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1.
By calculation of the proton-proton capture cross-section, it is shown that the existence of a bound diproton state would not lead to significant production of diprotons during big bang nucleosynthesis, contrary to popular belief. In typical stellar interiors, the stability of diprotons would lead to a reaction pathway for converting protons to deuterons perhaps ∼1010 times faster than the usual weak capture reaction. This would prevent stars of the familiar hot, dense type from occurring in the universe. However, if diproton stability is achieved by an increase in the low-energy strong coupling, gs, then stars with temperatures and densities sufficiently reduced so as to offset the faster reaction pathway to deuterium will appear to meet elementary stability criteria. The claim that there is a fine-tuned, anthropic upper bound to the strong force which ensures diproton instability therefore appears to be unfounded.  相似文献   

2.
It is essential for the understanding of stellar structure models of high mass stars to explain why constant stars, nonpulsating chemically peculiar hot Bp stars and pulsating stars co‐exist in the slowly pulsating B stars and β Cephei instability strips. We have conducted a search for magnetic fields in the four Bp stars HD55522, HD105382, HD131120, and HD138769 which previously have been wrongly identified as slowly pulsating B stars. A recent study of these stars using the Doppler Imaging technique revealed that the elements He and Si are inhomogeneously distributed on the stellar surface, causing the periodic variability. Using FORS 1 in spectropolarimetric mode at the VLT, we have acquired circular polarisation spectra to test the presence of a magnetic field in these stars. A variable magnetic field is clearly detected in HD55522 and HD105382, but no evidence for the existence of a magnetic field was found in HD131120. The presence of a magnetic field in HD138769 is suggested by one measurement at 3σ level. We discuss the occurrence of magnetic B stars among the confirmed pulsating B stars and find strong magnetic fields of order kG and oscillations to be mutually exclusive. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

3.
We consider disk and spherical subsystems of stars with nearly radial orbits under conditions when the well-known radial orbit instability is not possible. This requires that the precession of stellar orbits be retrograde, i.e., in the direction opposite to the orbital rotation of stars. We show that an instability that is an analogue of the loss-cone instability known in plasma physics can then develop in the presence of a “loss cone” in the angular momentum distribution of stars, which ensures a deficit or even absence of stars with low angular momenta. Examples of systems with a loss cone are the centers of galaxies or star clusters with massive black holes. The instability can produce a flux of stars onto the galactic center, i.e., it can serve as a mechanism of fueling the nuclear activity of galaxies. Mathematically, the problem is reduced to analyzing simple characteristic equations that describe small perturbations in a disk and a sphere of radially highly elongated stellar orbits. In turn, these characteristics equations are derived through a number of successive simplifications of the general linearized Vlasov equations (i.e., the system that includes the collisionless Boltzmann kinetic equation and the Poisson equation) in action—angle variables.  相似文献   

4.
Using observational data, we consider the problem of instability of astronomical objects and systems of objects and its close connection with the star-formation process. We show that it is only due to the discovery and study of stellar associations that the enormous role of stellar instability in the formation of stars in the Galaxy (and in other galaxies) has been definitively explained. Many kinematic properties of stellar associations are inexplicable from the old point of view. This gives grounds for doubting the correctness of the classical hypothesis that stars form from diffuse matter.Translated fromAstrofizika, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1995.  相似文献   

5.
The nonequilibrium dynamical theory of thermonuclear reaction in the stars is used to analyse the stabilities of P-PI reactions in the solar core and 3 reactions of helium burning in the core of red giant stars. The constant stability of stars on the main sequence and the helium flash instability have been explained from a new point of view. Calculations show that the (g - T) term in the dynamical equation has a damaging effect on the stability of the thermonuclear reaction, but its intensity in the core of red giant stars is ~ 107 times that in the solar core. It may be intimately related to some instability of the stellar structure. The effect on the flash instability is especially analysed.  相似文献   

6.
Some observational data of the sample of the magnetic chemically peculiar stars (MCP stars) are investigated statistically. For the MCP stars of spectral types later than A2 both the frequency distribution and the R ⋅ sin i-values suggest the existence of a linear relation between stellar diameter and rotation period. The MCP stars of spectral types earlier than B9 show an overpopulation of small R ⋅ sin i which may indicate the existence of a second group with smaller radius in this sample. The equatorially symmetric rotator is used as the magnetic model. With respect to its temporal behaviour the effective magnetic field is separated into dipolar and quadrupolar contribution. Both signs of the axisymmetric quadrupole moment appear with equal frequency. The dipole moment which produces the amplitude of the Beff(t) curve forms for longer periods two groups which are separated by a distinct gap. Both of the groups exhibit magnetic fields which are the stronger the greater the stellar radius is, contrary to what is expected for frozen-in fields. The dominance of magnetic curves without polarity reversal for longer-period stars is in accordance with predictions of the dynamo theory.  相似文献   

7.
The first generation of stars was formed from primordial gas. Numerical simulations suggest that the first stars were predominantly very massive, with typical masses M≥100M ⊙. These stars were responsible for the reionization of the universe, the initial enrichment of the intergalactic medium with heavy elements, and other cosmological consequences. In this work, we study the structure of Zero Age Main-Sequence stars for a wide mass and metallicity range and the evolution of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300M ⊙ galactic and pregalactic Pop III very massive stars without mass loss, with metallicity Z=10−6 and 10−9, respectively. Using a stellar evolution code, a system of 10 equations together with boundary conditions are solved simultaneously. For the change of chemical composition, which determines the evolution of a star, a diffusion treatment for convection and semiconvection is used. A set of 30 nuclear reactions are solved simultaneously with the stellar structure and evolution equations. Several results on the main sequence, and during the hydrogen and helium burning phases, are described. Low-metallicity massive stars are hotter and more compact and luminous than their metal-enriched counterparts. Due to their high temperatures, pregalactic stars activate sooner the triple alpha reaction self-producing their own heavy elements. Both galactic and pregalactic stars are radiation pressure dominated and evolve below the Eddington luminosity limit with short lifetimes. The physical characteristics of the first stars have significant influence in predictions of the ionizing photon yields from the first luminous objects; also they develop large convective cores with important helium core masses which are important for explosion calculations.  相似文献   

8.
There is a long term dynamical heating of stellar populations with age observed in the age – velocity dispersion – relation (AVR). This effect allows a determination of the star formation history SFR(t) from local kinematical data of main sequence stars. Using a self-consistent disk model for the vertical structure of the disk, we find from the kinematics of the stars in the solar neighbourhood that the SFR shows a moderate star burst about 10 Gyr ago followed by a continuous decline to the present day value consistent with the observed number of OB stars. The gravitational potential of the gas component and of the Dark Matter Halo is included and the effect of chemical enrichment, finite lifetime of the stars and mass loss of the stellar component are taken into account. The scale heights for main sequence stars together with the SFR is then used to determine constistently the IMF from the observed local luminosity function. The main new result is that the power law break in the present day mass function (PDMF) around 1 M ⊙ is entirely due to evolutionary effects of the disk and does not appear in the IMF. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

9.
We analyze the structure of a nuclear deflagration front in the crust of accreting neutron stars. Models of quasi-stationary deflagration fronts are calculated and subsequently evolved in time and space in order to check their stability. Unlike white dwarfs, where the velocity of aninwards propagating combustion front is governed mainly by energy losses to the gravitational field, the structure of a deflagration front in neutron stars is determined essentially by the heat fluxes into the stellar core.  相似文献   

10.
In this paper a method is proposed for computing the equilibrium structures and various other observable physical parameters of the primary components of stars in binary systems assuming that the primary is more massive than the secondary and is rotating differentially about its axis. Kippenhahn and Thomas averaging approach (1970) is used in a manner earlier used by Mohan, Saxena and Agarwal (1990) to incorporate the rotational and tidal effects in the equations of stellar structure. Explicit expressions for the distortional terms appearing in the stellar structure equations have been obtained by assuming a general law of differential rotation of the typeω2 = b 0+b 1 s 2+b 2 s 4, where ω is the angular velocity of rotation of a fluid element in the star at a distance s from the axis of rotation, and b 0, b 1, b 2 are suitably chosen numerical constants. The expressions incorporate the effects of differential rotation and tidal distortions up to second order terms. The use of the proposed method has been illustrated by applying it to obtain the structures and observable parameters of certain differentially rotating primary components of the binary stars assuming the primary components to have polytropic structures. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

11.
The synchronization between the orbital motion and axial rotation of the two component stars of a binary system is reviewed. Some previous published papers are mentioned and the general conclusion is outlined: If we shall use a rotating coordinate system synchronous with one of the two stellar axial rotations, it is not possible to obtain a Jacobi integral and the Roche geometry cannot be further analyzed. In addition, a theoretical approach is summarized in order to use the axial rotations of the two component stars, even if the constants of the stellar structure (k2)1, (k2)2must be taken into consideration. So it is found that if the stellar angular velocities are higher than the corresponding Keplerian angular velocity (ωi≫ ωk, i= ), the problem of the rotational effect could be of practical consideration. Finally, a theoretical relationship between the two constants (k2)1and (k2)2of the stellar structure is established.  相似文献   

12.
Numerical simulations of two-component (stars + gas) self-gravitating galactic disks show that the interstellar gas can significantly affect the dynamical evolution of the disk even if its mass fraction (relative to the total galaxy mass) is as low as several percent. Aided by efficient energy dissipation, the gas becomes gravitationally unstable onlocal scale and forms massive clumps. Gravitational scattering of stars by these clumps leads to suppression of bar instability usually seen in heavy stellar disks. In this case, gas inflow towards the galactic center is driven by dynamical friction which gas clumps suffer instead of bar forcing.  相似文献   

13.
Theoretical study indicates that a contact binary system would merge into a rapidly rotating single star due to tidal instability when the spin angular momentum of the system is more than a third of its orbital angular momentum. Assuming that W Ursae Majoris (W UMa) contact binary systems rigorously comply with the Roche geometry and the dynamical stability limit is at a contact degree of about 70 per cent, we obtain that W UMa systems might suffer Darwin's instability when their mass ratios are in a region of about 0.076–0.078 and merge into the fast-rotating stars. This suggests that the W UMa systems with mass ratio   q ≤ 0.076  cannot be observed. Meanwhile, we find that the observed W UMa systems with a mass ratio of about 0.077, corresponding to a contact degree of about 86 per cent would suffer tidal instability and merge into the single fast-rotating stars. This suggests that the dynamical stability limit for the observed W UMa systems is higher than the theoretical value, implying that the observed systems have probably suffered the loss of angular momentum due to gravitational wave radiation (GR) or magnetic stellar wind (MSW).  相似文献   

14.
We study spherical and disc clusters in a near-Keplerian potential of galactic centres or massive black holes. In such a potential orbit precession is commonly retrograde, that is, the direction of the orbit precession is opposite to the orbital motion. It is assumed that stellar systems consist of nearly-radial orbits. We show that if there is a loss-cone at low angular momentum (e.g. due to consumption of stars by a black hole), an instability similar to loss-cone instability in plasma may occur. The gravitational loss-cone instability is expected to enhance black hole feeding rates. For spherical systems, the instability is possible for the number of spherical harmonics   l ≥ 3  . If there is some amount of counter-rotating stars in flattened systems, they generally exhibit the instability independent of azimuthal number m . The results are compared with those obtained recently by Tremaine for distribution functions monotonically increasing with angular momentum.
The analysis is based on simple characteristic equations describing small perturbations in a disc or a sphere of stellar orbits highly elongated in radius. These characteristic equations are derived from the linearized Vlasov equations (combining the collisionless Boltzmann kinetic equation and the Poisson equation), using the action-angle variables. We use two techniques for analysing the characteristic equations: the first one is based on preliminary finding of neutral modes, and the second one employs a counterpart of the plasma Penrose–Nyquist criterion for disc and spherical gravitational systems.  相似文献   

15.
In the galaxy, Jeans' critical length for the interstellar gas is appreciably smaller than the critical length for the stars, a necessary condition for the gravitational instability of the former to have a local character. An accurate discussion of the orders of magnitude involved leads to the establishment of a well defined limiting procedure and to simplified equations in which the effect of stars occurs only through the equilibrium, but disappears from the perturbations. The equations are spatially local, but their coefficients are time-dependent, in that they describe the evolution of a small wave packet dragged along by the supersonic gas motion. They have been solved in several interesting cases by the introduction of an effective, time-dependent wave vector, which describes the deformation of a wave profile due to the velocity gradients. The ordinary Jeans' instability is recovered only when the velocity gradient is a skew tensor; otherwise we find a stabilizing effect in accelerated and sheared flows, a destabilizing effect in a decelerated flow. Possible connections of this model with the observed turbulent structure of the interstellar gas are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
In this paper we aim to suggest on a speculative basis that the existence of mass loss by stellar wind in massive stars (M>10 M ) may affect the properties of the Cephei instability strip, and remove some of the difficulties encountered in the interpretation of their pulsation.  相似文献   

17.
The first results of numerical analysis of classical r-modes of rapidly rotating compressible stellar models are reported. The full set of linear perturbation equations of rotating stars in Newtonian gravity is solved numerically without the slow rotation approximation. A critical curve of gravitational wave emission induced instability, which restricts the rotational frequencies of hot young neutron stars, is obtained. Taking the standard cooling mechanisms of neutron stars into account, we also show the 'evolutionary curves' along which neutron stars are supposed to evolve as cooling and spinning down proceed. Rotational frequencies of 1.4-M⊙ stars suffering from this instability decrease to around 100 Hz when the standard cooling mechanism of neutron stars is employed. This result confirms the results of other authors, who adopted the slow rotation approximation.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this paper is to explore a new parametric class of relativistic solutions to the Einstein field equations describing a spherically symmetric, static distribution of anisotropic fluid spheres to study the behavior of some of the cold stars in the setting of Karmarkar space-time continuum. We develop models of stellar objects for a range of parameter values of n and analyze their behavior through graphical representation. For each of these models, we have found that the metric potentials are well behaved inside the stellar interior and the physical parameters such as density, radial and tangential pressures, red-shift, radial speed, radial pressure density ratio and energy conditions display a continuous decrease from the center to surface of the stars whereas the mass, anisotropy, adiabatic indexes and compactification factor show a monotonous increase which imply that the proposed solution satisfy all the physical aspects of a realistic stellar objects. The stability of the solutions are verified by examining various stability aspects, viz., Zeldovich criteria, causality condition, Bondi condition, equilibrium condition (TOV-equation) and stable static criteria in connection to their cogency.  相似文献   

19.
Via a study of the evolutionary tracks of 3∼10 M stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, the variations of the energy, density, temperature at the peak of helium-shell burning, ratio of surface luminosity of helium shell to stellar surface luminosity as well as the stellar radius are analyzed. Then the demarcation point of medium-mass stars in the evolution from early AGB stars to thermally pulsing AGB stars on the HR diagram is determined, and for 119 carbon stars our analysis agrees rather well with observation. At the same time the following is suggested. After arriving at this demarcation point in stellar evolution, in the formula of the loss of stellar wind material it is probably needed to introduce a quantity which is not concerned with the surface luminosity, but it dominates the formation of super stellar wind. On this basis and via the analysis of the structure and evolution of 5 M stars as well as the rate of mass loss of stellar wind, it is found that the effect of turbulent pressure on the mass loss of stellar wind in the stage of thermally pulsing AGB stars is rather great, hence the turbulent pressure of thermally pulsing AGB stars cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, the physical factors which possibly affect the matter loss of the stellar winds of thermally pulsing AGB stars are suggested.  相似文献   

20.
Photometric and Doppler imaging observations of active binaries indicate the existence of starspots at preferred longitudes (position angles with respect to the companion star). We investigate the stability of magnetic flux tubes in the convection zone of close, fast‐rotating binary stars and explore whether the observed preferred longitudes could be caused by tidal forces and the deformation of the active star. We assume a synchronized binary system with spin axes perpendicular to the orbital plane and a rotation period of a few days. The tidal force and the deviation from spherical structure are considered in lowest‐order perturbation theory. The magnetic field is in the form of toroidal magnetic flux rings, which are stored in mechanical equilibrium within the stably stratified overshoot region beneath the convection zone until the field has grown sufficiently strong for the undulatory instability to initiate the formation of rising loops. Frequencies and geometry of stable as well as growth rates of unstable eigenmodes are determined by linear stability analysis. Particular consideration is given to the question whether the effects of tidal forces and perturbations of the stellar structure can force a rising flux loop to enter the convection zone at specific longitudes.  相似文献   

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