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1.
The paper presents a strainhardening constitutive model for unsaturated soil behaviour based on energy conjugated stress variables in the framework of superposed continua. The proposed constitutive law deals with hydro‐mechanical coupling phenomena. The main purpose is to develop within a consistent framework a model that can deal with possible mechanical instabilities occurring in partially saturated materials. The loss of capillary effects during wetting processes can, in fact, play a central role in unstable processes. Therefore, it will be shown that the bonding effects due to surface tensions can be described in a mathematical framework similar to that employed for bonded geomaterials to model weathering or diagenesis effects, either mechanically or chemically induced. The results of several simulations of common laboratory tests on partially saturated soil specimens are shown. The calculated behaviour appears to be in good qualitative agreement with that observed in the laboratory. In particular it is shown that volumetric collapse phenomena due to hydraulic debonding effects can be successfully described by the model. Finally, it will be highlighted the ability of the model to naturally capture the transition to a fully saturated condition and to deal with possible mechanical instabilities in the unsaturated regime. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Geomaterials such as sand and clay are highly heterogeneous multiphase materials. Nonlocality (or a characteristic length scale) in modeling geomaterials based on the continuum theory can be associated with several factors, for instance, the physical interactions of material points within finite distance, the homogenization or smoothing process of material heterogeneity, and the particle or problem size-dependent mechanical behavior (eg, the thickness of shear bands) of geomaterials. In this article, we formulate a nonlocal elastoplastic constitutive model for geomaterials by adapting a local elastoplastic model for geomaterials at a constant suction through the constitutive correspondence principle of the state-based peridynamics theory. We numerically implement this nonlocal constitutive model via the classical return-mapping algorithm of computational plasticity. We first conduct a one-dimensional compression test of a soil sample at a constant suction through the numerical model with three different values of the nonlocal variable (horizon) δ. We then present a strain localization analysis of a soil sample under the constant suction and plane strain conditions with different nonlocal variables. The numerical results show that the proposed nonlocal model can be used to simulate the inception and propagation of shear banding as well as to capture the thickness of shear bands in geomaterials at a constant suction. 相似文献
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《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(1):61-74
A simple unified critical state constitutive model for bonded geomaterials is presented in this paper. The model, which is called CASM-n, is an enhancement of an existing unified critical state model for reconstituted geomaterials (CASM). Characteristic behaviours of a bonded geomaterial such as the pre-yield higher strength and stiffness and the cohesive–frictional shearing mode in the post-yield region are taken into account and included in the reference model. The salient feature of the proposed model is the incorporation of cohesive component into the stress–dilatancy relationship. Consideration of the contribution of cohesion to plastic flow allows the modelling of delayed dilatancy and softening–contraction behaviour, which are two interesting phenomena observed in bonded geomaterials. 相似文献
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Manuela Cecconi Antonio DeSimone Claudio Tamagnini Giulia M.B. Viggiani 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2002,26(15):1531-1560
A constitutive model for granular materials is developed within the framework of strain–hardening elastoplasticity, aiming at describing some of the macroscopic effects of the degradation processes associated with grain crushing. The central assumption of the paper is that, upon loading, the frictional properties of the material are modified as a consequence of the changes in grain size distribution. The effects of these irreversible microscopic processes are described macroscopically as accumulated plastic strain. Plastic strain drives the evolution of internal variables which model phenomenologically the changes of mechanical properties induced by grain crushing by controlling the geometry of the yield locus and the direction of plastic flow. An application of the model to Pozzolana Nera is presented. The stress–dilatancy relationship observed for this material is used as a guidance for the formulation of hardening laws. One of the salient features of the proposed model is its capability of reproducing the stress–dilatancy behaviour observed in Pozzolana Nera, for which the minimum value of dilatancy always follows the maximum stress ratio experienced by the material. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A coupled 3‐dimensional bonded discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method for fluid‐solid coupling in cohesive geomaterials 
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下载免费PDF全文 This paper presents a 3D bonded discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method for resolving the fluid‐solid interaction involving complicated fluid‐particle coupling in geomaterials. In the coupled technique, the solid material is treated as an assembly of bonded and/or granular particles. A bond model accounting for strain softening in normal contact is incorporated into the discrete element method to simulate the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials, whilst the fluid flow is solved by the lattice Boltzmann method based on kinetic theory and statistical mechanics. To provide a bridge between theory and application, a 3D algorithm of immersed moving boundary scheme was proposed for resolving fluid‐particle interaction. To demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of this coupled method, a benchmark called quicksand, in which particles become fluidised under the driving of upward fluid flow, is first carried out. The critical hydraulic gradient obtained from the numerical results matches the theoretical value. Then, numerical investigation of the performance of granular filters generated according to the well‐acknowledged design criteria is given. It is found that the proposed 3D technique is promising, and the instantaneous migration of the protected soils can be readily observed. Numerical results prove that the filters which comply with the design criteria can effectively alleviate or eliminate the appearance of particle erosion in dams. 相似文献
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采用离散元法（DEM）研究胶结岩土材料在不同加载条件下的结构破损规律。首先,基于微观力学理论,考虑胶结岩土材料颗粒间胶结特性,给出表征结构性损伤的破损参数式。该式具有微观物理意义,但不能直接用于建立宏观本构模型。其次,采用二维离散元源程序NS2D模拟等向压缩、等应力比压缩以及双轴压缩试验,分析破损参数在不同加载条件下随宏观力学变量（体积应变和剪应变）的演变规律。最后,根据模拟结果提出破损参数数学表达式,其为大主应变的函数。研究结果表明：胶结强度、应力比以及围压均在一定程度上影响了数值试样的结构破损规律。在等向压缩和等应力比压缩试验中,容易用函数式描述数值试样破损参数随体积应变或偏应变的演变规律;而在双轴压缩条件下,由于数值试样有剪胀特性,破损参数随体积应变的演变规律则不易描述。建议的破损参数数学表达式能够较好地描述数值试样在不同加载条件下结构破损规律。 相似文献
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基于数字图像的土、岩和混凝土内部结构定量分析和力学数值计算的研究进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
土、岩及混凝土是一种内部结构极其复杂的材料,内部细观组成和结构决定了它们在外力作用下内部应力和应变等物理场的分布状态,在很大程度上控制了它们的宏观力学响应和破坏机理和过程。自1995年以来,数字图像处理技术作为一种材料细观空间结构及几何形态的精确量测和数字表述手段快速地被应用于沥青混凝土、水泥混凝土、土和岩体材料细观结构定量分析中来。本文在研究相关文献的基础上,分析和研究了数字图像技术在土、岩及混凝土内部结构定量分析和力学数值计算中的发展过程和研究成果,内容包括:单个骨料颗粒形态特征定量分析;土、岩和混凝土内部结构定量分析;岩体结构定量分析中的应用;基于数字图像处理的土、岩和混凝土细观结构力学计算。在此基础上,本文进一步对数字图像技术在岩土领域中的应用进展及未来的发展趋势进行了探讨,认为数字图像作为一种空间分布测量手段和数字表述方法使得它具有巨大的潜力,特别是在岩土领域的纵深发展过程中,它可能实现考虑细微观结构性的岩土力学和工程分析和预测的、新的方法和理论。 相似文献
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岩土类材料是非均质的具有微缺陷的天然材料,岩土破损力学将岩土材料抽象成由结构块和结构带组成的非均质二元结构体。破损率演化方程反映了岩土材料在外部荷载作用下,结构块向结构带动态变化程度的过程。从细观尺度上分析结构性土体变形、破坏过程发展机制,揭示土体在荷载作用下结构块向结构带转化的过程。最后,针对杨陵黄土,通过三轴剪切试验,研究围压、含水率对破损率演化规律的影响。研究结果表明,单参数模型的破损率与围压和含水率没有关系,使从实验上证明参数模型的破损率是大主应变的函数。 相似文献
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The volumetric compaction due to wetting processes is a phenomenon observed quite often in unsaturated soils. Under certain circumstances, saturation events can result into a sudden and unexpected collapse of the system. These phenomena are usually referred to as wetting‐induced collapses, without providing any detailed theoretical justification for this terminology. In order to predict in a general fashion the occurrence of coupled instabilities induced by saturation processes, a generalization of the theoretical approaches usually employed for saturated geomaterials is here provided. More specifically, this paper addresses the problem of hydro‐mechanical instability in unsaturated soils from an energy standpoint. For this purpose, an extension of the definition of the second‐order work is here suggested for the case of unsaturated porous media. On the basis of some examples of numerical simulations of laboratory tests, coupled hydro‐mechanical instabilities are then interpreted in the light of this second‐order energy measure. Finally, the implications of the theoretical results here presented are commented from a constitutive modelling perspective. Two possible alternative approaches to formulate incremental coupled constitutive relations are indeed discussed, showing how the onset of hydro‐mechanical instabilities can be predicted using an extended form of Hill's stability criterion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A coupled poroplastic damage model accounting for cracking effects on both hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated media 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Tuan Anh Bui Henry Wong Frederic Deleruyelle Annan Zhou Xiaoqin Lei 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(5):625-650
Damage induced by microcracking affects not only the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials but also their hydraulic properties. Evaluating these impacts is important for many engineering applications, such as the safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal facilities. This paper presents a new constitutive model accounting simultaneously for the impact of damage on hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated poroplastic geomaterials. The hydro‐mechanical coupling is formulated by means of the thermodynamic framework for partially saturated media, extended by taking into account isotropic damage and plasticity. State and complementary laws are governed by the so‐called plastic effective stress and equivalent pore pressure. Assuming a bimodal pore size distribution for cracked porous media, the hydraulic part (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) is modelled using phenomenological functions of damage variable. The participation of damage on both mechanical and hydraulic part enables this model to describe bilateral couplings between them. This coupled model is then validated against a number of experimental data obtained from Callovo‐Oxfordian argillite, which is the possible host rock for a radioactive waste disposal in France. Parametric studies are also carried out to check the consistency and to better demonstrate the bilateral couplings in the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper is concerned with a fundamental assumption in the theory of plasticity: the direction of plastic strain increments is independent of the loading (stress) increment direction. This assumption, also known as plastic flow rule postulate, works quite well for metal‐like materials. However, geomaterials such as sand present deformational mechanisms that are distinctive from those of metals when they are loaded. As such, we hereby examine the validity of this postulate for granular media accounting for their discrete nature. This is accomplished by analysing the mechanical behaviour of a cubic assembly of polydispersed spherical articles using a particle flow code. An extension to Gudehus' response envelope to three‐dimensional conditions is used to study the incremental character and influence of loading direction on the behaviour of these materials. It is found that plastic flow in granular media is governed by both current state variables and incremental loading direction and magnitude, especially under non‐axisymmetric stress conditions. The flow rule postulate of plasticity remains valid only in axisymmetric and biaxial conditions. We also verified that the plastic response might be significantly influenced by the stress path (or history) taken prior to loading. These findings raise the question of whether or not classic elastoplastic models based on the above postulate will have serious shortcomings, especially in true‐triaxial conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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胶结颗粒接触力学特性测试装置研制 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为验证天然结构性砂土离散元模拟中接触模型及其参数的合理性,设计了一套用于理想胶结颗粒成型及实现不同加载条件下接触力学特性测试装置。通过胶结颗粒成型装置在两大小相同的铝棒间形成具有特定几何尺寸的胶结物,随后,采用一系列辅助加载装置实现简单及复杂加载条件下胶结颗粒接触力学特性的测试。试验结果表明：该装置可用于胶结颗粒在不同加载条件下接触力学特性的测试,实测胶结颗粒接触力学响应与天然砂土离散元中接触模型基本相符,且其抗剪和抗扭强度均随着法向压力的增大而增大,在三维应力空间中胶结颗粒强度包线呈椭圆抛物面状。 相似文献
16.
Fractional calculus has been successfully applied to characterize the rheological property of viscoelastic materials; however, geomaterials were seldom involved in fractional order constitutive models (FOCM), and the topic of first loading and then unloading is rarely discussed through fractional calculus. In this paper, mechanical properties are considered as a ‘spectrum’, both ends of which are elasticity and viscosity, and the fractional order can be utilized to describe such properties quantitatively. In addition to conditions such as creep, stress‐relaxation, and constant‐strain‐rate loading, stress‐strain relationship under the condition of first loading and then unloading was also derived using FOCM. FOCM is then adopted to simulate triaxial tests of geomaterials under corresponding conditions. A comparison of test and numerical results demonstrates that FOCM can reasonably describe the mechanical characteristics of geomaterials.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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沈珠江等在总结岩土材料的基本特性、分析理论和研究方法的基础上,提出了岩土破损力学理论框架和二元介质模型概念。基于岩土二元介质模型思想,近年来在试验、理论和数值模拟方面对结构性岩土材料进行了详细研究。通过对棒状和棱柱状结构块试件的平面试验,探讨了结构性岩土材料的破损机制,并发现了在受荷过程中结构块逐渐破损并转化为软弱带二者共同抵抗外部作用,即验证了二元介质模型对结构性岩土材料力学抽象的正确性;扩展了岩土二元介质模型对岩土材料的脆性变化进行了模拟,并与结构性土和砂岩的三轴试验结果进行了验证;基于二元介质模型概念,发展了一种模拟岩土材料破损过程的细观数值方法,同时提出了适用于结构性岩土材料的强度准则。 相似文献
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Material behaviour that exhibits characteristics of creep induced by a spontaneous mineral dissolution enhanced by material damage is studied. It is believed that the characteristic rates of the chemical processes involved determine the time‐rate dependence of the resulting strain. A basic model of a combined chemo‐plastic softening and chemically enhanced deviatoric strain hardening for saturated geomaterials is presented. Chemical softening is postulated to occur as a consequence of the net mass removal resulting from dissolution and precipitation of specific minerals occurring at the damage‐generated inter‐phase interfaces. Closed and open systems are discussed. In the former case, deformation at constant stress results entirely from a local compensation mechanism between the chemical softening and strain hardening. The classical three stages of creep are interpreted in terms of mechanisms of dissolution and precipitation, as well as the variation in the reaction surface areas involved in the mass exchange. In an open system, the above local mechanism is enhanced by the removal of mass via diffusion of species affecting the mass balance. Such a system is addressed via a boundary value problem as shown in an example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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In this paper, the non‐coaxial relation between the principal plastic strain increments and the principal stresses, which results from the internal friction in geomaterials, is analyzed, and the phenomenon of the unbalanced development of plastic flow in two conjugate directions is discussed. A non‐coaxial, unbalanced plastic flow model for Coulomb frictional materials is developed and used to determine the orientation of shear band in geomaterials. It is shown that the unbalanced index r of plastic flow has important effect on the orientation of the shear band, and the orientation determined by the conventional plastic flow theory is only a special case of the proposed model when r=0. This result soundly explains the reason that the geomaterials with the same internal friction angle and dilatancy angle can have very different shear band orientations. In addition, the difference between the intrinsic and apparent dilatancy angles is analyzed, and it is emphasized that the dilatancy angle commonly used in practice is indeed the apparent dilatancy angle. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
J-P. Latham 《Journal of Structural Geology》1985,7(2):237-249
The layer-parallel compression of a regular bilaminate consisting of layers with materials described by an incompressible power-law elastic model is considered. The average mechanical properties of this idealised multilayer are then represented by those of an equivalent anisotropic continuum with internal resistance to bending. Changes in material properties that accompany uniform finite shortening are accounted for. Interpretation of the internal instability analysis for such a continuum, introduced in the companion paper involves the use of a spectrum which at a given level of strain, scans all directions within the continuum for relative susceptibility to a heterogeneous simple shearing instability.Estimates of nonlinear material properties from reported experiments on the behaviour of various rocks in the time-independent deformation regime, and geometric parameters such as the volume fraction of each material and the number of confined layers are considered. The shapes of the resulting spectra may be used to predict natural conditions that will favour the initiation of repetitive buckle folds or more localized disturbances such as kink-bands and faults. Results suggest that for typical properties of sedimentary multilayers, kinking is strongly favoured over repetitive buckling where the weaker material occupies only a very small volume fraction of the multilayer. The effect of significant imperfections leading to slippage between layers is discussed.Finally, a simple classification of structure genesis is proposed in which the mechanical relationships between apparently diverse structures is illustrated. 相似文献