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1.
Our analysis of many years of infrared photometry of the unique object FG Sge indicates that the dust envelope formed around the supergiant in August 1992 is spherically symmetrical and contains compact, dense dust clouds. The emission from the spherically symmetrical dust envelope is consistent with the observed radiation from the star at 3.5–5 µm, and the presence of the dust clouds can explain the radiation observed at 1.25–2.2 µm. The mean integrated flux from the dust envelope in 1992–2001 was ～(1.0±0.2)×10?8 erg s?1cm?2. The variations of its optical depth in 1992–2001 were within 0.5–1.0. The maximum density of the dust envelope was recorded in the second half of 1993 and corresponded to mean optical depths as high as unity. Several times in the interval from 1992 to 2001, the dusty material of the envelope partially dissipated and was then replenished. For example, the optical depth of the dust cloud at λ=1.25 µm during the last brigthness minimum in the J band was τ1.25≈4.3, which is much higher than the optical depth of the dust envelope of FG Sge. During maxima of the J brightness, the mean spectral energy distribution at 0.36–5 µm can be represented as a combination of radiation from a G0 supergiant that is attenuated by a dust envelope with a mean optical depth of 0.65±0.15 and emission from the spherically symmetrical dust envelope itself, with the temperature of the graphite grains being 750±150 K. At minima of the J brightness, only radiation from the dust envelope is observed at 1.65–5 µm, with the radiation from the supergiant barely detectable at 1.25 µm. As a result, the integrated flux during J minima is almost half that during J maxima. The mean mass of the spherically symmetrical dust envelope of FG Sge in 1992–2001 was (3 ± 1) × 10?7M⊙. This envelope’s mass varied by nearly a factor of two during 1992–2001, in the range (2 – 4) × 10?7M⊙. In Autumn 1992, the mass-loss rate from the supergiant exceeded 2 × 10?7M⊙/yr. The average rate at which matter was injected into the envelope during 1993–2001 was 10?8M⊙/yr. The mean rate of dissipation of the dust envelope was about 1 × 10?8M⊙/yr. During 1992–2001, the supergiant lost about 8.7 × 10?7M⊙. The parameters of the dust envelope were relatively constant from 1999 until the middle of 2001.  相似文献   

2.
Based on high-resolution observations (R = 60 000 and 75 000), we have studied the optical spectral variability of the star BD + 48°1220, identified with the IR source IRAS 05040+4820. We have measured the equivalent widths of numerous absorption lines of neutral atoms and ions at wavelengths from 4500 Å to 6760 Å, as well as the corresponding radial velocities. We use model atmospheres to determine the effective temperature T eff = 7900 K, surface gravity log g = 0.0, microturbulence velocity ξ t = 6.0, and the abundances for 16 elements. The star’s metallicity differs little from the solar value: [Fe/H] = ?0.10 dex. The main peculiarity of the chemical composition of the star is a large helium excess, derived from the Hel λ 5876 Å absorption, [He/H] = +1.04, and the equally large oxygen excess, [O/Fe] = +0.72 dex. The carbon excess is small, [C/Fe] = +0.09 dex, and the ratio [C/O] < 1. We obtained an altered relation for the light-metal abundances: [Na/Fe] = +0.87 dex with [Mg/Fe] = ?0.31 dex. The barium abundance is low, [Ba/Fe] = ?0.84 dex. It is concluded that the selective separation of elements onto dust grains of the envelope is probably efficient. The radial velocity of the star measured from photospheric absorption lines over three years of observations varies in the interval V ⊙ = ?(7–15) km/s. Time-variable differential line shifts have been revealed. The entire set of available data (the luminosity M v ≈ ?5 m , velocity V lsr ≈ ?20 km/s, metallicity [Fe/H] = ?0.10, and peculiarities of the optical spectrum and chemical composition) confirms the status of BD + 48°1220 as a post-AGB star with He and O excesses belonging to the Galactic disk.  相似文献   

3.
The results of long-term photometric observations of R CrB in the UBV JHKLM bands are presented. The temporal and color characteristics of the emission of the star itself and of its extended dust envelope are analyzed in detail. No stable harmonic has been found in the semiregular variations of the optical brightness of R CrB. Two harmonics with periods P≈3.3 and 11.3 yrs have been detected in the brightness variations of the dust envelope; the minima of these variations coincided in 1999, resulting in a record decrease in the LM brightness of the envelope. This by chance coincided in time with a deep minimum of the visual brightness of the star, resulting in a unique decrease in the total brightness of the star and dust envelope. This enabled estimation of the bolometric flux of the hot dust clouds, which made up only a few per cent of the bolometric flux of the dust envelope. The brightness variations of the dust envelope are not accompanied by appreciable color changes and are associated with variations of its optical depth τ(V) in the range 0.2–0.4. The dust envelope forms at a large and fairly constant distance from the star $(r_{in} \approx 110R_* ,T_{gr} \approx 860 K)$ , from material in its stellar wind, whose intensity $(\dot M_{gas} \approx 2.1 \times 10^{ - 7} M_ \odot /year)$ obeys a Reimers law. No variations synchronous with those of the optical depth of the dust envelope, in particular, with the period P≈3.3 yrs, have been found in the optical emission of R CrB, suggesting that the stellar wind is not spherically symmetric. The dust envelope consists of small grains (a gr≤0.01 µm), while the clouds screening the star from the observer are made up of large grains (a gr≈0.1 µm). The activity of R CrB, whose nature is unclear, is reflected in variations of the stellar-wind intensity and the appearance of dust clouds in the line of sight: these variations are repeated by corresponding changes in the optical depth of the dust envelope with a delay of ～4 years (the time for a particle moving at V env≈45 km/s to move from the star to the boundary of the dust envelope).  相似文献   

4.
We present the results of our IR photometric observations of the classical symbiotic star BF Cyg acquired in 1978–2003. The variability range in the J and K bands was ～0.2m. A periodic component in the cool star’s brightness variations is clearly visible, its period being half the orbital one and its J amplitude being ～0.15m. This component is associated with the ellipsoidal shape of the red giant, which model calculations show fills its Roche lobe. This is required in order to reproduce ellipsoidal brightness variability with such a large amplitude: the calculated amplitude for a red giant filling 90% of its Roche lobe is half the observed value. At the same time, it was not possible to confidently chose the optimum component-mass ratio, q = M giant /Mhot, and orbital inclination, i, from possible values in the ranges q = 2–4, i = 70°–90°. Including the contribution from the hot radiation sources (the hot component and ionized envelope), which vary with a period equal to the orbital period, has a considerable influence on the estimated parameters associated with the red giant’s ellipsoidal brightness variations, and this contribution cannot be neglected. The deviations of the observed from the calculated light curve are irregular, with the rms deviation being σ(O-C) ≈ 0.04m.  相似文献   

5.
The results of JHKLM photometry of two carbon stars are presented: the irregular variable NQ Cas and the Mira star BD Vul. Data on the mean fluxes supplemented with mid-IR observations with the IRAS, AKARI, andWISE satellites are used to compute spherically symmetrical model dust envelopes for the stars, consisting of particles of amorphous carbon and silicon carbide. The optical depth in the visible for the comparatively cool dust envelope of BD Vul, with a dust temperature at its inner boundary T1 = 610 K, is fairly low: τV = 0.13. The dust envelope of NQ Cas is appreciably hotter (T1 = 1550 K), and has τV = 0.32. The estimated mass-loss rates are 1.5 × 10?7M⊙/yr for NQ Cas and 5.9 × 10?7M⊙/yr for BD Vul.  相似文献   

6.
The evolution of Population I stars with initial masses 60 M ⊙ ≤ M ZAMS ≤ 120 M ⊙ is computed up to the Wolf-Rayet stage, when the central helium abundance decreases to Y c ≈ 0.05. Several models from evolutionary sequences in the core helium-burning stage were used as initial conditions when solving the equations of radiative hydrodynamics for self-exciting stellar radial pulsations. The low-density envelope surrounding the compact core during the core helium burning is unstable against radial oscillations in a wide range of effective temperatures extending to T eff ～ 105 K. The e-folding time of the amplitude growth is comparable to the dynamical time scale of the star, and, when the instability ceases growing, the radial displacement of the outer layers is comparable to the stellar radius. Evolutionary changes of the stellar radius and luminosity are accompanied by a decrease in the amplitude of radial pulsations, but, at the effective temperature T eff ≈ 105 K, the stellar oscillations are still nonlinear, with a maximum expansion velocity of the outer layers of about one-third the local escape velocity. The period of the radial oscillations decreases from 9 hr to 4 min as stellar mass decreases from M = 28 M ⊙ to M = 6 M ⊙ in the course of evolution. The nonlinear oscillations lead to a substantial increase of the radii of the Lagrangian mass zones compared to their equilibrium radii throughout the instability region. The instability of Wolf-Rayet stars against radial oscillations is due to the action of the κ mechanism in the iron-group ionization zone, which has a temperature of T ～ 2 × 105 K.  相似文献   

7.
The results of ~15 years of photometric observations of the UX Ori star SV Cep in the near-infrared (JHKL) are presented. They demonstrate the presence of a cyclic component with a period of ~7 years in the variations of the IR fluxes. This is clearly seen in all four IR bands, but is absent in the optical. The variation amplitude is highest in the K band: ΔK ≈ 0.68 m . The shape of the variations differs slightly in the transition from J to L. However, it is reproduced with good accuracy during two cycles, suggesting a periodic process is observed. If the periodic perturbations in the circumstellar disk of SV Cep are due to a companion’s orbitalmotion, the orbital semi-major axis should be ~5AU, foramass of SVCep of 2.6M ⊙. The absence of a seven-year period in the optical light curve of SV Cep means that the observed period cannot be due to variations in the circumstellar extinction. The IR brightness variations could be due to the companion’s motion along an eccentric orbit, resulting in a periodic modulation of the rate of accretion onto the star.  相似文献   

8.
Based on long-term spectral monitoring with high spectral resolution, the optical spectrum of the weak central star of the IR source RAFGL 5081 has been studied for the first time. The spectral type of the star is close to G5–8 II, and its effective temperature is Teff ≈ 5400 K. An unusual spectral phenomenon was discovered: splitting of the profiles of broad, stationary absorption lines of medium and low intensity. The heliocentric radial velocities V r of all components of metal absorption lines, the Na I D lines, and the Hα line were measured for all the observation epochs. The constancy of the absorption lines rules out the possibility that the line splitting is due to binarity. The radial velocities of the wind components in the profiles of the Na I D and Hα lines reach ?250 and ?600 km/s, respectively. These profiles have narrow components, whose number, depth, and position vary with time. The time variability and multicomponent structure of the profiles of the Na I D and Hα lines indicates inhomogeneity and instability of the circumstellar envelope of RAFGL 5081. The presence of components with velocity V r (IS) = ?65 km/s in the Na I (1) lines provides evidence that RAFGL 5081 is located behind the Perseus arm, i.e, no closer than 2 kpc. It is noted that RAFGL 5081 is associated with the reflection nebula GN 02.44.7.  相似文献   

9.
A review and comparative analysis of results from studies of the effects of scattering on the interstellar medium using giant pulses of the Crab Nebula pulsar (B0531+21) are presented. This analysis was based on eight epochs of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) radio observations carried out as part of the scientific program of the Radio Astron mission during 2011–2015. The scintillation timescale t scint and spectral index γ for the power-law energy distribution of the pulses were obtained for each observing epoch. The measured scintillation timescales are t scint = 7.5?123 s at 1668 MHz and t scint = 2.9 s at 327 MHz. The spectral indices are ?1.6...?2.5. The frequency and time characteristics of the scattering were measured using two independent methods: based on the decorrelation bandwidth Δν d and the scattering timescale τ SC. The angular size of the scattering disk θ H of the pulsar was obtained, the phase structure functions constructed, and the distance to the effective scattering screen estimated. The derived diameter of the scattering disk θ H at 1668 MHz ranges from 0.4 to 1.3 mas, while the scatteringdisk diameter at 327 MHz is 14.0 mas. The measured distance to the effective scattering screen ranges from 0.7 to 1.9 kpc, and varies from observation to observation in the same way as the scattering timescale and decorrelation bandwidth: τ SC ≈ 0.9?5.8 μs and Δν d ≈ 40.7?161 kHz at 1668 MHz. The scattering timescale and decorrelation bandwidth at 327 MHz are 2340 μs and 68 Hz.  相似文献   

10.
Observations of the molecular cloud G1.6-0.025 in the 2K-1K and J0-J?1E series and 5?1-40E line of CH3OH, the (2-1) and (3-2) lines of SiO, and the 7?7-6?6 line of HNCO are described. Maps of the previously observed extended cloud with Vlsr～50 km/s and high-velocity clump with Vlsr～160 km/s, as well as a newly detected clump with Vlsr～0 km/s, have been obtained. The extended cloud and high-velocity clump have a nonuniform structure. The linewidths associated with all the objects are between 20 and 35 km/s, as is typical of clouds of the Galactic center. In some directions, emission at velocities from 40 to 160 km/s and from ?10 to +75 km/s is observed at the clump boundaries, testifying to a connection between the extended cloud and the high-velocity clump and clump at Vlsr～0 km/s. Compact maser sources are probaby contributing appreciably to the emission of the extended cloud in the 5?1-40E CH3OH line. Non-LTE modeling of the methanol emission shows that the extended cloud and high-velocity clump have a relatively low hydrogen density (<104 cm?3). The specific column density of methanol in the extended cloud exceeds 6×108 cm?3s, and is 4×108?6×109 cm?3s in the high-velocity clump. The kinetic temperatures of the extended cloud and high-velocity clump are estimated to be <80 K and 150–200 K, respectively. Possible mechanisms that can explain the link between the extended cloud with Vlsr～50 km/s and the clumps with Vlsr～0 km/s and ～160 km/s are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

11.
Twenty-eight CS molecular clouds toward HII regions with Galactocentric distances from ～ 4 to 20 kpc have been studied based on observations obtained in the J=2→1 lines of CS and C34S on the 20-meter radio telescope of the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden) in March 2001. All 28 clouds have been mapped with an angular resolution of ～40″. The peak intensity in the C34S line has been measured for 20 objects. An LTE analysis has been performed and the parameters of the molecular cloud cores derived. The core sizes are dA=0.3–4.8 pc, with a median value of ～1.6 pc. The mean hydrogen densities in the cloud cores are nH2=3.5×102–3.7 × 104 cm?3, with a median value of ～7.2×103 cm?3. The value of nH2 ends to decrease with increasing Galactocentric distance of the cloud. The masses of most clouds are 102?6×103M⊙, with the most probable value being MCS～103M⊙. The data follow the dependence MCS ∝d A (2.4–3.2) . As a rule, the cloud masses are lower than the virial masses for MCS<103M⊙.  相似文献   

12.
A new model is put forward to explain the observed features of anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) and soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs). It is shown that drift waves can be excited in the magnetosphere of a neutron star with a rotational period of P～0.1 s, surface magnetic field Bs～1012 G, and angle between the rotational axis and magnetic moment β<10°. These waves lead to the formation of radiation pulses with a period of Pdr～10 s. The rate of loss of rotational energy by such a star (～1037 erg/s) is sufficient to produce the observed increase in the period \((\dot P \sim 10^{ - 10} )\), the X-ray luminosities of AXPs and SGRs (～1034–1036 erg/s), and an injection of relativistic particles into the surrounding supernova remnant. A modulation of the constant component of the radiation with a period of P～0.1 s is predicted. In order for SGRs to produce gamma-ray bursts, an additional source of energy must be invoked. Radio pulsars with periods of Pobs>5 s can be described by the proposed model; in this case, their rotational periods are considerably less than Pobs and the observed pulses are due to the drift waves.  相似文献   

13.
We consider the evolutionary status of observed close binary systems containing black holes and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. When the component masses and the orbital period of a system are known, the reason for the formation of a WR star in an initial massive system of two main-sequence stars can be established. Such WR stars can form due to the action of the stellar wind from a massive OB star (MOB≥50M⊙), conservative mass transfer between components with close initial masses, or the loss of the common envelope in a system with a large (up to ～25) initial component mass ratio. The strong impact of observational selection effects on the creation of samples of close binaries with black holes and WR stars is demonstrated. We estimate theoretical mass-loss rates for WR stars, which are essential for our understanding the observed ratio of the numbers of carbon and nitrogen WR stars in the Galaxy \(\dot M_{WR} (M_ \odot yr^{ - 1} ) = 5 \times 10^{ - 7} (M_{WR} /M_ \odot )^{1.3} \). We also estimate the minimum initial masses of the components in close binaries producing black holes and WR stars to be ～25M⊙. The spatial velocities of systems with black holes indicate that, during the formation of a black hole from a WR star, the mass loss reaches at least several solar masses. The rate of formation of rapidly rotating Kerr black holes in close binaries in the Galaxy is ～3×10?6 yr?1. Their formation may be accompanied by a burst of gamma radiation, possibly providing clues to the nature of gamma-ray bursts. The initial distribution of the component mass ratios for close binaries is dN～dq=dM2/M1 in the interval 0.04?q0≤1, suggesting a single mechanism for their formation.  相似文献   

14.
The mixing of metals in the intergalactic gas when a galaxy with a metal-rich envelope moves through the intergalactic medium is analyzed. Two simple models for the initial distribution of metals are considered. In the first case, the metals are concentrated in a fairly thin envelope with thickness ΔR s =1 kpc, outer radius R s =31 kpc, and metallicity Z=10?3. In the second case, material with the same metallicity uniformly fills an entire spherical region of radius R s . After 2.85 Gyr, the metals are distributed over a fairly extended volume with a typical size of ?200 kpc in the direction of the motion of the intergalactic gas, with a mean metallicity of ?4.6×10?4 in metal-enriched regions. However, the distribution of metals remains extremely nonuniform, so that the main contribution to the overall metallicity is provided by metal-rich islands Z?6×10?4 that occupy only ～10% of the total mixing volume. Moreover, metal-free regions remain in this volume.  相似文献   

15.
We present the results of our simultaneous photometric and polarimetric observations of the Herbig Ae/Be star VX Cas acquired in 1987–2001. The star belongs to the UX Ori subtype of young variable stars and exhibits a rather low level of photometric activity: only six Algol-like minima with amplitudes ΔV>1m were recorded in 15 years of observations. Two of these minima, in 1998 and 2001, were the deepest in the history of the star’s photometric studies, with V amplitudes of about 2m. In each case, the dimming was accompanied by an increase in the linear polarization in agreement with the law expected for variable circumstellar extinction. The highest V polarization was about 5%. Observations of VX Cas in the deep minima revealed a turnover of the color tracks, typical of stars of this type and due to an increased contribution from radiation scattered in the circumstellar disk. We separated the observed polarization of VX Cas into interstellar (Pis) and intrinsic (Pin) components. Their position angles differ by approximately 60°, with Pis dominating in the bright state and Pin dominating during the deep minima. The competition of these two polarization components leads to changes in both the degree and position angle of the polarization during the star’s brightness variations. Generally speaking, in terms of the behavior of the brightness, color indices, and linear polarization, VX Cas is similar to other UX Ori stars studied by us earlier. A number of episodes of photometric and polarimetric activity suggest that, in their motion along highly eccentric orbits, circumstellar gas and dust clouds can enter the close vicinity of the star (and be disrupted there).  相似文献   

16.
The sequence of events determining the initial stages of star formation is analyzed in framework of the self-enrichment scenario. The computations are based on a single-zone chemo-dynamical model. It is shown that the first episode of star formation was characterized by an initial mass function shifted toward massive stars (M ≥ 8M⊙). We argue that the transition to a star formation with a normal (Salpeter) initial mass function was due to more efficient radiative cooling of the proto-globular cluster gas after its enrichment to a metallicity of Z ～ 0.02 Z⊙ in agreement with those observed in globular clusters.  相似文献   

17.
We consider the evolution of close binaries in which the initial secondary component is a nondegenerate helium star with mass MHe = 0.4–60 M⊙, while the initially more massive primary has evolved into a black hole, neutron star, or degenerate dwarf. The neutron star is assumed to originate as a result of the evolution of a helium star with a mass of 2.5 M⊙ ≤ MHe ≤ 10 M⊙ after the explosion of a type Ib,c supernova. If the axial rotation of the helium star before the explosion is rigid-body and synchronized with the orbital rotation, for Porb ≤ 0.16 day, the rotational energy of the young neutron star will exceed the energy of an ordinary supernova. If the magnetic field of the neutron star is sufficiently strong, the necessary conditions for a magnetic-rotational supernova are provided. The initial rotational period of a young neutron star originating in a system with an orbital period shorter than ～50 days is shorter than ～4 s, which, according to observations, is required for the appearance of a radio pulsar. A helium star whose mass exceeds ～10 M⊙ in a close binary with an orbital period shorter than one day and with the axial rotation of the helium presupernova synchronous with the orbital rotation evolves into a Kerr black hole, whose formation is likely to be accompanied by a gamma-ray burst with a duration longer than two seconds. In particular, we consider close binaries in which the second supernova results in the formation of a neutron star that remains in the binary. The theoretical distribution of orbital periods and eccentricities for such systems is consistent with that observed for radio pulsars in the Galactic disk in binaries with compact components and orbital eccentricities exceeding ～0.09, providing an explanation for the observed correlation between the orbital eccentricities and orbital periods for these systems.  相似文献   

18.
We consider the formation of massive stars under the assumption that a young star accretes material from the protostellar cloud through its accretion disk while losing gas in the polar directions via its stellar wind. The mass of the star reaches its maximum when the intensity of the gradually strengthening stellar wind of the young star becomes equal to the accretion rate. We show that the maximum mass of the forming stars increases with the temperature of gas in the protostellar cloud T 0, since the rate at which the protostellar matter is accreted increases with T 0. Numerical modeling indicates that the maximum mass of the forming stars increases to ～900 M ⊙ for T 0 ～ 300 K. Such high temperatures of the protostellar gas can be reached either in dense star-formation regions or in the vicinity of bright active galactic nuclei. It is also shown that, the lower the abundance of heavy elements in the initial stellar material Z, the larger the maximum mass of the star, since the mass-loss rate due to the stellar wind decreases with decreasing Z. This suggests that supermassive stars with masses up to 106 M ⊙ could be formed at early stages in the evolution of the Universe, in young galaxies that are almost devoid of heavy elements. Under the current conditions, for T 0 = (30–100) K, the maximum mass of a star can reach ～100M ⊙, as is confirmed by observations. Another opportunity for the most massive stars to increase their masses emerges in connection with the formation and early stages of evolution of the most massive close binary systems: the most massive stars can be produced either by coalescence of the binary components or via mass transfer in such systems.  相似文献   

19.
The results of JHKLM photometry of the symbiotic star CH Cyg are presented. These demonstrate that, in Autumn 2006, the state of maximum near-IR brightness observed in 2003–2006 was replaced by a sharp brightness decline in all wavebands. One possible explanation is a sharp increase in the density of circumstellar dust envelope. The JHKLM photometry data together with ISO far-IR flux measurements are used to calculate spherically symmetric dust-envelope models for the maximum and minimum brightness states. The optical depth, expansion rate, and mass-loss rate of the envelope are calculated for both states, as well as an upper limit for the mass of the central source. Comparison with earlier models suggests that the rate of growth of the envelope optical depth and the mass-loss rate by the star are accelerating with time.  相似文献   

20.
A brief review of the observed parameters of binary systems with black holes is presented. We discuss in detail the evolutionary status of the X-ray binary GRS 1915+105, which contains a massive black hole. Numerical simulations of the evolution of GRS 1915+105 at the X-ray stage indicate that the most probable initial mass of the optical component (donor star) is (1.5–)M⊙. Two possible scenarios are suggested for the evolution of the system prior to the formation of the black hole. If the initial mass of the optical component was (2.5–)M⊙, the system underwent a common-envelope phase; in this case, the initial mass of the black hole progenitor did not exceed ～50M⊙. If the initial mass of the donor was (1.5–2.5)M⊙, a scenario without a common envelope is possible, with the initial mass of the black hole progenitor being smaller than ～50M⊙. The lack of information about the initial mass-ratio distribution for binary components for small q and the uncertainty of the system parameters make it impossible to give preference to a particular scenario for the system's prior evolution.  相似文献   

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