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1.
Pressure of natural gas in its rock reservoir determines the final radon concentration in this gas after its decompression to normal conditions. In this investigation, radon contents of 62 natural gas samples were measured and a simple physical model of the gas reservoir was applied. The model takes into account an additional dependence of radon concentration on the natural gas pressure and on the porosity of the rock reservoir. The influence of the gas pressure on the value of the radon emanating power is discussed. The mean
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Ra content in the source rock needed for generation of
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Rn concentrations observed in gas is also calculated. The calculations are made with the help of regression analysis. 相似文献
2.
A process‐based model that simulates fluvial erosion in the River Somme Valley over the last million years is presented here. The model takes into account lithology and climatic influences and allows the simulating of undercapacity and overcapacity sediment transport behaviour. The model has been calibrated to a family of terraces within the River Somme Valley. When matched to this field data, simulation trials suggest that bedrock incision occurred principally from 120 to 60–40 kyr during the last climatic cycle and before the last glaciation. The impact of a progressive tectonic uplift (c. 60 m over c. 1 million years) on the River Somme has also been studied here. Extended over a longer period of time, the simulations suggest that 1 million years ago the profile of the River Somme had a lower slope gradient than today, with little relief throughout the Paris Basin. 相似文献
3.
The Multiple Diffusion Domain (MDD) theory of Ar loss, based on the 40Ar/39Ar method, has been used to obtain thermal histories, over tens of millions of years, in the range 500 °C to near-surface
temperatures, of alkali feldspars from slowly cooled geological environments and recovered in situ from sedimentary basins
and geothermal systems. It assumes that Ar diffuses in Nature, over geological time, from the same domains, and by the same
processes, that control its diffusion during laboratory step-heating experiments. Mathematically the model has many stringent
requirements: the domains must form at T above those being modelled and must remain unchanged during geological time and during step heating, must not interact, must
occur in discrete size ranges sharing one simple geometrical shape, contain no compositional gradients in 40K, and release Ar into an infinite reservoir. We describe the nature of possible diffusion domains, and the fast pathways
for diffusion between them, known to exist in alkali feldspars from direct electron microscopic observations, and explore
their time–temperature evolution, based on established phase behaviour, both over geological time and during step heating.
Strain-controlled microtextures, whose morphology is controlled by the minimization of coherency strain energy, do not provide fast pathways
for Ar loss, and behave as crystallographically complex but single domains for Ar. Subregular dislocations may form over a
range of T in some strain-controlled intergrowths, but in Nature the majority form closed loops and do not provide pathways to the crystal
surface. Deuteric microtextures cut across strain-controlled microtextures, and are composed of microporous subgrain and grain mosaics with many pathways
and a wide spectrum of possible domain sizes and shapes. The deuterically altered zones provide pathways for Ar diffusion
out of the crystal, although some Ar is retained in fluid inclusions. All microtextures likely to define diffusion domains
form below 500 °C, over a range of T and (in slowly cooled rocks) of times. The most important involve fluid–feldspar reactions, which can reset Ar, and continue
to surface T. Feldspars in geothermal systems and young sedimentary basins are subject to ongoing chemical and microtextural changes.
Because the microtextures are metastable during step-heating experiments in the T range over which most Ar is released, domains and pathways for rapid diffusion of Ar between domains will be significantly
modified during step heating, particularly above 750 °C, when departures from a simple Arrhenius diffusion law are most marked.
Pre-melting is likely to be an important cause of complexity in Ar loss behaviour. Few, if any, of the requirements of the
MDD model are met, and we conclude that thermal histories cannot be obtained from alkali feldspars using this method.
Received: 21 September 1998 / Accepted: 1 March 1999 相似文献
4.
Antonio Dematteis Luca Soldo 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2015,9(4):250-260
ABSTRACTIn this paper recent improvements of the R-Index method are presented, based on its application on several projects in various geological and geotechnical contexts. The R-Index derives from a probabilistic procedure conceived for estimating the reliability level of the Geological and Geotechnical Design Model used to design underground structures, especially tunnels. The R-Index takes into account the geological complexity of a site and recommended empirical scores (based on expert judgement) for different quality levels of geological surveys and geotechnical and geophysical investigations. 相似文献
5.
The Quaternary geological environment supplied mankind with a habitat and rich natural resources such as forest, meadow,
water, etc. Mankind has developed to modern civilization through a very long history. During the last 100 years the area of
desertification has been expanding, natural resources have been consumed, and eco-environments plundered. Mankind felled forests,
cultivated grassland, and increased farmland because of unceasing increasing population and the need for materials. In a period
of 50–100 years, mankind's destruction could change good meadow into desert. The following examples are evidence: Shangdu
grassland in Inner Mongolia and the west grassland of Jilin Province have been changing into desert rapidly. Two concepts
of destructive power (D) and bearing capacity (B) can be used to describe this process. When D<B, the ecosystem keeps good circulation, D=B, eco-balance reaches critical state, and D>B, ecosystem loses balance, the environment is destroyed and developed toward desert. The law of destructive power increasing
with time accords with logistic curves and can be expressed by a logistic model. Destructive power (D) increases with decrease of bearing capacity (B);D and B represent a reciprocal relation. With a logistic model the developing process of desertification can be studied and the developing
rate and strength of change can be forecasted.
Received: 20 July 1998 · Accepted: 1 December 1998 相似文献
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Eduardo Teixeira Mansur Sarah‐Jane Barnes Dany Savard Peter C. Webb 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(1):147-167
The study of Te, As, Bi, Sb and Se (TABS) has increased over the past years due to their use in the development of low‐carbon energy technologies. However, there is a scarcity of mass fraction values of TABS in geological reference materials. This underlines the difficulty in undertaking routine determinations of these elements. The mass fractions of TABS were determined in geological reference materials using hydride generation‐atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG‐AFS), calibrated with standard solutions. Comparisons with literature values were used to validate the method. Samples from the GeoPT proficiency test were also analysed. For most elements, there are no assigned or even provisional values for many of the GeoPT and reference materials because of the wide range of results reported. For mass fractions above the quantification limit of the method, our results are in good agreement with the median of GeoPT results. Thus, we propose GeoPT median values as informational values for these elements. In contrast, at mass fractions < 0.5 µg g?1 median values of Se from GeoPT are systematically higher than our results. Our Se results are in agreement with the reference materials down to 0.02 µg g?1, which suggest that many of the results for Se reported in GeoPT testing are too high. 相似文献
8.
李曙光 《中国地球化学学报》1992,11(4):314-328
A new approach to the investigation of the Sm/Nd evolution of the upper mantle directly from the data on lherzolite xenoliths is described in this paper.It is demonstrated that the model age TCHUR of an unmetasomatic iherzolite zenolith ca represent the mean depletion age of its mantle source, thus presenting a correlation trend between f^Sm/Nd and the mean depletion age of the upper mantle from the data on xenoliths.This correlation trend can also be derived from the data on river suspended loads as well as from granitoids.Based on the correlation trend mentioned above and mean depletion ages of the upper mantle at various geological times, an evolution curve for the mean f^Sm/Nd value of the upper mantle through geological time has been established.It is suggested that the upwilling of lower mantle material into the upper mantle and the recycling of continental crust material during the Archean were more active ,thus maintaining fairly constantf^Sm/Nd and εNd values during this time period. Similarly ,an evolution curve for the mean f^Sm/Nd value of the continental crust through geological time has also been established from the data of continental crust material.In the light of both evolution curves for the upper mantle and continental crust ,a growth curve for the continental crust has been worked out ,suggesting that :(1)about 30%(in volume )of the present crust was present as the continental crust at 3.8 Ga ago ;(2)the growth rate was much lower during the Archean ;and (3)the Proterozoic is another major period of time during which the continental crust wsa built up . 相似文献
9.
Models for 12 elliptical galaxies are constructed based on the second-order tensor virial theorem. This method takes into account the spatial shape and structure of the internal density layers for each galaxy. New data for the surface brightness and isophote structure of the E galaxies derived from deep photometric observations are used. A system of equations is used to find the components of the gravitational-energy, rotational-energy, and velocity-dispersion tensors. This makes it possible to calculate the anisotropy index β of the velocity dispersion of each galaxy. The values for the entire sample lie in the range 0.012 ? β ? 0.246. It is shown that taking into account variations in the mass-to-light ratio M/L (for the stellar component) can reduce the value of β by roughly 20%. The results are compared with those from other studies. Our values of β for small E galaxies (rapid rotators) agree with those found in the ATLAS3D project based on Jeans anisotropy models. However, our models for giant E galaxies (slow rotators) taking into account the triaxial shape and realistic structure of the density layers provide a much better agreement with observations than the simple axially symmetrical models from the SAURON project.
相似文献10.
Donald H. Eckhardt 《Mathematical Geology》1984,16(2):155-171
Studies of correlation coefficients between different sets of global geophysical data may lead to useful inferences concerning their relationship or independence. If one data set is allowed to rotate with respect to another, the statistical theory is complicated and extra care is required before one can conclude that there is any statistical significance to a maximized correlation coefficient. If, for some relative rotation, two spherical harmonic fields are significantly correlated, then their individual degree component harmonics of dominant power must also be significantly correlated. Rotations can be found that result in high correlations between the dominant low-degree spherical harmonics of the geomagnetic and tertestrial gravity field potentials, but rotations can also be found that result in equally high, yet meaningless, correlations if the lunar gravity field is substituted for the geomagnetic field. To explain such high correlations, the theoretical correlation distribution function between normally distributed component harmonics is derived and then verified for lowdegree harmonics by using a Monte Carlo technique which takes into account the three-dimensional rotation group. Some curious properties surface: (1)the correlation distribution function for all possible relative orientations is almost the same between identical and uncorrelated fields; and (2)a system for determining the correlation distribution function from randomly selected fields or from randomly rotated fields is almost ergodic. 相似文献
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Building and Editing a Sealed Geological Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guillaume Caumon François Lepage Charles H. Sword Jean-Laurent Mallet 《Mathematical Geology》2004,36(4):405-424
13.
Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
A methodology is presented for evaluating and mapping the degree of groundwater contamination by applying the contamination index C d . The applicability of the contamination index was tested in two distinctly different geological regions: the area between Uusikaupunki and Yläne in southwestern Finland and the Brezno area in central Slovakia. The index takes into account both the number of parameters that exceed the upper permissible concentrations of contaminants or potentially harmful elements and the part of the concentrations exceeding those values. The water-quality parameters reflect the effect of diverse natural (topographical, climatical, geological, biological) and anthropogenic (type of land use, local pollution) environmental factors on groundwater quality. In Finland, technical-aesthetic contamination was found over more than half the test area. These quality problems were most often related to acidity and high concentrations of organic carbon and Al and Fe in wells. Health-risk-based contamination, mainly caused by elevated concentrations of fluoride, radon, or nitrate, was found in only a few separate areas. In Slovakia, naturally contaminated and anthropogenically polluted groundwaters could be distinguished. The geogenic pollution is mainly derived from sulfide mineralizations. In both countries the strongest anthropogenic pollution was found in intensively cultivated areas. 相似文献
14.
近年来光释光测年在单颗粒技术上的研究取得了一系列重要进展,极大地提高了测年精度,为地质考古测年提供了更大的空间,研究者们对全球重要考古遗址点进行了详细的单颗粒测年,取得诸多考古新发现。单颗粒释光技术是在光释光单片技术上发展而来,对样品的单个石英或长石颗粒进行独立测试,基于单个颗粒测量结果,结合误差理论、统计学分析和样品地质沉积特征分析获得样品的准确年龄。本文结合大量地质考古样品的单颗粒测年数据,重点阐述了单颗粒释光测年技术的原理、发展历程、实验流程、筛选条件和年龄模型。单颗粒释光技术为地质考古的精确定年提供了可能性,尤其是对由于晒退不充分等原因导致的等效剂量分散的样品,如过度分散值(OD)高达20%甚至超过50%的地质考古样品,提供了新的方法和及时支持。通过开展释光测年信号分析,选择不同的单颗粒样品年龄模型分析,可以得到较为可靠的年龄,为诸多地质考古遗迹建立年代学框架。 相似文献
15.
Solutions are presented for the problem of isothermal dessiccation shrinkage in a double‐layer porous partially saturated medium. The rheological model taken into account is linear poroelastic. Hence the analysis is mainly focused on hydromechanical coupling effects and contrasts of mechanical and hydraulic properties between two materials: a low thickness skin comprised between the outer boundary and the reference porous material. Three one‐dimensional ideal structures are taken into account: a wall of finite thickness (cartesian geometry), a thick cylinder and a thick sphere. The solution of the time‐dependent problem is arrived at by applying Laplace transforms to the field variables. Exact solutions are obtained in Laplace transform space using Mathematica© to solve the field equations whilst taking into account the continuity equations at the interface and the boundary conditions. The Talbot's modified algorithm has been performed to invert the Laplace transform solutions. A bibliographical and numerical study shows that this method is remarkably precise, stable and close to the analytical inversion. Results are presented using poroelastic data representative of a concrete material and involve a strong coupling effect between hydraulical and mechanical behaviours. A first approach elastic modelling of degradation process have been presented using a thin outer layer. Apart from emphasising the semi‐explicit solution utility due to accurate speed calculation, this paper deals with more complex problems than those which can be solved using purely analytical solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Evolution of occlusal shape of the first and second upper molars of Middle–Late Pleistocene collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx,Arvicolinae, Rodentia) in northeast European Russia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Dmitry Ponomarev Andrey Puzachenko 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2015,44(4):741-759
An approach combining traditional morphotypical methods, multivariate analysis and informational‐statistical methods was used to study evolutionary changes in the occlusal shape of the first and second upper molars of Recent and Middle–Late Pleistocene Dicrostonyx (32 samples) from localities in northeast European Russia (northeastern Russian Plain, the Timan Ridge and the northern part of the Urals). The evolutionary history is described in terms of morphological evolutionary levels of teeth suggested by Smirnov et al. (1997, Materialy Po Istorii I Sovremennomu Sostojaniju Fauny Severa Zapadnoj Sibiri: Sbornik Nauchnyh Trudov, Chelyabinsk, slightly modified). Based on 14C‐dated samples, levels of molar evolution did not always successively replace each other in time, but rather there were often synchronous populations at any given level. This finding supports the notion of a mosaic pattern of morphotypical diversity and relatively independent, parallel evolution of lemming teeth amongst different populations. Six relatively distinct stages in the evolutionary history of Dicrostonyx from the Pechora (Dnieper) to Recent time have been described, but estimations of their relative ages are often debatable. The rates of change in the M1 and M2 morphotypes and morphological diversity in collared lemmings varied over the entire time interval. The fastest replacement of morphotypes and the highest level of morphological diversity in the study area occurred approximately during the Lateglacial (16–10 cal. ka BP). In the present study, we suggest a new version of evolutionary history of collared lemmings in northeast European Russia, taking into consideration the morphological variability of molars, radiocarbon dates and geological data. Our results provide a more detailed pattern of species evolution in the studied region and specific ages of some localities. 相似文献
17.
Mary Ann Levine 《Geoarchaeology》2007,22(1):49-66
Although native copper has attracted the scholarly attention of both geologists and archaeologists since the middle of the 19th century, it is only recently that native copper studies have benefited from interdisciplinary research. This history of disciplinary solitude can be traced to the professionalization of the two fields in the early 20th century, an era in which crossdisciplinary communication began to wane. The effects of this phenomena resulted in the development of a model of aboriginal native copper procurement by archaeologists that did not take into account the geological literature, which had long identified numerous—rather than a single—source of native copper in North America. In this article, the author discusses how this disciplinary solitude developed and how it resulted in the creation of a dominant model for native copper procurement that constrained our understanding of aboriginal lifeways for generations. The author also considers how increasing collaboration between geologists and archaeologists since the 1970s has led to the reevaluation of an old model of native copper procurement that has been uncritically accepted by most archaeologists for over a century and a half. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
18.
Experimental observations clearly show that the relative humidity (hr) conditions influence significantly the creep behavior of cement‐based materials, indicating that the water present within these materials plays a crucial role. This work presents a creep model for hardened cement pastes (HCP), based on a multiscale homogenization approach. It takes into account both free and adsorbed water contained in the porosity and investigates their effects on the HCP macroscopic creep behavior. The calcium silicate hydrate phase is assumed to be linear viscoelastic, and the Mori–Tanaka scheme is applied in the Laplace–Carson space to the composite formed of porosity, calcium silicate hydrate, and the other main hydrated compounds (which behavior is linearly elastic) by making use of the correspondence principle. With this model, estimations of the evolution of the macroscopic creep behavior of HCP submitted to constant external loading are examined under different hr and compared with available experimental data. Finally, a method for implementing the model in a finite element code is proposed, and simulations of standard creep tests are performed to assess its validity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Engineering geological evaluation of geological barrier rocks at landfills and repositories 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Langer 《Environmental Geology》1998,35(1):19-27
A site specific evaluation of geological barriers is required for landfills and waste repositories. The waste-repository-rock system has to be taken into consideration for this. Since the geotechnical barrier in conjunction with geological barriers contributes considerably to long-term isolation of the harmful substances from the biosphere, it is absolutely necessary
to use engineering geology and hydrogeological methods for a quantitative assessment of the barrier effect of the host rock
and the geological environment. For a waste disposal mine, the load-bearing capacity of the rock, the protective properties
of the surrounding rock formations and the geological stability of the area are important factors in a safety analysis, of
which the geotechnical stability analysis is an important part. Such an analysis comprises an engineering geological study
of the site, laboratory and in situ experiments and model calculations, long-term monitoring, and special geological and geochemical
investigations. Existing geomechanical modelling techniques provide a useful tool to perform barrier integrity calculations
and to design an underground disposal mine. As an example, the barrier performance of the rock salt of the Gorleben salt dome
is demonstrated using various safety indicators.
Received: 3 January 1997 · Accepted: 29 January 1997 相似文献
20.
Dr. W. Ehrismann Dipl.-Geophys. H. -J. Götze Dipl.-Geophys. W. Leppich Dipl.-Geophys. O. Lettau Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Rosenbach Dipl.-Geophys. W. Schöler Univ.-Prof. Dr. P. Steinhauser 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1976,65(1):767-778
Gravity measurements in the Krimmler Ache Tal and Obersulzbachtal (Oberpinzgau/ Austria) have been carried out. The results of the measurements are presented as follows:
- Profiles of Bouguer anomalies (BA),
- Profiles of regional and residual anomalies.