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1.
Rupture directivity and hanging wall effect in near field strong ground motion simulation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A random synthesis procedure based on finite fault model is adopted for near field strong ground motion simulation in this paper.The fault plane of the source is divided into a number of sub-sources,the whole moment magnitude is also divided into more sub-events.The Fourier spectrum of ground motion caused by a sub-event in given sub-source,then can be derived by means of taking the point source spectrum,attenuation with distance,energy dissipation,and near surface effect,into account.A time history is synthesized from this amplitude spectrum and a random phase spectrum,and being combined with an envelope function.The ground motion is worked out by superposition of all time histories from each sub-event in each sub-source,with time lags determining by the differences between the triggering times of sub-events and ddistances of the sub-sources.From the example of simulations at 21 near field points in a scenario earthquake with 4 dip angles of the fault plane,it is illustrated that the procedure can describe the rupture directivity and hanging wall effect very well.To validate the procedure,the response spectra and time histories recorded at three near fault stations MCN,LV3 and PCD during the Northridge earthquake in 1994,are compared with the simulated ones. 相似文献
2.
为了模拟近场强地震动，采用了基于有限断层模型的一种随机合成方法．震源破裂面被剖分成一定数量的子源，总的地震矩分成数量更多的子震的矩．一给定子源中一次子震引起的场地地震动的傅氏谱，通过考虑点源的谱、随着距离的衰减、能量耗散及近地表效应等导出．据此幅值谱和一个随机相位谱，并与一个时程包络函数结合，合成一个子震时程．将各子源中各个子震引起的所有时程叠加，得出场地的地震动时程．叠加中，各子震时程之间的时滞，据子震发震时差和子源至场地的距离差别引起的时差确定．对一个设定地震，选用4个断层面倾角，计算了近场21个地点的地震动．结果表明，本文方法可以很好地表达破裂的方向性效应和上盘效应．为了验证方法的可靠性，对1994年美国北岭地震中3个近断层台站MCN，LV3和PCD模拟的地震动与实际记录的加速度反应谱和时程作了比较． 相似文献
3.
近场强地震动除受场地条件的影响外,还受到震源破裂面上子源的空间分布特点、子源破裂先后顺序的强烈控制,基于数值格林函数法的近场强地震动数值模拟方法可以综合考虑震源、传播途径及局部场地条件的影响,对计算过程进行合理简化,分2步完成地震动模拟:第1步,在介质均匀区采用矩张量的解析解计算所有子源在盖层底面的位移,形成下一步有限元计算的输入场;第2步,在盖层介质不均匀区,结合局部人工透射边界技术,采用时、空解耦的波动显式有限元方法计算地表强地震动。在有限断层模型中,采用具有9个力偶的等效地震矩张量表达断层产状、滑动方向等的影响,采用Brune模型定义各子源的滑动时间函数,描述滑动的时、空不均匀分布特征,从而细化震源模型。通过对Northridge地震中4个基岩台站地表地震动的模拟结果和强震记录,验证了此简化计算方法的可行性 相似文献
4.
基于有限断层震源、且使用动力学拐角频率的地震动随机模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层的加速度场.首先,基于有限断层震源建模方法建立该次地震的震源模型;然后,基于上述地震动模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层191个节点的加速度时程.在此基础上,取每个结点的加速度峰值绘制该次地震的近断层加速度场.结果表明:(1)近断层加速度场主要受震源破裂过程和断层面上滑动分布的影响.断层面上凹凸体投影到地表的区域附近,加速度峰值最大,也是震害最严重的区域;(2)对于走滑地震,断层沿线附近的场地并非均会发生破裂方向性效应;发生破裂方向性效应的场地与凹凸体在断层面上的位置有关. 相似文献
5.
随机有限断层模型是模拟地震动加速度时程的一个重要工具.但将其应用于中强地震时,由于震源信息的准确性较差从而使模型参数具有较大的不确定性.尤其针对其中最为关键的应力降参数,目前相关研究较为缺乏且尚未形成系统的确定方法.本文基于美国Little Skull Mountain Mw5.6级地震2个近场台站记录的地震动模拟,详细研究了采用随机有限断层法拟合中强地震地震动伪加速度反应谱（PSA）来确定应力降参数值的方法,并在计算应力降时引入了其它震源参数的不确定性,随后对此方法的可行性进行了验证.研究表明：采用不同频段反应谱残差和计算得到的应力降值差别较大,确定中强地震应力降较为合适的反应谱频段是中高频,采用该频段确定的应力降参数值模拟的反应谱和峰值加速度与实际记录较为符合;脉冲子断层百分比、断层长宽、倾角和深度等震源参数按截断的正态分布或均匀分布随机抽样,拟合得到的应力降参数值与通过实际震源模型参数得到的值相近.以上研究结果对确定一个区域中强地震应力降或中强地震近场强震动模拟研究提供了更进一步的研究方法和研究方向. 相似文献
6.
In the analysis and design of important structures with relatively long life spans, there is a need to generate strong motion data for possible large events. The source of an earthquake is characterized by the spatial distribution of slip on the fault plane. For future events, this is unknown. In this paper, a stochastic earthquake source model is developed to address this issue. Here, 1D and 2D stochastic models for slip distribution developed by Lavallée et al.(2006) are used. The random field associated with the slip distribution is heavy-tailed stable distribution which can be used for large events. Using 236 past rupture models, the spectral scaling parameter and the four stable or Levy's parameters against empirical relationship for known quantities like magnitude or fault length are developed. The model is validated with data from 411 stations of 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. The simulated response spectrum showed good agreement to actual data. Further the proposed model is used to generate ground motion for the 1993 Killari Earthquake where strong motion data is not available. The simulated mean peak ground velocity was in turn related to the intensity(MSK) and compared against values in the literature. 相似文献
7.
1 Introduction Earthquake disaster investigations show that numerous strong earthquakes were caused by remobilization of active faults. Major casualties and severe damage to buildings as well as signi?cant economic losses resulted from the ground motions of strongearthquakescausedbyactivefaultslocatedbeneath urban areas. Recently, the potential hazard prediction of and its mitigation against active faults located beneath urban areas have become an important research topic for seismologists and… 相似文献
8.
基于确定性震源模型的方法主要用于计算低频(11 Hz)地震动常用经验格林函数法或随机方法,对低频地震动模拟不够准确．本文在确定性震源模型方法基础上,尝试采用分解给定的震源模型的方法来模拟宽频带(0.1——10 Hz)强地面运动,即采用分级离散断层面和分解断层面破裂单元上升时间的方法,增加震源时间函数中的高频信号,从而避免了对地震记录丰富程度和准确性的依赖．文中模拟计算了汶川MS8.0地震在8个地震观测台的地震动,将模拟结果和观测记录进行了加速度时程曲线和傅里叶振幅谱的对比分析．对比结果显示,模拟估计的地震动峰值加速度和持续时间与观测记录的数据基本在plusmn;50%的精度范围内相同,傅里叶振幅谱显示模拟结果有得到10 Hz左右的高频成分. 四川盆地中的台站模拟结果高频衰减比观测记录要快,原因是模拟过程没有考虑场地效应.对强地震动模拟还是要综合考虑震源、传播路径和场地的影响．研究结果表明,此改变震源输入的确定性方法可应用于模拟近断层宽频强地面运动． 相似文献
9.
2013年4月20日在我国四川省发生了芦山MS7.0地震,地震给当地群众的生命财产安全带来了巨大的损失,其中最严重的破坏发生在震中附近的芦山、宝兴等地区.根据地震发生的快速反演结果,及发震断层面上滑动位移的分布情况,构建有限断层模型,对近断层区域的强地面运动进行初步计算,并基于强地面运动的模拟结果给出震区烈度分布的初步估计.模拟结果显示：模拟烈度图显示极震区的烈度在IX级左右,VI级烈度影响范围大致为16000 km2,该结果与中国地震局于4月27日给出的震区实测烈度图一致程度较高.强烈地震发生后,基于近断层强地面运动模拟计算的结果,可以给出相对合理的地震烈度分布情况估计,对震区震情判定及救灾工作具备较高的现实意义. 相似文献
10.
Hossein Tahghighi 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(14):1591-1608
Unique to the near‐source region of a large earthquake is the occurrence of strong impulsive ground motion and surface faulting referred to as ‘fling‐step’ motion. The objective of this study is to synthesize broad‐band time histories over a wide range of frequencies by characterizing rupture directivity and fling effects from the comprehensive strong motion database of the near‐fault Chi‐Chi event. To aid in the generation of these special types of ground motions, a hybrid modeling technique is introduced based on the stochastic finite‐fault radiation method and an efficient analytical approach to incorporate the observed low‐frequency features in the records close to the ruptured fault. The results show that the overall agreement among the developed hybrid methodology and recorded waveforms and response spectra is quite satisfying. A brief discussion on the design of infrastructures near seismic fault is also included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
2013年7月22日,在甘肃岷县漳县交界处发生MS6.6地震,地震震中位置靠近临潭—宕昌断裂.本文通过构建有限断层模型,利用国家强震动台网中心提供的12条强地面运动三分量资料,通过波形反演方法来研究这次地震的震源破裂过程.结果显示这次地震是发生在甘东南地区岷县—宕昌断裂带东段附近的一次MW6.1级逆冲兼具左旋走滑破裂事件,最大滑动量约为80cm.发震断层走向及滑动性质与岷县—宕昌断裂吻合,推断本次地震与东昆仑断裂向北的扩展和推挤密切相关,是岷县—宕昌断裂进一步活动的结果. 相似文献
12.
2013年芦山MS7.0地震震源参数特征 及近断层强地面运动初步估计 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2013年4月20日在我国四川省雅安市芦山县发生了MS7.0地震, 破坏最严重的宝兴、 芦山等极震区烈度达到Ⅷ—Ⅸ度. 该文针对芦山MS7.0地震震源参数的特征, 结合相关经验关系, 对本次地震的震源特征进行了初步分析. 结果表明, 芦山MS7.0地震为断层动态摩擦过程中的应力下调模式. 进一步应用Brune圆盘模型对芦山MS7.0地震近场强地面运动的理论值进行估算, 并基于加速度和速度的估算结果计算极震区的最大烈度, 约为Ⅷ—X度, 与实测的极震区最大烈度Ⅸ度较为接近. 选取宝兴和芦山为特征计算点, 构建动态复合震源模型, 对近断层区域内宝兴和芦山两个特征点进行了模拟计算. 模拟结果显示, 近断层区域强地面运动呈现持续时间短、 高频成分多等特征. 相似文献
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Based on the example of the strong earthquake of November 24, 1971, with the earthquake source near the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii, the new modeling technique of the strong ground motions within the broadband is tested. In this technique, the seismologically-substantiated models of the radiation source and elastic medium are used. The source is represented by an array of point radiation sources-dislocations with the random seismic moments (amplitudes) and with the random time functions. The new method of calculation of the Green functions is developed to describe the propagation of waves and residual displacements of a layered medium. The method is used for the simulation of the horizontal ground motion, recorded by a S5S-ISO instrument for the strong earthquake that took place on November 24, 1971 with the source near the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii (with a depth of 105 km). The position of the hypocenter, the sizes and the position of the fault, and “fault mechanism” were considered to be known a priori. By a trial and error method of the duration of the source process and only two spectral parameters, it was possible to simulate successfully the fundamental characteristics of the ground vibrations: the amplitude of acceleration, the velocity and displacement of the ground, their Fourier spectrum, the duration of the vibrations, and the response spectrum. The surprisingly high level of high-frequency radiation, probably connected with the intraplate position of the source, is a specific feature of the source. 相似文献
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The 2008 MS8 Wenchuan earthquake occurs on a high angle listric thrust fault. It is the first time that the near and far field strong ground motion was observed for such special type thrust earthquake. This paper jointly interprets the distribution of peak acceleration of ground motion data with seismogenic structure and slip propagating process to investigate how high angle listric thrust fault controls the pattern of strong ground motion. We found that the distribution of peak acceleration of strong ground motion during the Wenchuan earthquake has four distinctive features: 1)The peak acceleration of ground motion inside the Longmenshan fault zone is large, that is, nearly twice as strong as that outside the fault zone; 2)This earthquake produces significant vertical ground motion, prevailing against horizontal components in the near field; 3)The far field records show that the peak acceleration is generally higher and attenuates slower versus station-fault distance in the hanging wall. It is doubtful that the attenuation of horizontal components also has the hanging wall effect since no evidence yet proving that the unexpected high value at long distance need be omitted; 4)As to the attenuation in directions parallel to the source fault(Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault), the far field records also exhibit azimuthal heterogeneity that the peak acceleration of horizontal components decreases slower in the north-northeastern direction in which the co-seismic slip propagates than that in the backward way. However, the attenuation of vertical component displays very weak heterogeneity of this kind. Synthetically considered with shallow dislocation, high dip angle, and prevailing vertical deformation during co-seismic process of the Wenchuan earthquake, our near and far field ground motion records reflect the truth that the magnitude of ground motion is principally determined by slip type of earthquake and actual distance between the slipping source patches and stations. As a further interpretation, the uniqueness of high angle listric thrust results in that the ground motion effects of the Wenchuan earthquake are similar to that due to a common thrust earthquake in some components while differ in the others. 相似文献
17.
Bounding of near-fault ground motion based on radiated seismic energy with a consideration of fault frictional mechanisms 
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下载免费PDF全文 The energy radiated as seismic waves strongly depends on the fault rupture process associated with rupture speed and dynamic frictional mechanisms involved in the fault slip motion.Following McGarr and Fletcher approach,we derived a physics-based relationship of the weighted average fault slip velocity vs apparent stress,rupture speed and static stress drop based on a dynamic circular fault model.The resultant function can be approximately used to bound near-fault ground motion and seismic energy associated with near-fault coseismic deformation.Fault frictional overshoot and undershoot mechanisms governed by a simple slip-weakening constitutive relation are included in our consideration by using dynamic rupture models named as M-and D-models and proposed by Madariaga(1976) and Boatwright.We applied the above function to the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake and the 1999 Jiji(Chi-Chi) earthquake to infer the near-fault ground motion called slip weighted average particle velocity and obtained that such model-dependent prediction of weighted average ground velocities is consistent to the results derived from the near-fault strong motion observations.Moreover,we compared our results with the results by McGarr and Fletcher approach,and we found that the values of the weighted average particle velocities we obtained for these two earthquakes are generally smaller and closer to the values by direct integration of strong motion recordings of the near-fault particle velocity waveform data.In other words,if this result comes to be true,it would be a straightforward way used to constrain the near-fault ground motion or to estimate source parameters such as rupture speed,static and dynamic stress drops. 相似文献
18.
Strong ground motion simulation for the 2013 Lushan M
W6.6 earthquake,Sichuan, China,based on the inverted and synthetic slip models 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 It is well known that quantitative estimation of slip distributions on fault plane is one of the most important issues for earthquake source inversion related to the fault rupture process. The characteristics of slip distribution on the main fault play a fundamental role to control strong ground motion pattern. A large amount of works have also suggested that variable slip models inverted from longer period ground motion recordings are relevant for the prediction of higher frequency ground motions. Zhang et al. (Chin J Geophys 56:1412–1417, 2013) and Wang et al. (Chin J Geophys 56:1408–1411, 2013) published their source inversions for the fault rupturing process soon after the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake in Sichuan, China. In this study, first, we synthesize two forward source slip models: the value of maximum slip, fault dimension, size, and dimension of major asperities, and corner wave number obtained from Wang’s model is adopted to constrain the generation of k ?2 model and crack model. Next, both inverted and synthetic slip models are employed to simulate the ground motions for the Lushan earthquake based on the stochastic finite-fault method. In addition, for a comparison purpose, a stochastic slip model and another k ?2 model (k ?2 model II) with 2 times value of corner wave number of the original k ?2 model (k ?2 model I) are also employed for simulation for Lushan event. The simulated results characterized by Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) show that the source slip models based on the inverted and synthetic slip distributions could capture many basic features associated with the ground motion patterns. Moreover, the simulated MMI distributions reflect the rupture directivity effect and the influence of the shallow velocity structure well. On the other hand, the simulated MMI by stochastic slip model and k ?2 model II is apparently higher than observed intensity. By contrast, our simulation results show that the higher frequency ground motion is sensitive to the degree of slip roughness; therefore, we suggest that, for realistic ground‐motion simulations due to future earthquake, it is imperative to properly estimate the slip roughness distribution. 相似文献
19.
Alexander A. Gusev Eugenia M. Guseva Giuliano F. Panza 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(7):1305-1325
For any earthquake, the slipping fault and the source of high-frequency seismic waves, by and large, coincide. On a more local
scale, however, the areas of high seismic slip rate and of increased high-frequency radiation output (seismic luminosity)
need not match. To study in some detail how slip rate and seismic luminosity are interrelated, a systematic study is performed
that uses 251 records of teleseismic P waves from 23 intermediate-depth earthquakes of magnitude 6.8 and above. From a broadband trace we extract two time histories:
(1) displacement and (2) 0.5–2.5 Hz band-passed and squared velocity, or ``HF power', and calculate correlation coefficient,
ρ between the two. To reduce the bias related to formation of P coda, a special procedure is applied to data. We estimated the average value ρ = 0.52 (range of event averages 0.35 to 0.65) for the correlation coefficient between the radiated time histories for displacement
and ``HF power', which is considerably below the ``ideal' value of unity. We argue that the same or even lower value characterizes
the degree of slip rate - seismic luminosity correlation at the fault. Two factors may contribute to the revealed decorrelation:
(1) random fluctuations of observed HF power (inevitable for a signal with a limited bandwidth), and (2) the genuine mismatch
of slip rate and mean luminosity. We show that these factors, acting separately, would result in the ρ values equal to, correspondingly, 0.72 and 0.80. We also show that genuine decorrelation is statistically significant. We
conclude that the observed values of ρ indicate genuine differences between the distributions of the slip rate and the seismic luminosity over the fault area. These
results provide important constraints both for the accurate wide-band simulation of strong ground motion and for theoretical
dynamic source models. 相似文献
20.
在进行未来破坏性地震的强地面运动数值模拟时,震源参数选取的准确性对地震动预测的结果影响很大。震源参数的确定存在很多不确定性因素,既包含随机的不确定性因素,又包含认知的不确定性因素。本文在大量地震事件及文献调研的基础上,运用统计学方法对具备随机不确定性特征的震源参数进行统计研究,以震源参数经验公式的形态建立解释其随机性和不确定性的数学模型。为了研究局部地区震源参数的定标关系特征,获得更加适用于局部地震密集区域,尤其是包含中国大陆地区在内的局部区域的震源参数的经验关系,本文从GCMT地震目录中选取了1 700多个MW≥5.5的地震事件,运用统计学方法研究地震密集地区的震源参数经验关系,包括震级、地震矩、破裂面积等,增加了相对较大的局部范围内凹凸体的地震样本数量,从统计学角度计算更加适合局部区域的震源参数的经验关系。统计结果表明:局部区域震例获得的震源参数的经验关系与不限区域震例获得的经验关系存在差异,尤其是涉及到断层破裂面积、凹凸体相关参数时差异较大,局部区域内震例获得的震源参数的经验关系将更具有代表性。应用本文获得的相对局部区域的经验公式计算未来破坏性地震的强地面运动所需的震源参数时,获得的地震动预测结果将更能体现目标区域真实的地震动特征,进而提高地震动预测结果的可靠性。 相似文献