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1.
The paper presents a methodology on how to consistently deal with the future change and management options in integrated water resources management (IWRM). It is based on a conceptual framework with a five step procedure for the formulation and analysis of a so-called ‘parameterised regional futures’. Developing and testing the approach for IWRM is realised for the upper part of the Western Bug River catchment (Ukraine). Special attention is paid to scenarios of change covering climate and land use. The future regional climate is downscaled with the model CCLM. Land cover is projected after retrospective change detection and the derivation of prospective algorithms. Parameters of the interrelations between land use and the water cycle are tackled through using the concept of the model PWF-LU. The methodology is currently being tested to analyse the impacts of mid-term regional change and management options on the water cycle of the catchment.  相似文献   

2.
Groundwater management is of fundamental importance to meet the rapidly expanding urban, industrial and agricultural water requirements in semi-arid areas. To assess the current rate of groundwater withdrawal and possibility of recharge of potential aquifer in the semi-arid regions is essential for water management. The present study aimed to identify potential area for groundwater recharge structure in the Gwalior area based on land use, rainfall variation, hydrological component and statistical analysis. In this work, a stream survival approach was used for the assessment of water channel by using triangulated network and regression analysis to find out the correlation of individual component with reference to water management. Land use/land cover (LULC) map prepared from multispectral satellite images of the study area and used to validate the hydrological component and the results observed through the regression model shows good correlation. Therefore, immediate and effective water management schemes are required for sustainable water resource development and management in the area.  相似文献   

3.
Aerial photograph interpretation on erosion trends from 1961 to 1998 showed that by 1998, approximately 17 and 50% of agricultural land in Ndome and Ghazi respectively had been permanently lost due to the combined effect of rill, inter-rill, and gully erosion, and sand deposition. Although abnormally heavy rains received between 1996–98 caused much of the present land damage, the severity of the damage was enhanced by inappropriate and persistent human perturbations in the land-system notably through vegetative degradation and destruction of soil structure through inappropriate tillage practices. With soil organic matter contents of 1.6 and 1.9%, and clay ratios of 10.1 and 10.6 for Ndome and Ghazi, respectively, the areas inherent erodibility was considered as high thus pointing to the need for careful use and management of the soil resource. That farmers appreciated only land quality indicators that were visible to the naked eye and that directly affected their subsistence, revealed a knowledge gap that saw damages from intrinsic processes like rill and inter-rill erosion proceed unnoticed. This paper argues that the spread of erosion damage in rural agro-ecosystems is survival-driven. And as a remedy to this problem, there is need for the diversification of livelihood endeavours to alternative off-farm income sources to reduce pressure on the already fragile land resource. Further, being the ultimate implementers of conservation technologies and by virtue of the multiplicity and inter-relation of rural household needs, adoption of an integrated erosion management approach with food security as paramount presents the most practical entry point for sustainable land management in such rural agro-ecosystems. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

4.
A new method is proposed for the identification and apportionment of contemporary source soils contributing to estuarine sediments. The method uses compound-specific isotopic analysis of naturally occurring biomarkers (fatty acids) derived from plants to link source soils to land use within a single catchment. For identification and apportionment of source soils in the estuarine samples, the method uses the isotopic mixing model, IsoSource. The feasible proportions obtained from IsoSource are then scaled to allow for the percent organic carbon in the source soils. With this approach, the estimation of each source soil contribution to a location in the estuary is independent of any degradation of the biomarkers through microbial or biogeochemical processes. Identification relies on the evaluation of the sediment sample relative to a “library” of reference source soils from different land use within the catchment. Selection of potential sources is geographically constrained by the requirement for a natural linkage between each source soil and the sediment site sampled. A case study, using this method, mapped the distribution of three main land use source soils (pasture, native forest, and pine forest) across the river delta in a small estuary fringed with mangroves. Rather than being uniformly distributed, the results indicated that the source soil contributions varied markedly across the delta, raising concerns about the validity of taking single cores to characterize the sediments of an estuary. Coupling the source apportionment results with land use data indicated that the mean percent contribution of pine forest soil in the river delta sediments was almost three times greater than the percent land use area of pine forest in the catchment. Furthermore, isotopic signatures indicated that most of the pine forest soil came from the much smaller areas exposed to erosion by clear cut harvesting and that the soil contribution from recently harvested areas of pine forest could be as much as 20 times greater than that land use area in this catchment. This is the first method that can identify and apportion, by land use on a catchment scale, the sources of soil contributing to the sediment at a location of an estuary. The results are given as a “best estimate”, within definable limits, of the proportional contribution of each potential source soil. Information obtained using this method will allow development of management strategies to alter land use practices to reduce the sediment load to rivers, and thus, the impact on the aquatic ecosystem downstream in estuaries.  相似文献   

5.
Groundwater is a very important resource across Ismailia area as it is used in domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. This makes it absolutely necessary that the effects of land use change on groundwater resources are considered when making land use decisions. Careful monitoring of groundwater resource helps minimize the contamination of this resource. This study developed a GIS-based model to assess groundwater contamination in the West Ismailia area based on its hydrochemical characteristics. The model incorporated five different factors which are standardized to a common evaluation scale. The produced factor maps include the depth to the water table, the potential recharge, the soil type, the topography, and the thickness of saturation. These maps are combined in ERDAS Imagine, ARC INFO, and ARC GIS software using geostatistics and a weighted overlay process to produce the final groundwater potential risk map. The model output is then used to determine the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination by domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources. The produced risk maps are then combined with the groundwater contamination potentiality map using an arithmetic overlay in order to identify areas which were vulnerable to contamination. The results of this study revealed that the groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination that may result from the inappropriate application of agrichemicals and domestic and industrial activities. The produced integrated potential contamination maps are very useful tools for a decision maker concerned with groundwater protection and development.  相似文献   

6.
“生态系统方法（ Ecosystem Approach ，EA）”不是一种具体的生态系统管理方法，而是一种综合各种方法来解决复杂的社会、经济和生态问题的生态系统管理策略。它提供了一个将多学科的理论与方法应用到具体管理实践的科学和政策框架。回顾了生态系统方法的产生及其概念的发展和演变，揭示了生态系统方法与生态系统管理之间的联系，介绍了生态系统方法在自然资源管理和流域综合管理方面的应用，可为我国的自然资源管理和生态系统管理提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution at the Three Gorges reservoir area in China has been increasingly recognized as a threat to aquatic environment in recent years due to the serious eutrophication problem. Adsorbed NPS pollution is one of the major forms of NPS pollution in mountainous regions, the essential of the adsorbed NPS pollution is soil loss. Thus, simple, highly sensitive and continuous methods are required to simulate and quantify sediments yield at watershed scales. It is imperative to construct an integrated model to estimate the sediment yield and adsorbed NPS pollution load. According to the characteristics of climate, hydrology, topography, geology, geomorphology and land use types in Three Gorges reservoir area, a GIS-based dynamic-integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was presented in view of impacts of the rainfall intensity, sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and land management, where the temporally dynamic-continuous model of annual sediment yield was established by modifying the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the spatially integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was then developed via the correlation between sediment yield and adsorbed NPS load. Furthermore, a case study of the Jialing River basin in China was applied to validate the integrated model, the dynamic-distributed coupling among GIS technology, sediment yield model, and adsorbed NPS load model was achieved successfully. The simulation results demonstrate the following: (1) runoff and sediment are influenced greatly by rainfall intensity, SDR and vegetation cover; rainfall and land management show high sensitivities to the integrated model; the average annual adsorbed TN and TP pollution loads from 2006 to 2010 decreased by 76 and 74 % compared with the previous treatment (1990), respectively. (2) Spatio-temporal variations of adsorbed NPS nitrogen and phosphorus load are mainly related to different land use types and the background level of nutriments in topsoil; different land use types have different contribution rates; the largest contribution rates of adsorbed total nitrogen (TN, 58.9 %) and total phosphorus (TP, 53 %) loads are both from the dryland cropland. (3) The identification of critical source areas can help to implement the prevention and control measures aiming at the reduction of water environmental pollution. These results will provide useful and valuable information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures for the control of sediment pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area. The application of this model in the catchment shows that the integrated model may be used as a major tool to assess sediment yield risks and adsorbed NPS pollution load at mountainous watersheds.  相似文献   

8.
Freitas  Gabriel  Díaz  Ismael  Bessonart  Martín  da Costa  Edwin  Achkar  Marcel 《GeoJournal》2021,86(3):1155-1171

Floods are natural processes that constitute a hazard to society when associated to improper land use. Anthropic activities in floodplains are a factor of vulnerability that converts a natural hazard into a threat factor, eventually leading to disaster. Nowadays, natural and social complex processes demand integrated assessments in order to improve their understanding, helping decision making over sustainable use of territory, as well as integrating society’s activity in ecosystems and potentials, restrictions and benefits that society obtain from them. In this context, the objective of this work was to build a composite vulnerability model for a floodplain under urban influence, using an integrated assessment approach. This model was based on three dimensions; threat, fragility and an ecosystem services provision. These dimensions were calculated using both primary and secondary information, and weights by specialists. Main results show that the area presents high vulnerability with an increasing gradient towards high and urbanized areas, associated with an important number and relevant ecosystem services. Also, a spatial heterogeneity of the three dimensions emerged, making evident this area’s complexity and the need of integrated assessments to approach it. The composite vulnerability model proposed presents an elevated potential for natural and social processes analysis in floodplains, which is crucial for these territory management. Moreover, these integrated dimensions could contribute to decision making in different levels, as well as generating important supplies for environmental management and land planning.

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9.
At the regional scale, more and more questions are arising regarding the evaluation of management strategies to minimize the nutrient input into ground- and surface water. Therefore, the quantification of the chemical transformation processes and the spatio-temporal differentiation of the nitrate transport behavior at regional scales are essential. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) stipulated new sustainable management concepts in the face of climate change and the change of land use systems. Considering the prospective changes, a valid prediction of the substance flux using scale-dependent adapted model tools is a necessity. The objective of this paper is the parameterization of redox based denitrification dynamics in groundwater via the entire flow path from recharge to discharge by the geochemical proxies redox potential and Fe-concentration. The used model approach Model of Diffuse Emissions via Subsurface Trails (MODEST) combines GIS embedded grid-based conceptual groundwater flow and substance transport modeling at larger scales with substance degradation rates, the latter based on denitrification half-lives between 6 months and 120 years determined for the individual compartments of the modeled region, the State Brandenburg. The resulting regional nitrate retention potential represents the basic information for the evaluation of renovated, sustainable land and water management approaches, mitigating diffuse nitrate pollution in the younger Pleistocene glacial landscapes.  相似文献   

10.
西北干旱区生态需水研究   总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14  
赵传燕  程国栋 《地球科学进展》2006,21(11):1101-1108
西北干旱区是水资源稀缺和生态环境相对脆弱的区域。以人类需求为中心的传统水资源开发利用及评价忽视了水资源与生态环境系统之间的关系,引发了众多的生态环境问题。日益恶化的生态环境使得生态需水量受到广泛关注,生态需水量研究由此成为干旱区生态水文学研究新的增长点。文章在综述国内外生态需水研究现状及其面临挑战的基础上,分析西北干旱区水资源转化特点,结合Falkenmark 水资源分类,突出生态需水在水分流中的地位,提出保障生态需水的策略,即：①生态环境稳定性界定;②绿水的保护与高效利用; ③虚拟水战略,旨在为平衡人类需水与自然需水提供重要的理论基础。  相似文献   

11.
Rapid urban expansion due to large scale land use/cover change, particularly in developing countries becomes a matter of concern since urbanization drives environmental change at multiple scales. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has been experienced break-neck urban growth in the last few decades that resulted many adverse impacts on the environment. This paper was an attempt to document spatio-temporal pattern of land use/cover changes, and to quantify the landscape structures in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh. Using multi-temporal remotely sensed data with GIS, dynamics of land use/cover changes was evaluated and a transition matrix was computed to understand the rate and pattern of land use/cover change. Derived land use statistics subsequently integrated with landscape metrics to determine the impact of land use change on landscape fragmentation. Significant changes in land use/cover were noticed in Dhaka over the study period, 1975–2005. Rapid urbanization was manifested by a large reduction of agricultural land since urban built-up area increased from 5,500?ha in 1975 to 20,549?ha in 2005. At the same time, cultivated land decreased from 12,040 to 6,236?ha in the same period. Likewise, wetland and vegetation cover reduced to about 6,027 and 2,812?ha, respectively. Consequently, sharp changes in landscape pattern and composition were observed. The landscape became highly fragmented as a result of rapid increase in the built-up areas. The analysis revealed that mean patch size decreased while the number of patches increased. Landscape diversity declined, urban dominance amplified, and the overall landscape mosaics became more continuous, homogenous and clumped. In order to devise sustainable land use planning and to determine future landscape changes for sound resource management strategies, the present study is expected to have significant implications in rapidly urbanizing cities of the world in delivering baseline information about long term land use change and its impact on landscape structure.  相似文献   

12.
The coastal semi-arid region of South Texas is undergoing significant growth causing an enormous burden on its limited water resources. Understanding regional-scale vulnerability of this resource is important for sustainable water resources management and land use development. In this study, DRASTIC methodology is integrated with an information-analytic technique called rough sets to understand groundwater vulnerability characteristics in 18 different counties of South Texas. The rough set theory provides three useful metrics: the strength factor which depicts how vulnerability characteristics occur over the area; the certainty factor computes the relative probabilities for various vulnerability states within a county and the coverage factor which elucidates the fraction of a specific vulnerability state present in each county. The coupling of rough sets with GIS is particularly advantageous to cluster counties exhibiting similar vulnerability characteristics and to obtain other related insights. The application of the approach indicates that the groundwater vulnerability exhibits greater variability along the coast than in the interior sections of the area. The shallow aquifer in Aransas, DeWitt, Goliad and Gonzales counties is the most vulnerable, while the aquifer in Duval, Jim Wells, Karnes, Live Oak, Nueces and San Patricio is less vulnerable. This approach should prove useful to regional planners and environmental managers entrusted with the protection of groundwater resources.  相似文献   

13.
Asia, and in particular the Mekong Delta region, is under increasing water use pressure. Food production and quality is one element of these growing pressures, as is water management. The authors have first-hand knowledge and experience in groundwater use and management in rural Thailand. Through the adoption of a micro-management, demand-driven approach, with its ultimate objective of sustainability and the betterment of the quality of human life, the Mekong delta and other similar rural areas in Asia offer considerable opportunity for more optimal sustainable exploitation of groundwater. This water source should be prioritized for village usage, which if properly allocated and managed, will lift a significant human population from poverty, into a more sustainable existence. This readily available, reliable groundwater resource exists and has both the capacity for abundant storage as well as the potential for commercial and household supply. The focus has been on understanding the distribution of the delta’s relatively shallow, well sustained, and consistently recharged groundwater resource, and its potential symbiotic linkage to low-volume household demand. Water has been employed in a variety of ways from improving quality of life and sanitation to generating income through the cultivation of cash crops and other similar productive uses. The fundamental aims of the initial model and subsequent trials have been to harness this robust water source and deliver otherwise unattainable income to households. As the following, more detailed study of rural Thailand demonstrates, the benefits of such an approach deliver sustainable enhancements to the quality of constituents’ lives, are environmentally sensitive and sustainable, and harmonize with governmental efforts to alleviate poverty through the enablement of income generation from groundwater utilization.  相似文献   

14.
流域科学研究中的观测和模型系统建设   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  
流域是地球系统的缩微,是自然界的基本单元。流域科学从基础研究角度可以被看作是地球系统科学研究方法在流域尺度上的具体体现;从流域综合管理的应用角度看,流域科学是在流域尺度上通过对自然资源和人类活动的优化配置而为可持续发展服务的应用科学。流域观测系统和模型系统的建设是发展流域科学的前提。提出了建立遥感—地面观测一体化的、覆盖流域能水和生物化学循环及社会经济活动的流域观测系统的设想,规划了系统各组成部分,以高效、高分辨率、高精度、多尺度、集成和现代化为流域观测系统的基本衡量准则。流域模型系统可概括为“水—土—气—生—人”集成模型的发展,[JP2]应该科学目标和流域管理目标并重,既要发展具有综合模拟能力的流域集成模型,也要建成流域水土资源和社会经济资源可持续利用决策支持系统。流域集成模型应由分布式水文模型、陆面过程模型、地下水模型、渠系模型、动态植被模型和社会经济模型构成。  相似文献   

15.
Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan project (GCP/SUD/033/NET) is undertaking research to formulate management plans for Sudan ecologically marginal forests. Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests are taken as examples to initiate sound plans. It is believed that the study of socio-economic parameters of forests users is an essential component to achieve such plan. This study is also fundamental for attaining an integrated land use system, as a prime option of natural resource use. This study is, consequently, aiming at:
  1. Providing the base line information of the different communities identified in Tab 3 and using the two forests.
  2. Examine people's attitude, perception, participation options in maintenance and management of the two forests. Such parameters are also vital for adoption of an integrated land use strategy in the future.
  3. Based on (i) and (ii) to outline broadly the most relevant plan of management land use strategy to be adopted, based on community self-generated options of institutions and objectives of use.
The main findings in this context can be summarized in the following:
  1. A complex pattern of economic activities (Tab 3) ranging from pure pastoral nomadism to modern mechanized farming, still characterized by combination of related activities of agricultural/livestock breeding, agriculture/forest resource use, etc. This diversity in activities, which is mostly dependent on the natural resource base, gives a sound base for any option of an integrated land use system.
  2. Perception and attitude analysis have revealed a growing awareness of the role of the forest resources in the economy as source of grazing, domestic needs and source of income. This awareness is supported by willingness to participate in any integrated land use plan, yet from a different stand point and objective. Preference of self-generated channels is quite evident, but with a specified role of the government.
  3. The major finding is that, and among all communities, the situation is mature for action, although at different levels.
Therefore, each community could be approached along relevant lines of action, as an initial phase before attaining a comprehensive land use plan. On-farm trials (OFTs) or in-herd trials seem to be more relevant compared with expert controlled trials. Any plan of action needs to be preceded by revision of present land tenure systems, establishing grass-root institutions, reorientation of concerned government departments, intensive extension programme and careful formulation of projects, execution and follow-up plans. Such steps need to be geared to narrow the ‘Perception gap’ of development between participants or users and planners.  相似文献   

16.
Sustainable management of groundwater resources has now become an obligation,especially in arid and semi-arid regions given the socio-economic importance of this resource.The optimization in zoning for groundwater exploitation helps in planning and managing groundwater supply works such as boreholes and wells in the catchment.The objective of this study is to use remote sensing and GIS-based Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)techniques to evaluate the groundwater potential of Wadi Saida Watershed.Spatial analysis such as geostatistics was also used to validate results and ensure more accuracy.Through the GIS tools and remote sensing technique,earth observation data were converted into thematic layers such as lineament density,geology,drainage density,slope,land use and rainfall,which were combined to delineate groundwater potential zones.Based on their respective impact on groundwater potential,the AHP approach was adopted to assign weights on multi-influencing factors.These results will enable decision-makers to optimize hydrogeological exploration in large-scale catchment areas and map areas.According to the results,the southern part of the Wadi Saida Watershed is characterized as a higher groundwater potential area,where 32%of the total surface area falls in the excellent and good class of groundwater potential.The validation process revealed a 71%agreement between the estimated and actual yield of the existing boreholes in the study area.  相似文献   

17.
虚拟土战略与土地资源可持续利用的社会化管理   总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26  
土地资源紧缺是威胁世界食物安全的主要限制因素之一, 土地资源可持续利用是区域生态经济系统经济增长和社会发展的关键. 类似于国内已经开展的虚拟水和虚拟水战略概念及相关研究, 首次提出"虚拟土"和"虚拟土战略"新概念, 分析了土地资源管理不同管理阶段及其相关问题. 结合当前国家耕地总量平衡、区域粮食安全问题以及土地资源利用中出现的一些新情况, 从土地资源的社会属性出发, 实证分析了土地生产能力与社会适应性能力的关系, 提出了基于虚拟土概念及虚拟土战略下区域土地资源可持续利用的分析框架. 最后提出了当前我国土地利用中解决区域粮食安全的一些新思路. 建议: 在保证国家粮食基本自足基础上, 实行区域耕地总量弹性平衡政策; 成立专业性土地银行, 加快创新土地使用权流转机制; 强化土地使用权拍卖机制, 提高市场配置土地资源的透明度; 实施虚拟土战略举措, 构建新的土地可持续发展模式, 加强开展虚拟土战略相关理论及其对策的研究工作.  相似文献   

18.
Mapping of erosion risk areas is an important tool for the planning of natural resources management, allowing researchers to propose the modification of land use properly and implement more sustainable long-term management strategies. The objective of this study was to assess and identify critical sub-catchments for soil conservation management using the USLE, GIS, and remote sensing techniques. The Tapacurá catchment is one of the planning units for water resource management of the Recife Metropolitan Region. Maps of the erosivity (R), erodibility (K), slope (LS), cover-management (C), and support practice (P) factors were derived from the climate database, digital elevation model, and soil and land-use maps. In order to validate the simulation process, total sediment delivery ratio was estimated. The results showed a mean sediment delivery ratio (SDR) of around 11.5?% and a calculated mean sediment yield of 0.108?t?ha?1?year?1, which is close to the observed one, 0.169?t?ha?1?year?1. The obtained soil loss map could be considered as a useful tool for environmental monitoring and water resources management. The methodology applied showed acceptable precision and allowed the identification of the most susceptible areas to soil erosion by water, constituting an important predictive tool for soil and environmental management in this region, which is highly relevant for the prediction of varying development scenarios for Tapacurá catchment. This approach can be applied to other areas for simple and reliable identification of critical areas of soil erosion in catchments.  相似文献   

19.
Groundwater resources in the semi-arid regions of southern India are under immense pressure due to large-scale groundwater abstraction vis-à-vis meager rainfall recharge. Therefore, understanding and evaluating the spatial distribution of groundwater is essential for viable utilization of the resource. Here, we assess groundwater potential at the watershed scale, in a semi-arid environment with crystalline aquifer system without a perennial surface water source using remote sensing, geophysical, and GIS-based integrated multi-parameter approach. GIS-based weighed overlay analysis is performed with input parameters, viz., geology, geomorphology, lineament density, land use, soil, drainage density, slope, and aquifer thickness. The watershed is categorized into four zones, namely, “very good” (GWP4), “good” (GWP3), “moderate” (GWP2), and “low” (GWP1) in terms of groundwater potential. Overall, ~?70% of the study area falls under moderate to low groundwater potential, indicating a serious threat to the future availability of the resource. Therefore, serious measures are required for maintaining aquifer resilience in this over-exploited aquifer (e.g., restricting groundwater withdrawal from GWP1 and GWP2 zones). Further, as the aquifer is under tremendous anthropogenic pressure, rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge during monsoon are advocated for sustainable aquifer management. Due to the direct dependence of crop production vis-à-vis farmer economy on groundwater, this study is an important step towards sustainable groundwater management and can be applied in diverse hydrological terrains.  相似文献   

20.

Rainfall-runoff models play an important role in urban water resource management. The storm water management model (SWMM) developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a widely used dynamic rainfall-runoff model for analyzing quantity and quality problems associated with urban drainage systems. In an ideal situation, the SWMM model would be designed and analyzed using a collection of catchment modeling systems. Traditionally, catchment discretization for rainfall-runoff modeling is performed manually on watershed maps, a time-consuming job with less-than-accurate results. An alternative approach to catchment discretization based on geographic information system (GIS) is proposed in this paper. The automatic discretization approach was successfully applied to rainfall-runoff modeling in Macau using a SWMM model. The results showed that the proposed approach outperformed the conventional catchment-discretization method in terms of producing meaningful parameters and avoiding most of the tedious preliminary tasks.

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