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1.
基于天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川2008年高精度差分GPS测量资料,2009年末端重复测量数据以及1964年地形图,通过对比研究近45 a来该冰川的变化特征,结果表明:1964~2009年,青冰滩72号冰川末端退缩1 852 m,年均后退41 m,由此造成面积减少约为1.53 km2,年均减少0.03 km2;1964~2008年,冰舌平均减薄9.59±6 m,年均减薄约0.22±0.14 m,冰储量亏损达14.1±8.8×10-3 km3(12.7±7.9×10-3 km3 w.e.)。与天山其它区域典型监测冰川相比,青冰滩72号冰川消融强烈,是区域气候、末端海拔、冰川类型、表碛覆盖等因素综合影响的结果。 相似文献
2.
祁连山中部亚高山草地作物系数估算 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用Lysimeter蒸散仪于2011-2014年对祁连山中部黑河上游天涝池流域亚高山草地实际蒸散量进行观测。用FAO Penman-Monteith模型对草地参考蒸散量进行估算,根据草地植被高度结合气象数据,以估算日尺度作物系数,以估算的作物系数与模拟的参考蒸散量计算草地实际蒸散量,并用观测值进行验证。结果表明：FAO改进后的作物系数计算方法适合该区域草地作物系数的计算;以FAO Penman-Monteith模型估算的日蒸散量为0.50~7.26 mm,生长季日均蒸散量有年际变化,2011年 > 2014年 > 2012年 > 2013年。总体来看,土壤蒸发总量年际变化不大,影响蒸散量年际变化的主要部分是植被的蒸腾。 相似文献
3.
B. Ja. Gelchinsky 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,71(2):425-453
Summary. The problem of scattering of a wave with a front of arbitrary shape by a curved quasi-thin body bounded by contour L of arbitrary shape is presented. The problem is solved using the Kirchhoff approximation (KA). The reflecting (scattering) properties of the body are given in terms of the reflection (transmission) coefficients. The routine technique of computation in the KA is complemented by significant improvements. The procedure of smooth continuation of the body surface S beyond its boundary contour L is suggested. The invariant presentation of the expressions for the scattered field u s obtained in the paper is extremely important.
The leading term in the formula for the field us is obtained as a product u s = u ray W , where u ray is the reflected wavefield computed, according to the formulae of ray theory, as if the body surface is boundless; W is the so-called weakening function, which takes account of the modification of the ray field caused by diffraction at the edges (the contour L ).
The arguments of the weakening function are dimensionless quantities depending on the relation between the body size and the radii (half-axes) rf ( i ) ( i = 1, 2) of the Fresnel zones on the surface S. The values of r f ( i ) are obtained in the paper. The method of computation of the function W turns out to depend essentially on the reciprocal position of the Fresnel zone and body contour. When the contour L is of a complex form, the surface S is divided into simple surfaces Si , each of which is limited by a contour L , which permits the carrying out of a single valued (in the sense of the leading part of the field) smooth continuation of Si . 相似文献
The leading term in the formula for the field u
The arguments of the weakening function are dimensionless quantities depending on the relation between the body size and the radii (half-axes) r
4.
在科尔沁沙地选择不同类型沙地优势植物,测定了其在自然脱水、高温处理及复水后叶可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,在胁迫过程中流动沙地上的沙米、欧亚旋覆花,叶片内可溶性糖积累,尤其是脯氨酸积累较高,处理12h较处理前分别增加了92.87%、10.28倍,可溶性蛋白质含量下降,在胁迫处理后植株枯死;半固定沙地上的差不嘎蒿可溶性糖增加41.57%、脯氨酸含量增加8.95倍、可溶性蛋白质下降15.04%,在两种胁迫处理后依然存活并恢复生长;固定沙地的白草和狗尾草可溶性糖增加89.82%和89.43%,脯氨酸增加2.49倍和2.53倍、可溶性蛋白质增加。因此,如果把胁迫中叶内积累的脯氨酸与胁迫后植株的存活结合起来看,两种胁迫中差不嘎蒿、狗尾草、白草体内积累的脯氨酸起保护性反应,而沙米、欧亚旋覆花的则是受害症状。 相似文献
5.
为分析不同高寒植物群落优势种的光合特性,探究影响光合作用的主要环境因子,选择若尔盖高原同纬度同海拔的沼泽湿地、湿草甸和干草甸样地,对比研究典型植物群落优势种木里苔草(Carex muliensis)、四川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)光合日变化。结果表明:(1)由于水分条件差异显著(P<0.05),沼泽湿地优势种木里苔草的净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈单峰趋势,而湿草甸和干草甸优势种Pn则为双峰曲线,存在光合"午休"现象。(2)水分利用效率(WUE)日均值表现为干草甸优势种>湿草甸优势种>沼泽湿地优势种;各群落优势种光能利用效率(LUE)日均值无显著差异。(3)沼泽湿地优势种Pn主要受光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温(Ta)和空气相对湿度(RH)的影响;干草甸Ta和PAR为主要环境因子,湿草甸影响优势种Pn的主导因素为PAR。 相似文献
6.
Peter Olsen 《Geophysical Journal International》1977,51(1):183-215
This paper investigates possible long-period oscillations of the earth's fluid outer core. Equations describing free oscillations in a stratified, self-gravitating, rotating fluid sphere are developed using a regular perturbation on the equations of hydrodynamics. The resulting system is reduced to a finite set of ordinary differential equations by ignoring the local horizontal component of the earth's angular velocity vector, Ω, and retaining only the vertical component. The angular dependence of the eigensolutions is described by Hough functions, which are solutions to Laplace's tidal equation.
The model considered here consists of a uniform solid elastic mantle and inner core surrounding a stratified, rotating, inviscid fluid outer core. The quantity which describes the core's stratification is the Brunt—Väisälä frequency N , and for particular distributions of this parameter, analytical solutions are presented. The interaction of buoyancy, and rotation results in two types of wave motion, the amplitudes of which are confined predominantly to the outer core: (1) internal gravity waves which exist when N2 > 0, and (2) inertial oscillations which exist when N 2 <4Ω2 . For a model with a stable density stratification similar to that proposed by Higgins & Kennedy (1971), the resulting internal gravity wave eigenperiods are all at least 8 hr, and the fundamental modes have periods of at least 13 hr. A model with an unstable density stratification admits no internal gravity waves but does admit inertial oscillations whose eigenperiods have a lower bound of 12hr. 相似文献
The model considered here consists of a uniform solid elastic mantle and inner core surrounding a stratified, rotating, inviscid fluid outer core. The quantity which describes the core's stratification is the Brunt—Väisälä frequency N , and for particular distributions of this parameter, analytical solutions are presented. The interaction of buoyancy, and rotation results in two types of wave motion, the amplitudes of which are confined predominantly to the outer core: (1) internal gravity waves which exist when N
7.
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠22个气象站（周边21个站和沙漠腹地1个塔中站）2005—2007年的逐时风记录数据,首先基于输沙势定义计算了2007年各测站的16个方位的输沙势;其次以内积相似度指数聚类分析为基础,再结合其空间分布特点,把该沙漠的动力输沙环境划分为5种类型：沙漠东部库尔勒型（西西南型）、北部新和型（偏南型）、西部策勒型（偏东型）、南部民丰型（东东北型）和一种特殊类型;其中策勒型输沙势最大、新和型最小;民丰型输沙势方向稳定性最好、库尔勒型最差;此外,输沙势的季节差异上（2007年为例）,各测站春夏季（3~8月）的输沙势都很强,占年均输沙势的81.29%~98.79%,尤其是5月份占年输沙势的22.7%~56.8%,冬季（11月~次年2月）几乎无起沙风;沙漠合成输沙势年际变化表现为：输沙势变幅为±33%,输沙方向变幅为±9.6°,其中输沙势值变幅最大是阿拉尔站（±80%）,方向变幅最大的是库车站（±24.4°）。 相似文献
8.
Recent studies on the relationship between the Nusselt ( Nu ) and Rayleigh ( Ra ) numbers for base-heated convection in a spherical shell with a constant viscosity show that the power-law index is around 1/4, which is different from the value of 1/3 predicted by a simple boundary layer theory. We show that such a difference may be caused by the flow pattern due to the geometry. The flow pattern of the convection in a spherical shell at relatively low Ra , at least, less than 106 , is characterized by narrow upwelling and broad downwelling, which is similar to the opposite flow pattern of internally heated convection. Convection in the internally heated case predicts the power-law index of 1/4. We demonstrate this relationship based on the concept of 'local' Rayleigh ( Ra1 ) and Nusselt ( Nu1 ) numbers 相似文献
9.
苏北滨海滩涂湿地位于现代长江口与废黄河口之间,是最典型的淤泥质平原海岸,其演变特征及空间格局具有鲜明的特征。本文选用1980年、1992年、2008年的TM 和ALOS影像为主要数据源,构建了基于空间分割和转移矩阵分析模型,研究了近30年来苏北滨海滩涂湿地的演变特征及其空间格局。结果表明： ①苏北滨海滩涂发生了巨大变化,近30年间滩涂总面积减少了1273.11 km2,平均每年减少45.47 km2;滩涂湿地侵蚀/淤积面积约965.14 km2,0 m等深线冲刷后退减少的面积约为307.97 km2。②苏北滨海滩涂湿地区域差异性明显。南北方向上可划分为6个自然地理单元,东西方向上可划分为3个区域。③苏北滨海滩涂湿地演变中,湿地转型、湿地丧失和湿地演替分别占总面积的38.39%、14.80%、20.51%;其中天然湿地减少354.1 km2,人工湿地增加1061.45 km2,非湿地增加253.09 km2。④滩涂湿地主要植被群落演替特征和空间分布也呈现出差异性。湿地演替主要发生在净变区,与对应岸段的海岸侵蚀/淤积类型基本吻合。 相似文献
10.
Summary. Six submarine rocks dredged from guyots in the western Pacific were dated by means of 40 Ar–39 Ar step heating dating technique. All ages show mid- to late-Cretaceous ages in accordance with the generally supposed age of the ocean crust estimated from the magnetic anomaly pattern.
The back-tracked paths were calculated for the guyots with the use of their absolute ages, for both the Pacific plate movements proposed by Morgan and by Clague & Jarrard. In both cases these show birth places for the guyots, which are located near the equator.
Fossil ages are nearly concordant with the40 Ar–39 Ar ages for the guyots which are older than 95 Myr, whereas the fossil ages are considerably younger than the 40 Ar–39 Ar ages for the guyots younger than 90 Myr. This contrast may be due to the world-wide marine transgression, whose climax is believed to have occurred at about 85 Myr BP. 相似文献
The back-tracked paths were calculated for the guyots with the use of their absolute ages, for both the Pacific plate movements proposed by Morgan and by Clague & Jarrard. In both cases these show birth places for the guyots, which are located near the equator.
Fossil ages are nearly concordant with the
11.
色林错湖位于青藏高原内部,是西藏第一大咸水内陆湖。研究区剖面选自色林错第三湖泊阶地,利用常用气候替代指标色度,结合粒度、碳酸盐含量［CaCO3（%）］、矿物分析和全有机质（TOC）等进行对比分析,同时采用14C测年方法对剖面进行准确的年代划分,初步探讨了末次冰盛期以来色林错湖泊沉积物色度增强机制的差异性。研究表明： a*、b*与中粗粒砂、磁化率具有较好的相关性;亮度L*与CaCO3（%）具较好相关性;因而沉积物色度变化可反应区域古气候变化。同时对湖泊沉积物矿物分析发现,影响色度变化的制色矿物主要是针铁矿,且以还原环境为主。红度a*高值与亮度L*低值对应气候暖湿气候环境,沉积物粒度较粗,碳酸盐含量低,有机质含量高,磁化率较高值;反之,红度a*低值,L*高值,粒度较细,碳酸盐含量高,有机质含量低,磁化率低值,对应干冷气候。在17.4～15.5 cal ka BP阶段,对应干冷的气候特点;在15.5～10.4 cal ka BP阶段,对应温暖湿润的气候;在10.4～5.2 cal ka BP阶段,整体属于温暖湿润的气候特点;其中,在9.7～9.4 cal ka BP和8.75～8.5 cal ka BP为两个重要的冷事件,属于干湿的气候特点;在5.2～1.2 cal ka BP阶段,反映了干冷的气候特征;在4.3～4.0 cal ka BP,3.3～3.0 cal ka BP和2.4～1.75 cal ka BP,反映了干旱温暖的气候特点;在1.2 cal ka BP以后,色林错湖湖水迅速下降。 相似文献
12.
片断化热带雨林土壤种子库初步研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过萌发实验研究片断化热带雨林的森林土壤种子库的储量、种类组成以及种子的分布。结果表明,在厚度为10cm的土壤中,受次生植被隔离的城子龙山雨林片段土壤种子库储量达到6494±155粒/m2,高于连续森林的4585±235粒/m2。而受人工植被隔离的曼仰广龙山雨林片段由于缺乏种源,土壤种子库储量较低,仅达到3505±43粒/m2。土壤种子库中的种子种类也以城子龙山为最多,达到69种。从土壤种子库的水平分布看,受次生植被影响的城子龙山和迁地保护区从林缘至林内种子储量呈下降的趋势,而需子龙山隔离程度较高、受人畜干扰严重,森林内外土壤种子库储量显差异不显著。 相似文献
13.
The effect of polar wander on the tides of a hemispherical ocean 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. J. Webb 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,68(3):689-707
Summary. A numerical model is constructed of the tides in a hemispherical ocean driven by the forces corresponding to the Y2 –2 equilibrium tide. The model is used to study how tidal dissipation is affected by changes in the position of the ocean relative to the Earth's rotational axis and to test a hypothesis concerning the Gerstenkorn event.
As the position of the Earth's axis is varied with respect to the ocean, the model shows changes in the dissipation rate due to the changing position and importance of individual resonances of the ocean. However, a cooperative effect is also observed which results, for an ocean of depth 4400 m, in broad frequency bands near 10 rad day−1 and-6 rad day−1 in which the dissipation rate remains high.
The cooperative effect is found to arise from the existence, in an unbounded ocean, of resonances at these frequencies which match the tidal forces. When ocean boundaries are introduced, the new resonances near these frequencies contain a large component of the underlying resonance and as a result are themselves a good match to the driving forces.
For the real ocean, these findings imply that changes in the position of the pole, and also possibly changes in the shape of the ocean, will on average have little effect on the energy dissipated by the tides. However in the past changes in the mean depth and area of the ocean or the increased rotation rate of the Earth may have resulted in a smaller dissipation rate. 相似文献
As the position of the Earth's axis is varied with respect to the ocean, the model shows changes in the dissipation rate due to the changing position and importance of individual resonances of the ocean. However, a cooperative effect is also observed which results, for an ocean of depth 4400 m, in broad frequency bands near 10 rad day
The cooperative effect is found to arise from the existence, in an unbounded ocean, of resonances at these frequencies which match the tidal forces. When ocean boundaries are introduced, the new resonances near these frequencies contain a large component of the underlying resonance and as a result are themselves a good match to the driving forces.
For the real ocean, these findings imply that changes in the position of the pole, and also possibly changes in the shape of the ocean, will on average have little effect on the energy dissipated by the tides. However in the past changes in the mean depth and area of the ocean or the increased rotation rate of the Earth may have resulted in a smaller dissipation rate. 相似文献
14.
托木尔峰国家级自然保护区土地利用/覆被生态服务价值变化分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量,结合研究区不同土地利用∕覆被类型的生物生产量,研究各土地利用/覆被类型的生态服务价值变化。结果表明：① 1989-2014年,冰川面积增长27.63%,草地增长35.69%,水体减少55.43%,荒地减少13.81%,林地减少9.87%;1989-2002年的区域综合动态度为0.72%,2002-2014年的为0.62%。② 保护区的生态服务价值为52.31×108元/a,突出了保护区重要的生态地位。在保护区11项生态服务功能中,水文调节和水资源供给生态服务功能价值最高,食物和原料生产生态服务功能价值较低。③ 1989-2014年生态服务总价值量降低31.49%,其中冰川和草地的总价值量持续增长27.63%和35.70%,水体和荒地的持续减少55.43%和13.81%,林地的先减22.13%,后增15.75%。在价值构成比例上,1989年水体占主要地位,2014年冰川占主要地位。 相似文献
15.
16.
小区域水平土壤有机质动态变化的评价与分析 总被引：29，自引：4，他引：29
采用动态比较的方法，分析评价了中国科学院千烟洲试验站站区范围内开垦利用后土壤有机质含量的总体变化情况及不同利用方式下变异特点。结果表明，具有我国南方低丘红壤区典型特点的千烟洲试验站在人为利用后，站区土壤有机质含量总体呈上升趋势，１１年间土壤有机质平均含量由原来１４．７８ｇ／ｋｇ上升到目前的１５．１３ｇ／ｋｇ。不同土壤之间，原土有机质含量较低的砂红壤、水稳土、潮土有机质含量分别增加了１．４１ｇ／ｋｂ 相似文献
17.
伊犁盆地黄土分布与组成特征 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
在研究伊犁盆地黄土分布特征的基础上,分析了伊犁黄土的粒度、矿物和地球化学组成特征。粒度分析表明伊犁黄土以粉砂为主,含有一定量的细砂,粒径比黄土高原粗,分选性比黄土高原黄土差。在矿物组成上以石英、长石和碳酸盐类矿物为主,含一定量的绿泥石和云母。地球化学元素分析表明伊犁黄土以SiO2、Al2O3、CaO为主,比黄土高原黄土富Na2O和CaO,反映伊犁盆地黄土形成于较干冷、化学风化弱的环境。 相似文献
18.
19.
WANG Yangyang XIAO Yu XU Jie XIE Gaodi QIN Keyu LIU Jingya NIU Yingnan GAN Shuang HUANG Mengdong 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(5):763-774
Inner Mongolia is the important ecological barrier zone in northern China, which plays an important role in the prevention and control of wind in the regional ecosystem. Based on the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model and the cost-recovery method, this study simulated the wind erosion prevention service (WEPS) in Inner Mongolia in 2010 and 2015, investigated the spatial pattern of material and monetary value of WEPS, and analyzed the differences among various cities and various ecosystems. The results indicated that the total WEPS of Inner Mongolia was estimated to be 73.87×108 t in 2015, which was 4.61×108 t less than in 2010, while the monetary value of WEPS was calculated to be 738.66×108 yuan in 2015, which was 46.16×108 yuan less than in 2010. Among all the leagues and cities, Xilin Gol League supported the highest WEPS, reaching 18.65×108 t in 2015, while Wuhai provided the lowest. The WEPS of Hulunbeier increased the most, by 4.37×108 t from 2010 to 2015. The WEPS in the grassland ecosystem was the highest among the different ecosystems, accounting for more than 55% of the total WEPS in Inner Mongolia, but it was reduced by 1.05×108 t during the same period. The WEPS in the forest ecosystem increased the most, reaching 0.19×108 t. This study found that the implementation of projects such as returning farmland to forests and grasses and sand control effectively increased the WEPS by increasing the forest area. However, unsuitable land use increased the desertification of ecosystems which resulted in a reduction of WEPS in Inner Mongolia. 相似文献
20.
The evolution of sedimentary basins on a viscoelastic lithosphere: theory and examples 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Christopher Beaumont 《Geophysical Journal International》1978,55(2):471-497
Summary. A systematic approach is suggested for modelling the development of sedimentary basins. The theory, which partitions basin formation into initiating and isostatic adjustment processes, is applicable to all modes of basin formation if these processes are linear, or can he represented with sufficient accuracy in an incrementally linear form.
The dynamics of regional isostatic adjustment are characterized by the Heaviside space-time Green functions for the response of elastic and viscoelastic (Maxwell) thin plate models of the lithosphere. It is shown, by convolving the Heaviside—Green functions with cylindrical surface loads, that the rate of isostatic adjustment on a viscoelastic lithosphere is a function of the wavelength of the surface load, long wavelengths being compensated most rapidly.
Six archetypal initiating processes for sedimentary basin development are presented. These processes are those responsible for the subsidence of the Earth's surface which creates a depression in which water and sediments collect. Isostatic amplification of subsidence by sediment and water loads is cast in the form of an integral equation with isostatic Heaviside—Green functions as kernel.
Specific examples, the basins that result from a graben initiating process, are compared with the largest scale structure of the North Sea Basin, a basin that is known to be underlain by a graben system. A model, in which a 50-km wide graben subsides exponentially with a time constant of 5 × 107 yr during the interval 180–100 Myr bp , is shown to be consistent with the largest scale structure of the North Sea Basin if the underlying lithosphere is viscoelastic with a flexural rigidity of ∼5 × 1025 Nm and relaxation time constant ∼ 106 yr. 相似文献
The dynamics of regional isostatic adjustment are characterized by the Heaviside space-time Green functions for the response of elastic and viscoelastic (Maxwell) thin plate models of the lithosphere. It is shown, by convolving the Heaviside—Green functions with cylindrical surface loads, that the rate of isostatic adjustment on a viscoelastic lithosphere is a function of the wavelength of the surface load, long wavelengths being compensated most rapidly.
Six archetypal initiating processes for sedimentary basin development are presented. These processes are those responsible for the subsidence of the Earth's surface which creates a depression in which water and sediments collect. Isostatic amplification of subsidence by sediment and water loads is cast in the form of an integral equation with isostatic Heaviside—Green functions as kernel.
Specific examples, the basins that result from a graben initiating process, are compared with the largest scale structure of the North Sea Basin, a basin that is known to be underlain by a graben system. A model, in which a 50-km wide graben subsides exponentially with a time constant of 5 × 10