、自稳能力差、结构强度呈现各向异性等特点,在隧道开挖过程中常引起围岩大变形,导致初期支护结构强烈变形失稳而不得不频繁进行拆换。部分洞段二次衬砌混凝土甚至发生劈裂、掉块的破坏现象,严重影响隧道施工的进度与安全。以兰渝铁路两水隧道为工程背景,采用现场实时监测、数值模拟等手段,获取大断面隧道围岩与支护系统之间的接触压力,揭示开挖断面不同位置接触压力随时间发展规律和空间分布特征。研究结果显示,受围岩结构强度的各向异性控制,隧道开挖后支护受力极不均匀。空间上与围岩变形集中部位一致,时间上变化历时长,且由于开挖方式的影响不易稳定。初期支护钢拱架局部荷载过大而发生侧向扭曲失稳,且监测的失稳发生时间与收敛形变稳定时间相比而明显滞后。根据层状围岩的支护受力特征,提出针对此类岩体更为合理的隧道设计建议。 相似文献
11.
Summary The visco-plastic behaviour of rocks plays a relevant role in the tunnelling works, especially for deep tunnels subjected
to large initial stresses for which squeezing conditions may develop. A rheological model is discussed that accounts for visco-elastic
(primary) and visco-plastic (secondary) contributions to rock creep. The effects of tertiary creep are included in the model
by way of a gradual mechanical damage governed by the cumulated visco-plastic strains. The parameters of the intact rock are
first identified based on laboratory test results presented in the literature. Then, after scaling them to those of the rock
mass, the potential applicability of the model is tested through axisymmetric and plane strain finite element analyses of
the full face excavation of a deep circular tunnel. The results are discussed with particular reference to the short term
redistribution of stresses around the opening and to its convergence. The analyses show the relevant influence of tertiary
creep on the tunnel closure. In addition, those based on an axisymmetric scheme turn out to be crucial for the correct long
term prediction of the interaction between the rock mass and the supporting structure of the opening. 相似文献
12.
因长期遭受地质作用和构造力的改造作用,地下岩体中存在大量的软弱破碎带,隧道开挖穿越这一地带很容易出现较大的变形,甚至出现塌方等事故。论文采用TGP超前地质预报与掌子面围岩调查相结合的方法进行隧道掌子面及前方未开挖岩体的精细化地质调查,获取了隧道围岩的Hoek-Brown参数。采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法,分析了破碎带围岩在既定支护条件下的稳定性,并与现场监测数据进行对比,验证此方法的正确性。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实际监测结果较为吻合,可以将此方法用于指导未开挖段隧道的稳定性预测,以确保隧道掘进过程的施工安全。 相似文献
13.
Twin tunnels are frequently used to address the increasing transportation demands in large cities. To ensure the safety of twin tunnels in close proximity, it is often necessary to take protective measures that have not been well studied. Field monitoring was conducted for a project of twin earth pressure balance shield (EPBS) tunnels in typical soft ground. The preceding tunnel was reinforced by various measures, including trailer bracing, compensation grouting, artificial freezing and scaffold bracing. The entire deformation of the reinforced tunnel was recorded during the succeeding tunnelling process. A three dimensional finite-element method (FEM) model was established to simulate the entire process of twin EPBS tunnelling, particularly the reinforcement measures. The computed deformations of the reinforced tunnel were consistent with the measured data. Furthermore, the stress history and pore pressure of the surrounding soil were analysed to investigate the deformation mechanism of the tunnel. Both the measured and computed results indicate that although the face pressure of the succeeding tunnel was smaller than the earth pressure at rest, the preceding tunnel could still experience an inward horizontal convergence and a deflection away from the succeeding tunnel. These distortion modes were caused by the squeezing effect of the horizontal soil arch in front of the succeeding tunnel face. Finally, convergence and deflection indices were proposed to quantify and assess the effectiveness of the reinforcement measures. The trailer bracing, as an “in-tunnel” reinforcement technique, was found to be the most effective method for controlling tunnel convergence. However, artificial freezing as an “out-tunnel” reinforcement technique led to the largest reductions in tunnel deflection. A combination of both “in-tunnel” and “out-tunnel” reinforcements was recommended. 相似文献
14.
海底隧道最小岩石覆盖厚度的位移收敛法 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
关于岩体稳定评判准则至今尚未达到成熟的阶段,从稳定的定义、量化的判断到分析的理论、准则和方法等一系列基本问题尚未形成明确的系统。目前比较常用的方法就是利用塑性区来判断围岩的稳定范围。但塑性区主要用来确定围岩的破坏范围,对于确定海底隧道的最小覆盖层厚度有些过于危险,因为一般海底隧道主要修建于硬岩中,其开挖引起的塑性区很小。因此,有必要建立确定海底隧道最小岩石覆盖厚的方法。应用适合模拟岩土大变形的数值分析方法FLAC3D,运用围岩变形量或变形率判据,建立确定海底隧道最小岩石覆盖厚度的位移收敛判据,并将该判据用于确定某海底隧道的最小岩石覆盖厚度,以说明该方法用于确定海底隧道最小岩石覆盖厚度的正确性和有效性。 相似文献
15.
Shaoyun Luo Zeng Guo Lei Han Ruihai Zheng Tianxin Niu 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(5):2995-3009
The study investigated the extra-long Shuangxiling tunnel in soft phyllite within Nanchang–Ningdu highway in Jiangxi province, China. The supporting scheme of reducing the size and density of anchor rods while strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support was put forward aiming at the repeated occurrence of great deformation of surrounding rocks during tunneling. Moreover, two groups of comparative supporting schemes were introduced for comparison. Based on the numerical simulation, the study calculated the amount of displacement deformation, stress on anchor rods, development of plastic zones, stress on shotcrete, and stress on secondary lining structure under different supporting schemes. By conducting field monitoring test, the surrounding rock deformations and pressures under different supporting schemes were monitored and measured in real time. The research results showed that after strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support, the surrounding rock pressure on the supporting structure increased. It limited the preliminary stress release rate of surrounding rocks, protected the integrity of surrounding rocks and controlled the sustained deformation of surrounding rocks. However, weakening the size and density of anchor rods had an insignificant effect on the whole supporting effect. The result of field test was basically consistent with that obtained through numerical simulation, which theoretically and practically verified the scientificity and feasibility of the supporting scheme of weakening the size and density of anchor rod while strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support. The research result provides references for the support optimization of similar tunnels along the highway. 相似文献
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17.
通过分析不同结构围岩的变形机制研究隧道变形的尺寸效应,研究结果表明隧道围岩变形的尺寸效应与围岩的变形机制存在密切的关系。围岩中由于结构面的存在使围岩的变形机制复杂多样,主要包括材料变形和结构变形两大类,围岩变形的尺寸效应也主要体现在材料变形和结构变形两方面。围岩材料变形包括弹性变形和塑性变形,均与围岩断面尺寸呈线性比例关系;围岩结构变形的尺寸效应表现为：（1）围岩结构类型随隧道断面尺寸的增大而发生改变,不同类型的围岩其变形机制不同,不同变形机制产生的围岩变形量相差较大;（2）在同一种围岩结构下,相同变形机制产生的围岩变形量也会随着隧道尺寸增大而呈现不同的变化规律,如在块状围岩中,隧道周边不可动块体会随着隧道断面尺寸的增大而转化成可动块体,从而发生滑动或者滚动变形,甚至坍塌;在层状围岩中,岩层的弯曲变形与隧道断面尺寸的平方成正比。 相似文献
18.
基于湿度应力场理论,推导了考虑膨胀应力和剪胀特性的圆形隧道开挖后围岩力学响应的弹塑性解。将隧道软弱围岩遇水膨胀现象视为湿度-应力耦合过程,基于Fick第二定律,推导了圆形隧洞围岩内湿度扩散非稳态解。采用非关联流动法则,获得了隧道高膨胀势区的应力和位移解答。以两种不同质量岩体开挖的隧洞为例,分析了膨胀围岩应力和变形的影响因素。结果表明,考虑膨胀应力（取决于围岩含水率变化和湿度膨胀系数）时,塑性区扩大,松动圈厚度增加,应力收敛变慢。当膨胀应力增大到一定程度时,塑性区将出现拉应力区。膨胀岩隧洞开挖遇水作用,膨胀应力增加的围岩变形远大于地应力引起的围岩变形。同时,应力剪胀对膨胀性围岩的变形影响不容忽视,尤其是在支护抗力较小的情况下,洞壁处径向位移增加显著。 相似文献
19.
处于薄—中层倾斜层状岩体中的深埋隧道常会产生地质顺层偏压的问题,导致隧道局部塌方、偏压变形及支护结构破坏。本文以郑万线某隧道为例,采用理论分析、数值模拟方法对深埋顺层隧道的破坏机理及不同结构面参数下的破坏规律展开了研究。研究结果表明:（1）深埋顺层偏压隧道洞周围岩将根据其切向应力与结构面夹角的不同发生岩层拉裂破坏、结构面剪切破坏及岩体自身破坏,其中切向应力与结构面平行位置,即反倾侧拱腰及顺倾侧拱脚位置主要发生拉裂破坏,此处围岩塑性区范围最广,围岩位移最大,围岩处于极不稳定状态;（2）顺层偏压隧道的破坏规律与结构面强度参数有直接关系,围岩塑性区范围及围岩位移均随着结构面摩擦角的增大而降低,且降低趋势逐渐放缓,当结构面摩擦角达到岩体摩擦角后,结构面摩擦角继续增加对围岩稳定性影响较小;（3）围岩塑性区及围岩位移场偏压分布特征随结构面倾角的变化而整体旋转,且对于隧道底部而言,结构面最不利倾角为0°,此时隧底最大上鼓量大于其他倾角下的最大上鼓量;对于隧道拱部而言,最不利倾角为40°,此时洞周最大收敛值大于其他倾角下的最大收敛值,最不利位置位于反倾侧拱腰。 相似文献
20.
为研究深部回采巷道围岩大变形破坏规律,在地质力学评估及矿压显现特征实测的基础上,采用真三轴相似模拟方法,模拟了不同加载梯度下巷道围岩应变特征。结果显示,在浅埋静水压力条件下,巷道围岩呈现“浅部拉应变、深部零应变”的特征;深埋静水压力及初掘采动应力下巷道围岩出现“径向应变拉压交替分布”现象;当采动应力集中系数大于2时,深埋巷道围岩应变进入非线性大应变状态。采用FLAC3D的应变软化模型与摩尔-库仑模型,对比研究了深部回采巷道围岩位移、塑性区分布规律。结果表明,应变软化条件下,巷道围岩产生拉、压分区破坏且软化后的围岩位移与实测结果更吻合。综合研究结果,揭示了深部回采巷道围岩拉、压分区的产生机制,初步提出了注浆、喷层等措施,防止过度应变软化引起深部回采巷道围岩大变形,为类似巷道稳定性控制提供了一定的参考。 相似文献