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1.
1982-2016年北极开阔水域变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近30年来,北极海冰覆盖范围大幅缩减,开阔水域也相应地发生显著变化。本文利用美国雪冰中心的海冰密集度产品以及美国海洋和大气科学管理局的海水表面温度数据产品,分析了1982-2016年北极开阔水域面积以及开阔水域季节长度的年际变化,并进一步探讨了海水表面温度对开阔水域时空变化的影响。结果表明北极开阔水域面积平均每年增加55.89×103 km2,海冰消退时间以平均0.77 d/a的速度在提前,海冰出现时间以平均0.82 d/a的速度在延迟,导致开阔水域季节长度以平均1.59 d/a的速度在增加。2016年达到了有遥感观测资料以来开阔水域面积和开阔水域季节长度的最大值,分别为13.52×106 km2和182 d。9个海区的开阔水域变化特征有一定的差异,对开阔水域变化贡献最大的有北冰洋核心区、喀拉海和巴伦支海。海水表面温度对开阔水域的变化有着重要影响,且影响的程度与纬度相关,即高纬度地区的海水表面温度对开阔水域的影响高于低纬度地区。 相似文献
2.
夏季北极密集冰区范围确定及其时空变化研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
研究夏季北极密集冰区的范围变化是了解北极海冰融化过程的重要手段。密集冰区与海冰边缘区之间没有明确的分界线, 海冰密集度在两者之间平滑过渡, 确定密集冰区范围就需确定一个密集度阈值。文中依据分辨率为6.25 km的AMSR-E遥感数据, 发现不同密集度阈值所围范围在密集冰区边缘处的减小存在由快变慢的过程, 同时与周围格点的密集度差异变化在该处最为显著, 对这两个特征进行统计分析, 获得的阈值同为89%, 具有明确的物理意义和合理性。以此为基础, 运用腐蚀算法剔除海冰边缘区, 同时结合连通域法排除小范围密集冰的影响, 进而确定密集冰区的范围。结果表明, 2002-2006年密集冰区覆盖范围较大, 年际变化较小, 2007年以后明显减小, 2010年与2011年相继出现最小值, 其中2011年的范围最小值仅为2006年的64%。密集冰区范围的变化不同于海冰覆盖范围, 是具有独立特性的海冰变化参数, 反映出高密集度海冰区域的变化特征。海冰的融化与海冰边缘区的变化是导致密集冰区范围发生变化的两个主要因素, 受动力学因素的影响, 海冰边缘区发生伸展或收缩, 发生密集冰区与海冰边缘区互相转化。本文提出了一种研究北极海冰变化的新思路, 密集冰区覆盖范围的减小表明北极中央区域高密集度海冰正持续减少。 相似文献
3.
为了探究冰层侧向融化过程,定量分析影响冰层侧向融化的主导因素,在低温实验室水槽内实施了浮冰融化实验。同步测量了冰底面和表面生消过程、浮冰侧向融化过程,同时记录了实验室气温、冰样内部不同深度处的冰温及开阔水域不同深度处的水温,利用相关分析方法研究了不同要素之间的关系及其对浮冰侧向融化速率的影响规律。结果表明,融冰前期冰样内部不同深度处的侧向融化缓慢且均匀,平均融化速率为0.05 mm/h;融冰中后期不同深度处的侧向融化速率显著增加且不再均匀,平均融化速率为0.15 mm/h。平均侧向融化速率与气温的相关系数较好（r=0.82）,优于其与平均水温（r=0.74）和水–冰温度差（r=0.48）的相关系数。建立侧向融化速率随温度（气温、水温）和深度变化的定量关系,可以准确描述浮冰侧向融化过程的非均匀性。同时验证了进行非均匀性侧向融化试验技术的可行性,为更加接近北极真实情况考虑风速和光源条件的海冰试验奠定了基础。 相似文献
4.
平流雾和辐射雾时边界层温度场及风场结构特征的对比分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用多普勒声雷达所获取的在时间、空间(垂直方向)较为密集的实时资料,分别对两次性质不同的(平流和辐射)大雾的边界层温度场、风场结构特征进行了对比分析.得出在华北地形槽下的平流雾得以稳定维持的根本原因是与位于各逆温层之上的、和平均极大风速达10.72m/s的偏北大风相联系的下沉逆温密切相关.下沉逆温随着与之相伴的偏北大风的减弱、消失而逐渐趋于消失.其边界层逆温较大辐度地减弱是动力(动量下传)、热力(对流)共同作用的结果.而发生在雨(雪)之后的变性冷高压之下的辐射雾,其温度场结构为主付层式的逆温结构.自始至终,逆温处在弱的均一风场之中,没有湍流的发生发展,其逆温的减弱消散仅和热力作用有关. 相似文献
5.
一次海雾过程大气波导形成机理的数值研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据船舶导航雷达与沿岸气象探空观测数据得知,2005年6月1～3日黄海海域发生了1次大范围波导现象;进一步结合卫星云图与沿岸测站水平能见度观测,发现此次波导伴随1次明显的平流海雾过程。利用WRF模式对此次海雾与波导过程进行了数值模拟,发现:(1)海雾始于黄海中部,绝大部分海雾的雾顶由于弱逆温、湿度梯度较小而不存在波导;(2)雾区随其北部低压的逐渐东移而向东扩展,呈现西部薄、东部厚的结构,雾体顶部由于存在逆温与湿度锐减而形成了波导,混合均匀的雾体则成为波导基础层,薄雾顶部为非贴海表面波导,而厚雾顶部则为悬空波导;(3)雾区受低压西部冷空气的影响向南消退,波导基础层逐渐变薄乃至消失,雾体之上的逆温与湿度锐减层随之下降,非贴海表面波导被强度较弱的贴海波导所替代。分析结果表明:黄海平流海雾与波导有密切的联系,海雾形成及其发展改变了海洋大气边界层的温度与湿度垂直结构,从而导致了波导的发生与演变,大气波导可认为是海雾的"副产品"。 相似文献
6.
利用2000—2017年月平均的CERES云量、辐射资料和ERA再分析资料,对春季北极云量趋势变化特征和成因及其对北极放大反馈的贡献进行研究,发现春季北极地区总云量的趋势在东北极海区和北欧海区呈跷跷板式的反位相变化特征,并与低云量的趋势变化有较为一致的空间分布,中高云则与低云大体上呈相反的变化特征。北欧海的低云量减少、中高云增加,主要是因为进入北欧海区的超强气旋增多带来丰富的水汽,对流增强,云底高度抬升,使得低云量减少而中高云量呈增加趋势。这种云量垂直结构的变化所引起的云辐射强迫作用分别体现了低云的正反馈和中高云的负反馈作用,增温和降温作用相互抵消,使北欧海增温不显著。东北极海区低云量显著增加而中高云变化不明显,可能由于海冰融化,海表面增温,海面蒸发加强,水汽增加,大气静力稳定度减弱,有利于低云的形成。这种低云量的显著增加使得云辐射强迫作用强化了海冰反照率正反馈机制,从而加强了东北极海区的增温趋势。 相似文献
7.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,(6)
基于日本气象厅Multi-functional Transport Satellite(MTSAT)可见光卫星云图、韩国气象局天气图和美国国家环境预报中心Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)数据,选取2007—2012年2~6月发生的32次黄海海雾个例进行研究。首先统计分析了黄海海雾的天气特征,接着归纳总结了有利于黄海海雾生成的天气系统类型,进而分别挑选了各类型的一次个例,解释其海上大气逆温层成因。结果表明:(1)黄海海雾天气系统可分为入海变性高压(南高北低、东高西低和独立高压)、中国大陆东移低压或低槽、北太平洋高压脊和入西太平洋高压4类,各自所占比例约为62.5%、21.9%、9.4%和6.2%。(2)天气系统控制下的冷暖平流与海面湍流冷却作用决定了海上大气逆温层的形成。海雾生成前,天气系统在演变过程中支配着形成逆温的暖气团,暖气团来源于陆上,则主要是上层强暖平流、下层弱暖(冷)平流导致逆温;暖气团来源于海上,则多由近冷海面的湍流混合、冷却降温形成逆温。 相似文献
8.
2011-2014年中国北极物理海洋学的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
过去十几年北极的快速变化以海冰变化为主要特征。然而,在冰-海-气变化系统中海洋起着关键性的作用。海洋是北极变化的关键因素,不仅影响着海冰的融化与冻结等过程,而且是大气变化的主要能量来源。在北极海冰快速变化的背景下,北冰洋的海洋特征也发生了一系列的变化。第四次国际极地年之后我国在北极科学研究中取得了一系列的进展,本文从北冰洋水团、锋面、海流等主要水文现象,以及上层海洋结构等方面,总结了2011-2014年我国在北极物理海洋学方面取得的一系列成果。 相似文献
9.
本文利用多普达所获取的在时间、空间（垂直方向）较为密集的实时资料,分别对两次性质不同的（平流和辐射）大雾的边界温度场、风场结构特征进行了对比分析。得出在华北地形槽下挟流雾得以稳定维持的根本原因是与位于各逆温层之上的、和平有大风速达１０．７２ｍ／ｓ的偏北大风相联系的下沉逆温切相关。下沉逆温随着与之相伴的偏北大风的减弱、消伯而逐渐趋于消失。其边界层逆温较大地减弱是动力（动量下传）、热力（对流）共同作用 相似文献
10.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,(12)
本文利用PAFOG (Parameterized Fog Model)一维模式研究了2012年8月12日发生在美国阿拉斯加巴罗的一次平流雾过程,通过引入温湿平流项,分析了平流过程对PAFOG模拟北极雾能力的影响。结果显示,引入温湿平流项后可以帮助PAFOG更好的模拟了大气的温湿剖面、辐射冷却的强度和出现时间,从而更好的模拟雾的消散过程和垂直结构,使得雾的模拟更加合理。 相似文献
11.
2018年北极太平洋区域夏季海冰物理及光学性质的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The reduction in Arctic sea ice in summer has been reported to have a significant impact on the global climate. In this study, Arctic sea ice/snow at the end of the melting season in 2018 was investigated during CHINARE-2018, in terms of its temperature, salinity, density and textural structure, the snow density, water content and albedo, as well as morphology and albedo of the refreezing melt pond. The interior melting of sea ice caused a strong stratification of temperature, salinity and density. The temperature of sea ice ranged from –0.8℃ to 0℃, and exhibited linear cooling with depth. The average salinity and density of sea ice were approximately 1.3 psu and 825 kg/m~3, respectively, and increased slightly with depth. The first-year sea ice was dominated by columnar grained ice. Snow cover over all the investigated floes was in the melt phase, and the average water content and density were 0.74% and 241 kg/m~3, respectively. The thickness of the thin ice lid ranged from 2.2 cm to 7.0 cm, and the depth of the pond ranged from 1.8 cm to 26.8 cm. The integrated albedo of the refreezing melt pond was in the range of 0.28–0.57. Because of the thin ice lid, the albedo of the melt pond improved to twice as high as that of the mature melt pond. These results provide a reference for the current state of Arctic sea ice and the mechanism of its reduction. 相似文献
12.
Arctic salinity anomalies and their link to the North Atlantic during a positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marie-Noelle Houssais Christophe Herbaut Clément Rousset 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,73(2):160-189
Many of the changes observed during the last two decades in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas have been linked to the concomitant abrupt decrease of the sea level pressure in the central Arctic at the end of the 1980s. The decrease was associated with a shift of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) to a positive phase, which persisted throughout the mid 1990s. The Arctic salinity distribution is expected to respond to these dramatic changes via modifications in the ocean circulation and in the fresh water storage and transport by sea ice. The present study investigates these different contributions in the context of idealized ice-ocean experiments forced by atmospheric surface wind-stress or temperature anomalies representative of a positive AO index.Wind stress anomalies representative of a positive AO index generate a decrease of the fresh water content of the upper Arctic Ocean, which is mainly concentrated in the eastern Arctic with almost no compensation from the western Arctic. Sea ice contributes to about two-third of this salinification, another third being provided by an increased supply of salt by the Atlantic inflow and increased fresh water export through the Canadian Archipelago and Fram Strait. The signature of a saltier Atlantic Current in the Norwegian Sea is not found further north in both the Barents Sea and the Fram Strait branches of the Atlantic inflow where instead a widespread freshening is observed. The latter is the result of import of fresh anomalies from the subpolar North Atlantic through the Iceland-Scotland Passage and enhanced advection of low salinity waters via the East Icelandic Current. The volume of ice exported through Fram Strait increases by 20% primarily due to thicker ice advected into the strait from the northern Greenland sector, the increase of ice drift velocities having comparatively less influence. The export anomaly is comparable to those observed during events of Great Salinity Anomalies and induces substantial freshening in the Greenland Sea, which in turn contributes to increasing the fresh water export to the North Atlantic via Denmark Strait. With a fresh water export anomaly of 7 mSv, the latter is the main fresh water supplier to the subpolar North Atlantic, the Canadian Archipelago contributing to 4.4 mSv.The removal of fresh water by sea ice under a positive winter AO index mainly occurs through enhanced thin ice growth in the eastern Arctic. Winter SAT anomalies have little impact on the thermodynamic sea ice response, which is rather dictated by wind driven ice deformation changes. The global sea ice mass balance of the western Arctic indicates almost no net sea ice melt due to competing seasonal thermodynamic processes. The surface freshening and likely enhanced sea ice melt observed in the western Arctic during the 1990s should therefore be attributed to extra-winter atmospheric effects, such as the noticeable recent spring-summer warming in the Canada-Alaska sector, or to other modes of atmospheric circulations than the AO, especially in relation to the North Pacific variability. 相似文献
13.
I~IOXSea fog is a kind of dangerous weather. Chinese sea fog experts, Wang Binhua (1983),Hu Ruijin and Zhou Faxiu (1998) and Hu Jifu et al. (1996) studied sea fog rather Systematically. FOreign Experts also Paid great attention to sea fog. Ernlnons and Montgomery(1974), chipper (1994) and Rayrnond et al. (1989) have studied sea fog thorOUghly.HOwever, studies on Arctic sea ice have rarely been carried Out becauSe of the sever environment and less htnnan activity in the region. There … 相似文献
14.
北极海冰输出区域海冰运动变化特征及其与北极航道适航性的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着北极地区气候变暖的加剧，北极海冰正在急剧消融，海冰的减少增加了北极地区航道的适航性。本文利用遥感数据反演得到的海冰运动产品对北极海冰输出区域以及东北航道以北区域的海冰运动特征进行了量化。结果显示，从北极中央海域向弗拉姆海峡以及格陵兰海流出海冰的南向位移量呈现出显著增长趋势，海冰的平均南向位移量在2007-2014年间达到1511 km，是2007年之前（617 km）的两倍以上，反映了北极穿极流（TDS）强度在不断增强。通过长时间序列分析发现，春季东北航道以北区域的海冰北向漂移速度在喀拉海呈现+0.04 厘米/秒/年的显著增长趋势（P<0.05）。海冰北向漂移对于东北航道的开通具有显著的影响，在拉普捷夫海与喀拉海，海冰北向运动速度与航道适航期的决定系数分别达到0.33（P<0.001）和0.15（P<0.05）。东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海以及喀拉海存在冰间湖区域的春季海冰面积变化与航道的适航期密切相关，海冰的北向漂移对拉普捷夫海和喀拉海的海冰面积减少也有显著影响，这说明北向漂移促进了海冰的离岸输送，造成海冰面积减少的同时形成冰间水道或冰间湖促使航道开通。为探究大气环流指数对海冰运动以及东北航道适航期的影响，本文利用大气再分析数据计算了中央北极指数（CAI）和北极大气偶极子异常（DA）指数。相关性分析表明，CAI比DA更能解释东北航道的适航期，而且CAI能够解释北极海冰输出区域海冰南向位移量变化的45%。最近10年，夏季正相位的CAI进一步加强，通过加强海冰离岸输运和冰间湖活动加剧了东北航道区域海冰变薄及其强度变弱，从而促进了东北航道的开通。 相似文献
15.
Information on the Arctic sea ice climate indicators is crucial to business strategic planning and climate monitoring. Data on the evolvement of the Arctic sea ice and decadal trends of phenology factors during melt season are necessary for climate prediction under global warming. Previous studies on Arctic sea ice phenology did not involve melt ponds that dramatically lower the ice surface albedo and tremendously affect the process of sea ice surface melt. Temporal means and trends of the Arctic sea ice phenology from 1982 to 2017 were examined based on satellite-derived sea ice concentration and albedo measurements. Moreover, the timing of ice ponding and two periods corresponding to it were newly proposed as key stages in the melt season. Therefore, four timings, i.e., date of snow and ice surface melt onset (MO), date of pond onset (PO), date of sea ice opening (DOO), and date of sea ice retreat (DOR); and three durations, i.e., melt pond formation period (MPFP, i.e., MO–PO), melt pond extension period (MPEP, i.e., PO–DOR), and seasonal loss of ice period (SLIP, i.e., DOO–DOR), were used. PO ranged from late April in the peripheral seas to late June in the central Arctic Ocean in Bootstrap results, whereas the pan-Arctic was observed nearly 4 days later in NASA Team results. Significant negative trends were presented in the MPEP in the Hudson Bay, the Baffin Bay, the Greenland Sea, the Kara and Barents seas in both results, indicating that the Arctic sea ice undergoes a quick transition from ice to open water, thereby extending the melt season year to year. The high correlation coefficient between MO and PO, MPFP illustrated that MO predominates the process of pond formation. 相似文献
16.
I. N. Mordvintsev N. G. Platonov I. V. Alpatsky 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2011,47(9):1127-1134
The main results of processing the long-term satellite data in different spectral ranges and with different spatial resolutions
used to map Arctic sea ice parameters are presented. The advantages of the methods developed in order to estimate these parameters
on the basis of microwave sensor measurements are indicated. The specific features of the long-term dynamics of the main sea
ice geophysical parameters (the sea ice area and distribution during the summer minimum, ice age structure and thickness,
multiyear ice concentration, times of ice melt and freeze onset, etc.) are presented. The effect of changes in sheet ice on
the status of large Arctic mammals is estimated. 相似文献
17.
北极地区不同冰龄的海冰厚度变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, changes in Arctic sea ice thickness for each ice age category were examined based on satellite observations and modelled results. Interannual changes obtained from Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite(ICESat)-based results show a thickness reduction over perennial sea ice(ice that survives at least one melt season with an age of no less than 2 year) up to approximately 0.5–1.0 m and 0.6–0.8 m(depending on ice age) during the investigated winter and autumn ICESat periods, respectively. Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System(PIOMAS)-based results provide a view of a continued thickness reduction over the past four decades. Compared to 1980 s, there is a clear thickness drop of roughly 0.50 m in 2010 s for perennial ice. This overall decrease in sea ice thickness can be in part attributed to the amplified warming climate in north latitudes. Besides, we figure out that strongly anomalous southerly summer surface winds may play an important role in prompting the thickness decline in perennial ice zone through transporting heat deposited in open water(primarily via albedo feedback) in Eurasian sector deep into a broader sea ice regime in central Arctic Ocean. This heat source is responsible for enhanced ice bottom melting, leading to further reduction in ice thickness. 相似文献
18.
Interaction of an anticyclonic eddy with sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean: an eddy-resolving model study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The dramatic decline of summer sea ice extent and thickness has been witnessed in the western Arctic Ocean in recent decades, which hasmotivated scientists to search for possible factors driving the sea ice variability. An eddy-resolving, ice-ocean coupled model covering the entire Arctic Ocean is implemented, with focus on the western Arctic Ocean. Special attention is paid to the summer Alaskan coastal current (ACC), which has a high temperature (up to 5℃ ormore) in the upper layer due to the solar radiation over the open water at the lower latitude. Downstream of the ACC after Barrow Point, a surface-intensified anticyclonic eddy is frequently generated and propagate towards the Canada Basin during the summer season when sea ice has retreated away from the coast. Such an eddy has a warm core, and its source is high-temperature ACC water. A typical warm-core eddy is traced. It is trapped just below summer sea ice melt water and has a thickness about 60 m. Temperature in the eddy core reaches 2-3℃, and most water inside the eddy has a temperature over 1℃. With a definition of the eddy boundary, an eddy heat is calculated, which can melt 1 600 km2 of 1mthick sea ice under extreme conditions. 相似文献
19.
The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the central Arctic Ocean 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The tropopause height and the atmospheric boundarylayer （PBL） height as well as the variation of inversion layer above the floating ice surface are presented using GPS （global position system ） radiosonde sounding data and relevant data obtained by Chinas fourth arctic scientific expedition team over the central Arctic Ocean （86°-88°N, 144°-170°W） during the summer of 2010. The tropopause height is from 9.8 to 10.5 km, with a temperature range between -52.2 and -54.10C in the central Arctic Ocean. Two zones of maximum wind （over 12 m/s） are found in the wind profile, namely, low- and upper-level jets, located in the middle troposphere and the tropopause, respectively. The wind direction has a marked variation point in the two jets from the southeast to the southwest. The average PBL height determined by two methods is 341 and 453 m respectively. These two methods can both be used when the inversion layer is very low, but the results vary significantly when the inversion layer is very high. A significant logarithmic relationship exists between the PBL height and the inversion intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66, indicating that the more intense the temperature inversion is, the lower the boundary layer will be. The observation results obviously differ from those of the third arctic expedition zone （800-85° N）. The PBL height and the inversion layer thickness are much lower than those at 870-88° N, but the inversion temperature is more intense, meaning a strong ice- atmosphere interaction in the sea near the North Pole. The PBL structure is related to the weather system and the sea ice concentration, which affects the observation station. 相似文献
20.
北极海冰变率的独特模式及其与大气强迫的关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The spatial structure of the Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC) variability and the connection to atmospheric as well as radiative forcing during winter and summer for the 1979–2017 period are investigated. The interannual variability with different spatial characteristics of SIC in summer and winter is extracted using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis. The present study confirms that the atmospheric circulation has a strong influence on the SIC through both dynamic and thermodynamic processes, as the heat flux anomalies in summer are radiatively forced while those in winter contain both radiative and "circulation-induced" components. Thus,atmospheric fluctuations have an explicit and extensive influence to the SIC through complex mechanisms during both seasons. Moreover, analysis of a variety of atmospheric variables indicates that the primary mechanism about specific regional SIC patterns in Arctic marginal seas are different with special characteristics. 相似文献