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1.
Although there is a strong policy interest in the impacts of climate change corresponding to different degrees of climate change, there is so far little consistent empirical evidence of the relationship between climate forcing and impact. This is because the vast majority of impact assessments use emissions-based scenarios with associated socio-economic assumptions, and it is not feasible to infer impacts at other temperature changes by interpolation. This paper presents an assessment of the global-scale impacts of climate change in 2050 corresponding to defined increases in global mean temperature, using spatially-explicit impacts models representing impacts in the water resources, river flooding, coastal, agriculture, ecosystem and built environment sectors. Pattern-scaling is used to construct climate scenarios associated with specific changes in global mean surface temperature, and a relationship between temperature and sea level used to construct sea level rise scenarios. Climate scenarios are constructed from 21 climate models to give an indication of the uncertainty between forcing and response. The analysis shows that there is considerable uncertainty in the impacts associated with a given increase in global mean temperature, due largely to uncertainty in the projected regional change in precipitation. This has important policy implications. There is evidence for some sectors of a non-linear relationship between global mean temperature change and impact, due to the changing relative importance of temperature and precipitation change. In the socio-economic sectors considered here, the relationships are reasonably consistent between socio-economic scenarios if impacts are expressed in proportional terms, but there can be large differences in absolute terms. There are a number of caveats with the approach, including the use of pattern-scaling to construct scenarios, the use of one impacts model per sector, and the sensitivity of the shape of the relationships between forcing and response to the definition of the impact indicator. 相似文献
2.
Summary Freeze thaw cycles are examined in Toronto Canada. Using data from 1960 to 1989 for three Toronto area weather stations, trends
in freeze thaw activity, the relationship to mean monthly temperature and projections of freeze thaw activity are examined.
For downtown Toronto the annual frequency of freeze thaw cycles is decreasing significantly, most notably in the shoulder
months of October and April. At the Pearson International Airport and the Toronto Island Airport similar annual trends were
not found, however there was evidence of decreased freeze thaw activity in April and October. Polynomial curve fitting provided
functional relationships between mean monthly temperature and freeze thaw activity. These relationships enabled the assessment
of freeze thaw activity under synthetic warming conditions. The results of this analysis show that the warming of the magnitude
typically projected for the rest of this century will not likely generate a significant change in the freeze thaw activity
although there are indications that the freeze thaw season will contract. 相似文献
3.
我国气象因素与心脑血管疾病研究现状 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
为了给政府机构制定预防心脑血管疾病的卫生政策以及应用气象因素对心脑血管疾病的发病进行预测预报提供依据，综述了1998年至今的国内有关研究，介绍了我国不同地区温度、相对湿度、气压、风速等气象因素对心脑血管疾病发生和死亡的影响及其机制，并对目前研究中存在的问题和今后研究的方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
4.
Rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Alex de Sherbinin Leah K. VanWey Kendra McSweeney Rimjhim Aggarwal Alisson Barbieri Sabine Henry Lori M. Hunter Wayne Twine Robert Walker 《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(1):38-53
This paper reviews and synthesizes findings from scholarly work on linkages among rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment. Using the livelihood approach as an organizing framework, we examine evidence on the multiple pathways linking environmental variables and the following demographic variables: fertility, migration, morbidity and mortality, and lifecycles. Although the review draws on studies from the entire developing world, we find the majority of microlevel studies have been conducted in either marginal (mountainous or arid) or frontier environments, especially Amazonia. Though the linkages are mediated by many complex and often context-specific factors, there is strong evidence that dependence on natural resources intensifies when households lose human and social capital through adult morbidity and mortality, and qualified evidence for the influence of environmental factors on household decision-making regarding fertility and migration. Two decades of research on lifecycles and land cover change at the farm level have yielded a number of insights about how households make use of different land-use and natural resource management strategies at different stages. A thread running throughout the review is the importance of managing risk through livelihood diversification, ensuring future income security, and culture-specific norms regarding appropriate and desirable activities and demographic responses. Recommendations for future research are provided. 相似文献
5.
Bo Li Steve Sain Linda O. Mearns Henry A. Anderson Sari Kovats Kristie L. Ebi Marni Y. V. Bekkedal Marty S. Kanarek Jonathan A. Patz 《Climatic change》2012,110(3-4):959-976
Given predictions of increased intensity and frequency of heat waves, it is important to study the effect of high temperatures on human mortality and morbidity. Many studies focus on heat wave-related mortality; however, heat-related morbidity is often overlooked. The goals of this study are to examine the historical observed relationship between temperature and morbidity (illness), and explore the extent to which observed historical relationships could be used to generate future projections of morbidity under climate change. We collected meteorological, air pollution, and hospital admissions data in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for the years 1989–2005, and employed a generalized additive model (GAM) to quantify the relationship between morbidity (as measured by hospital admissions) and high temperatures with adjustment for the effects of potential confounders. We also estimated temperature threshold values for different causes of hospital admissions and then quantified the associated percent increase of admissions per degree above the threshold. Finally, the future impact of higher temperatures on admissions for the years 2059–2075 was examined. Our results show that five causes of admission (endocrine, genitourinary, renal, accidental, and self-harm) and three age groups (15–64, 75–84, >85 years) were affected by high temperatures. Future projections indicate a larger number of days above the current temperature threshold leading to an increase in admissions. Our results indicate that climate change may increase heat-related hospital admissions in the US urban mid-West and that health systems should include heat wave planning. 相似文献
6.
The study examines temporal changes in mortality associated with spells of large positive temperature anomalies (hot spells) in extended summer season in the population of the Czech Republic (Central Europe) during 1986?C2009. Declining trends in the mortality impacts are found in spite of rising temperature trends. The finding remains unchanged if possible confounding effects of within-season acclimatization to heat and the mortality displacement effect are taken into account. Recent positive socioeconomic development, following the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, and better public awareness of heat-related risks are likely the primary causes of the declining vulnerability. The results suggest that climate change may have relatively little influence on heat-related deaths, since changes in other factors that affect vulnerability of the population are dominant instead of temperature trends. It is essential to better understand the observed nonstationarity of the temperature-mortality relationship and the role of adaptation and its limits, both physiological and technological, and to address associated uncertainties in studies dealing with climate change projections of temperature-related mortality. 相似文献
7.
利用2006年8月-2007年10月辽宁中部沈阳、鞍山、抚顺和本溪4城市可吸入颗粒物PM10、PM2.5、PM1及同步气象因子的监测资料,分析了可吸入颗粒物分布特征、污染水平及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：受区域天气系统的影响,4城市PM10和PM2.5的日平均浓度变化趋势基本一致,具有区域分布特征;PM10超标率冬季为最高;PM2.5日平均浓度占PM10比例夏季和冬季最大;PM10、PM2.5和PM1之间有很好的相关性;PM10与风速、温度呈负相关,PM2.5和PM1与能见度、风速、温度呈负相关,与相对湿度成正相关。 相似文献
8.
该文利用EOF分解得到的1982—2001年西南地区夏季平均、最高和最低气温的时空特征显示, 西南地区夏季平均、最高气温的时空变化具有很好的一致性, 尤其是川渝地区20世纪80年代为气温负距平, 90年代开始有明显升温。利用GIMMS NDVI和西南4省市96个台站的气温资料进行了相关分析、合成分析以及SVD分析, 得到前期冬季青藏高原植被影响该区夏季气温的滞后关系以及影响较大的区域。结果表明:西南地区夏季平均气温、最高气温对青藏高原冬季植被变化较敏感, 其中青藏高原西部NDVI与西南地区夏季气温的相关强于东部; 青藏高原NDVI异常偏高对应西南地区夏季气温偏高, 其中最高气温升高较明显, 增温最大值出现在7月, 位于西南地区北部; 青藏高原冬季植被变化与西南地区平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的最佳耦合模态中影响程度及关键区域略有差异, 青藏高原冬季NDVI与夏季平均气温关系最密切, 其中青藏高原东北大部分地区和南部 (包括拉萨及林芝东部地区) 的影响最大, 气温对前期青藏高原NDVI变化反应的敏感区主要位于四川盆地及其附近地区。 相似文献
9.
The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《Global Environmental Change》2005,15(2):151-163
We present a set of indicators of vulnerability and capacity to adapt to climate variability, and by extension climate change, derived using a novel empirical analysis of data aggregated at the national level on a decadal timescale. The analysis is based on a conceptual framework in which risk is viewed in terms of outcome, and is a function of physically defined climate hazards and socially constructed vulnerability. Climate outcomes are represented by mortality from climate-related disasters, using the emergency events database data set, statistical relationships between mortality and a shortlist of potential proxies for vulnerability are used to identify key vulnerability indicators. We find that 11 key indicators exhibit a strong relationship with decadally aggregated mortality associated with climate-related disasters. Validation of indicators, relationships between vulnerability and adaptive capacity, and the sensitivity of subsequent vulnerability assessments to different sets of weightings are explored using expert judgement data, collected through a focus group exercise. The data are used to provide a robust assessment of vulnerability to climate-related mortality at the national level, and represent an entry point to more detailed explorations of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. They indicate that the most vulnerable nations are those situated in sub-Saharan Africa and those that have recently experienced conflict. Adaptive capacity—one element of vulnerability—is associated predominantly with governance, civil and political rights, and literacy. 相似文献
10.
气温及其变化是影响人群健康特别是死亡的重要环境危险因素。为了揭示气温对秦皇岛市居民死亡人数的影响,基于2014—2020年该市各区、县逐日气象资料和居民死亡资料,采用广义相加模型（GAM）和分布滞后非线性模型（DLNM）研究了气温、气温日较差和24 h变温对非意外死亡、循环系统疾病死亡、呼吸系统疾病死亡人数的影响。按性别、年龄分层建模,使用相对危险度（Relative Risk,RR）量化了暴露在特定气温变化状态下的死亡风险。采用非参数双变量响应模型分析了气温与变温的协同影响效应。结果显示:（1）秦皇岛市居民非意外死亡、循环系统疾病死亡、呼吸系统疾病死亡人数全年峰值均出现在最冷的1月,气温对3类死亡人数的影响以冷效应为主且具有滞后效应,而高温具有即时效应。（2）气温日较差与非意外死亡、循环系统疾病死亡的总体暴露反应曲线呈“U”型分布,较大的气温日较差与上述两类死亡存在显著的风险效应,其中循环系统疾病死亡受影响最大,大的气温日较差（19℃）累积3 d相对危险度为1.27,其95%的置信区间（95%CI）为1.15—1.4,而其对呼吸系统疾病死亡的风险效应未通过显著性检验。（3）24 h变温对非意外死亡、循环系统疾病死亡总体影响效应的暴露曲线呈非线性递增趋势,其中正变温呈现显著的风险效应。（4）性别、年龄分组结果显示,女性对气温变化更敏感,男性对气温变化存在一定的滞后效应,老年人群更容易受到气温变化的影响。（5）低温与变温的协同作用加剧了死亡风险。总体上,冬季低温背景与大幅度气温变化相叠加对当地老年居民死亡影响风险最大,应予适时重点预防。 相似文献
11.
The majority of climate change impacts assessments account for climate change uncertainty by adopting the scenario-based approach.
This typically involves assessing the impacts for a small number of emissions scenarios but neglecting the role of climate
model physics uncertainty. Perturbed physics ensemble (PPE) climate simulations offer a unique opportunity to explore this
uncertainty. Furthermore, PPEs mean it is now possible to make risk-based impacts estimates because they allow for a range
of estimates to be presented to decision-makers, which spans the range of climate model physics uncertainty inherent from
a given climate model and emissions scenario, due to uncertainty associated with the understanding of physical processes in
the climate model. This is generally not possible with the scenario-based approach. Here, we present the first application
of a PPE to estimate the impact of climate change on heat-related mortality. By using the estimated impacts of climate change
on heat-related mortality in six cities, we demonstrate the benefits of quantifying climate model physics uncertainty in climate
change impacts assessment over the more common scenario-based approach. We also show that the impacts are more sensitive to
climate model physics uncertainty than they are to emissions scenario uncertainty, and least sensitive to whether the climate
change projections are from a global climate model or a regional climate model. The results demonstrate the importance of
presenting model uncertainties in climate change impacts assessments if the impacts are to be placed within a climate risk
management framework. 相似文献
12.
西北太平洋热带气旋气候变化的若干研究进展 总被引：13，自引：11，他引：2
热带气旋气候变化研究不仅是当前国际热带气旋气候界的热点科学问题,而且也是具有现实意义的社会问题,各国气象学者和科学家们对此进行了广泛的研究。虽然热带气旋活动与气候变化之间的关系及其相应的内在物理机制至今还处在探究之中,但是近20多年来热带气旋气候学的研究还是取得了显著的进展。本文主要针对濒临中国的西北太平洋海域,回顾了热带气旋活动季节内、年际、年代际变化及其全球变暖背景下的变化趋势的气候学研究。此外,文中也对西北太平洋热带气旋气候学的研究进行了展望,并提出了该领域中一些亟待解决的科学问题。 相似文献
13.
近年来,全球变化和区域响应已成为生态学、植物学、地学和农学的研究热点之一。全球变化引起全球温度升高、降水格局发生变化和土地利用方式改变，研究草原生态系统对全球变化的响应与适应是了解发展和预测陆地生态系统与全球变化相互关系的重要方面。文章对近十年来国内外在CO2浓度升高、温度增加、水分变化等方面对草原生态系统影响的研究进行了评述, 以期加深草原生态系统对全球变化响应的理解，启发研究思路, 激发兴趣。最后提出了应着重加强研究的8个科学问题。 相似文献
14.
基于机器学习的中国冬季气温影响因子分析及模型估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用1951—2021年160个中国国家级气象观测站冬季平均气温及多项大气环流及海温等指数,用机器学习方法研究影响中国冬季气温异常的大气环流及海温等外强迫因子,并建立估算拟合模型,评价筛选出的影响因子组合对中国冬季气温异常分布的贡献。使用最小绝对收缩和选择算子（LASSO）算法提取与冬季气温异常相关的影响因子。为体现特征因子之间非线性关系,使用泰勒公式对筛选后的特征进行多项式增广。使用最小二乘梯度提升决策树（LS-GBDT）算法对筛选出的特征因子与冬季气温异常之间的非线性关系进行估算拟合。结果表明,机器学习方法能够对影响冬季气温异常的特征因子进行合理筛选与重要性分析,建立的估算模型在一定程度上体现了气候系统特征因子与冬季气温距平的非线性联系。本研究为了解中国冬季气温异常分布的影响因素及其模拟与估算提供了新方法和途径。 相似文献
15.
在气候影响研究中引入随机天气发生器的方法和不确定性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过采用不同的随机天气发生器生成一定气候背景下各种气候变率情景，许多学者在最近的研究中已经认识到气候变率对农作物生长发育影响的重要性。传统的气候影响评估方法直接以大气环流模式的模拟试验结果作为未来气候情景，这样不可能理解如上的重要性。本文着重评述将随机天气发生器应用于气候变化影响研究的一般方法框架，以及作者的具体个例研究方法。文中最后分析了目前该领域研究中还存在的一些不确定性。 在当前的气候变化影响研究中，有不同的方法用来研制一种称为WGEN的典型随机天气发生器的参数化方案及其随机试验方法。不同的研究者也有不同的参数调控方法。通常的思路是通过气候控制试验和2×CO2试验之间的气候变量平均值和方差的变化来扰动随机天气发生器的参数，以生成未来逐日气候变化情景。本文作者根据短期气候预测模式的输出产品建立了一套WGEN的参数化方案及其随机试验方法，并且在时间和空间两个尺度上检验和评估了此参数化方案下WGEN的模拟能力。另外，作者由未来降水的变化，调试随机天气发生器参数，生成了气候变率变化情景。这些参数调节可以产生各种不同类型和定性大小的气候变率变化，用于气候影响评估的敏感性分析。通过如上方法，作为一个个例，文中评估了未来气候变率变化 相似文献
16.
M. J. M. de Wit B. van den Hurk P. M. M. Warmerdam P. J. J. F. Torfs E. Roulin W. P. A. van Deursen 《Climatic change》2007,82(3-4):351-372
In this study observed precipitation, temperature, and discharge records from the Meuse basin for the period 1911–2003 are
analysed. The primary aim is to establish which meteorological conditions generate (critical) low-flows of the Meuse. This
is achieved by examining the relationships between observed seasonal precipitation and temperature anomalies, and low-flow
indices. Secondly, the possible impact of climate change on the (joint) occurrence of these low-flow generating meteorological
conditions is addressed. This is based on the outcomes of recently reported RCM climate simulations for Europe given a scenario
with increased atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations. The observed record (1911–2003) hints at the importance of multi-seasonal
droughts in the generation of critical low-flows of the river Meuse. The RCM simulations point to a future with wetter winters
and drier summers in Northwest Europe. No increase in the likelihood of multi-seasonal droughts is simulated. However, the
RCM scenario runs produce multi-seasonal precipitation and temperature anomalies that are out of the range of the observed
record for the period 1911–2003. The impact of climate change on low-flows has also been simulated with a hydrological model.
This simulation indicates that climate change will lead to a decrease in the average discharge of the Meuse during the low-flow
season. However, the model has difficulties to simulate critical low-flow conditions of the Meuse. 相似文献
17.
Solomos Solomou 《Climatic change》1986,8(1):53-67
The impact of climatic change on the output and productivity long swings of the agricultural sector and the aggregate economy is considered for the period 1850–1913. Various economic explanations for the observed swings are examined and are found to be inadequate. The agro-climatic relationship is found to be of critical importance in accounting for the swings of the agricultural sector and some of the aggregate variations. This relationship is not found to remain constant over time. There is evidence of reduced climatic impact and the non-weather sensitive sectors filtered out much of the impact of climatic change on the aggregate economy during 1890–1913.The author is Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge and Assistant Lecturer in Economic History, University of Cambridge, England. 相似文献
18.
Thomas Longden 《Climatic change》2018,150(3-4):343-375
Heat-related mortality tends to be associated with heatwaves that do not allow for sufficient acclimatisation to hot temperatures. In contrast, damage functions and most heatwave emergency response plans do not account for acclimatisation. Using an excess heat measure that accounts for acclimatisation, this paper produces estimates of temperature-related mortality for the five largest Australian capital cities. Fixed effects panel threshold regressions are applied to establish the thresholds that coincide with heightened mortality during extreme temperature events. The estimated parameters associated with these thresholds are then used to develop hindcast estimates for cold temperatures, moderate temperatures, hot temperatures and extreme heat. The estimated thresholds coincide with a notable impact of hot temperatures on mortality, but a limited cold temperature impact. This shows that the burden of risk associated with mortality related to future temperatures and climate change within Australia coincides with heatwaves rather than coldwaves. This is in contrast to recent studies that found that cold temperature-related mortality within Australian capital cities has and will continue to be notable. These studies also found a net benefit from climate change in Australia due to reduced cold temperature deaths. 相似文献
19.
Projected changes in biodiversity are likely inadequately estimated when climate and land-use change effects are examined in isolation. A review of studies of the effects of these drivers singly and in combination highlights little discussed complexities in revising these estimates. In addition to considering interactions, different characterisations of climate change, land-use change and biodiversity greatly influence estimates. Habitat loss leading to decreased species richness is the most common land-use change and biodiversity relationship considered with less attention being given to other land-use changes (e.g. other conversions, fragmentation, different management intensities) and biodiversity characterisations and responses (e.g. selected groups of species, increased species richness). Characterisations of more complex relationships between climate change, land-use change and biodiversity however are currently limited by a lack of process understanding, data availability and inherent scenarios uncertainties. 相似文献
20.
探讨了1980－2005年中国东北榆树物候的时空变化与气候因子的关系。结果表明：近26 a,东北地区13个站点榆树的展叶期和枯黄期变化趋势较大,13个物候时间系列,展叶初期显著提前趋势占54%,枯黄初期显著推后趋势占38%;榆树物候与气温呈显著相关关系：展叶期与3－4月平均气温呈显著的负相关关系,与平均展叶期的积温呈显著的负相关关系;各站点枯黄期与8－9月平均气温关系不显著,整个东北地区呈显著的正相关关系。研究表明,榆树物候与降水、日照关系不显著。以日平均气温最高日为界,枯黄期积温值可分为呈线性关系的两段,从日平均气温最高日开始,连续10 d积温值低于固定值时,植物开始枯黄。 相似文献