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Ahmad Abbasnejad 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(5):214
A reply essay is presented on the rebuttal article by Parise (Environ Earth Sci 75(23):1476, 2016) suggesting that qanat is not a hazard. It is presented as a refutation on the paper by Abbasnejad et al. (Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016) in which the authors have explained the etiology, the impacts and remedies of a qanat hazard in Iranian urban areas. Since the majority of qanats in Iranian urban areas are abandoned, useless and threatening, according to definition and in comparison with similar features introduced as a hazard, they are considered as a hazard too. However, this does not mean, and Abbasnejad et al. (in Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016) have not claimed, that all qanats are hazardous. In addition, the authors who have studied qanats in Iranian urban areas, before Abbasnejad et al. (in Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016), have also considered qanats as a hazard. 相似文献
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通过对泰安市城区地质环境条件的深入分析,系统阐述了泰安市城市地下空间开发与地质环境因素之间的相互影响关系,一方面城市地下空间开发受到地表水、地下水水位、水质及岩溶塌陷地质灾害等地质环境因素的制约,而地下空间开发建设又反过来影响和改变着城区地下水环境、土壤环境,并有可能提高城区岩溶塌陷发生的机率,因此建议有关部门在规划建设城市地下空间的同时要加强地质环境保护。 相似文献
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本文以覆盖型岩溶土洞为研究对象,通过建模分析,构建其因地下水骤降产生真空吸蚀致塌数学模型,依据玻义耳-马略特定律得出土洞塌落稳定系数表达式,同时推导出土洞空腔负压计算公式;并通过算例开展了初始地下水位、水位降深及土洞覆土厚度等参数对塌陷稳定性系数的影响分析,探讨其内在影响规律。研究得出:地下水骤降条件下,土洞塌陷稳定性系数K与土洞空腔(真空)负压ΔP呈反比关系;土体初始水位h'的大小和位置以及水位降深Δh,关系到土洞空腔(真空)负压ΔP形成和土洞塌陷稳定性系数K的变化;在一定的初始水位h'和水位降深Δh条件下,土洞上覆土厚度对塌陷稳定系数的影响非常明显,在中高初始水位及中高降深时,塌落稳定系数与覆盖层厚度呈正相关规律。 相似文献
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娄底地区地质灾害概况及其防治 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
娄底地区的地质灾害主要有:塌陷、地裂、房裂、滑坡、地震等。对人们生命财产影响最大的是塌陷与滑坡,这些灾害主要是由于工程地质环境不良、加上人类活动触发所致。塌陷主要出现在岩溶发育的断裂带及其附近,尤其是当地下水位降深和排水量增大时。目前,地下采空区、河道及交通道路两侧以及受破坏的陡坡都存在地质灾害隐患。应加强对地质灾害的综合研究,提高抗灾防灾科学技术水平。 相似文献
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水对土质边坡的稳定性影响分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
首先论述了地下水对边坡稳定性的影响因素,水对土质边坡的影响作用,接着推导出了考虑水作用影响的边坡安全系数计算公式,最后指出应用动态的观点来研究边坡体内的地下水作用. 相似文献
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南宁市是广西岩溶地面塌陷危害十分严重的城市之一。2012年6月2日突发的岩溶地面塌陷主要集中分布在坛洛镇南西方向,形成塌陷坑19个,地裂缝17条,威胁62户共232人,潜在经济损失约870万元。坛洛塌陷多形成于松散盖层厚度小于15 m,地下水位埋深小于20 m,地下岩溶强发育的区段。碳酸盐岩岩溶发育、松散盖层厚度较小和水动力条件（降水、地表水和地下水）复杂为岩溶塌陷产生的必要条件,尤以地下水的作用对岩溶塌陷的形成起至关重要的作用。通过对坛洛地下水动态观测与岩溶塌陷的调查研究确定地下水强径流带,分析评价岩溶地面塌陷的危险性,为岩溶地区的岩溶塌陷危险性勘察、评价工作提供一定指导意义。 相似文献
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大岗山水电站厂房断层控制区域微震监测分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
大岗山水电站地下厂房断层发育,两条陡倾角断层穿过厂房中后部,控制着厂房的围岩稳定性。拱顶处发育的断层由于开挖而出现塌方,需要对塌空区以及地下厂房进行稳定性监测。2010年10月建立南非综合微震系统（ISS）微震监测系统,对断层控制的厂房区域进行微震监测。采用能级分布法、时空分布法、能量指数法、位错法等对断层控制下的塌空区、厂房边墙、断层周边岩体进行了稳定性评价。监测表明,塌空区微震事件少,能级小;边墙岩体位移较小,微震事件数目较少;断层面间滑动位移分布不均,整体位移量不大,断层面岩体活动性不强。因此,断层区域在进行加固后,岩体整体稳定性有所提高,受断层影响较小,故地下厂房稳定性较好。微震监测对水电厂房开挖及运行期的安全稳定性评价有较强的指导意义。 相似文献
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Groundwater qanat potential mapping using frequency ratio and Shannon’s entropy models in the Moghan watershed,Iran 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The purpose of current study is to produce groundwater qanat potential map using frequency ratio (FR) and Shannon's entropy (SE) models in the Moghan watershed, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. The qanat is basically a horizontal, interconnected series of underground tunnels that accumulate and deliver groundwater from a mountainous source district, along a water- bearing formation (aquifer), and to a settlement. A qanat locations map was prepared for study area in 2013 based on a topographical map at a 1:50,000-scale and extensive field surveys. 53 qanat locations were detected in the field surveys. 70 % (38 locations) of the qanat locations were used for groundwater potential mapping and 30 % (15 locations) were used for validation. Fourteen effective factors were considered in this investigation such as slope degree, slope aspect, altitude, topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI), slope length (LS), plan curvature, profile curvature, distance to rivers, distance to faults, lithology, land use, drainage density, and fault density. Using the above conditioning factors, groundwater qanat potential map was generated implementing FR and SE models, and the results were plotted in ArcGIS. The predictive capability of frequency ratio and Shannon's entropy models were determined by the area under the relative operating characteristic curve. The area under the curve (AUC) for frequency ratio model was calculated as 0.8848. Also AUC for Shannon's entropy model was 0.9121, which depicts the excellence of this model in qanat occurrence potential estimation in the study area. So the Shannon's entropy model has higher AUC than the frequency ratio model. The produced groundwater qanat potential maps can assist planners and engineers in groundwater development plans and land use planning. 相似文献
9.
20世纪80年代以来，在北京西山开展的灾害地质调查中，“井筒型”塌陷坑的成因引起的争论较多。本文根据该类塌陷的地质特征，从当地的地质、水文、气候等条件的分析入手，提出煤炭采空是其形成的主要原因，地表水的下渗和矿震是其重要的诱发因素。 相似文献
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Mario Parise 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(23):1476
Comments are presented on the article by Abbasnejad et al. (Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016) dealing with qanat and hazards in Iran. My rebuttal starts from the direct attribution of the described hazards to qanat and addresses the importance in the correct use of terminology for geological hazards. All of the problems pointed out in Iran (subsidence, sinkholes, pollution) have, to me, an anthropogenic origin and cannot be directly ascribed to qanat. Eventually, I present some additional elements to highlight the remarkable importance of qanat systems and their influence on the development of similar underground structures in many countries of the Mediterranean Basin. This remarks the relevance of qanat as cultural heritage sites and the need for their preservation and valorization. 相似文献
12.
Erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village,Puding county,Guizhou, China 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
Jianxiu Wang Baoping Zou Yan Liu Yiqun Tang Xinbao Zhang Ping Yang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(8):2751-2764
Carbonate rocks distribute widely in China. The total area of the carbonate rocks is about 3,430,000 km2, and the exposed area of the carbonate is approximately 13 % of China’s territory. In 2003, soil loss in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces reached 179,600 km2, which is almost 40.1 % of the total area, causing rocky desertification. In this study, the erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village, Puding county, Guizhou province is proposed. The mechanism occurs under the following geological environment: slope surface undulation, underlying bedrock surface fluctuation and thin and inhomogeneous soil overlying, overlying soil generation by bedrock weathering, underground karst development, and large groundwater depth and lying water table under the bottom of soils. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss in the karst slopes is explained as follows: power loss due to human cultivation activities that destroy the soil structure, hydraulic force formed by rainfall infiltration, wet–dry cycle generated by rainfall, erosion effect caused by rainfall penetration, creeping and flowing of plastic-stream soil, and collapse. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss has seven steps: disturbance of soils filled in underground karst cave by human activities, internal soil erosion and partial collapse caused by hydraulic power, internal free surface formation within the soil in the filled karst cave, internal soil creeping, soil pipe formation, soil pipe collapse, and ground surface collapse and filling. Soil loss develops slowly, and sudden transportation occurs by collapse. Soil loss can be explained by the proposed mechanism, and soil loss can be prevented by controlling soil collapse. 相似文献
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考虑基质吸力作用的土坡稳定性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
非饱和土基质吸力的有效应力作用,使得土体的抗剪强度得以提高。基于Fredlund的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,在土坡极限平衡分析方法中,同时考虑分条的土条底面与条间的基质吸力分布对土体抗剪强度的贡献,进而构筑考虑基质吸力作用的土坡极限平衡分析方法。构筑基于极限平衡分析方法的目标函数,应用SLP优化方法寻求最危险滑动面。用具体计算实例说明这种分析思路可以评价土坡的稳定性评价的影响。 相似文献
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也论覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷机理 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了更好地给覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷的处置和防治提供理论依据,根据可溶岩上覆盖层物质成分、地质结构及其物理力学性能的差异,首次将覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷机制区分为沙漏型、土洞型和泥流型3种类型。砂性土层分布区,由外界因素的触发导致沙颗粒向岩溶通道和溶洞漏失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为沙漏型塌陷。重力和岩溶提供的有效空间是产生沙漏型塌陷的必要条件,地下水作用加速了沙漏型地面塌陷发生,缩短了塌陷发生的过程。发生在黏性土和密实砂性土层中、由于土洞洞顶拱效应失效而产生的地面塌陷现象称为土洞型塌陷; 天然土洞通过地表水侵蚀与地下水潜蚀作用、砂土漏失和软土流失等3种方式形成; 土洞的形成和发展时期内洞顶上方土体是稳定的,在外部因素触发而导致洞顶拱效应失效时才发生地面塌陷; 土洞型塌陷具有隐蔽性和突发性的特点。由软弱土体流失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为泥流型塌陷。泥流型地面塌陷是软弱土体向溶蚀通道和溶洞中流失的结果。岩溶地面塌陷的触发因素包括地下水作用(垂直和水平渗流、土/岩界面处地下水位频繁波动)、外加荷载(动荷载和静荷载)和土洞顶板抗力降低(顶板强度降低、厚度减薄和结构破坏)等方面。这些外因触发了岩溶地面塌陷的发生。 相似文献
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以陕西潼关、大柳塔及辽宁阜新矿区为例,采用对比分析的方法研究矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题差异性响应的主要因素。上述3个矿区矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题主要包括：20世纪90年代以前,陕西潼关金矿区是中国矿产资源开发秩序十分混乱的矿区之一,地下开采的采矿废石随意堆排导致了极为严重的矿山泥石流地质灾害及其隐患,＂三废＂无序排放导致土壤、河水及其底泥的重金属及氰化物污染严重,严重影响人体健康;地处生态环境脆弱带的陕西大柳塔煤矿区,20年大型机械化地下煤炭资源开采导致大面积地面塌陷及其链生的地下水含水层破坏严重,但矿区土地沙漠化程度总体没有呈现加重的趋势,水土环境重金属呈轻度污染;具有百年开发历史的辽宁阜新煤矿区,露天开采使土地生态破坏严重、边坡滑坡灾害频发、土地压占与破坏突出,地下开采引起的地面塌陷对地表建筑物及人居安全影响严重,但相对于金属矿区,该矿区水土环境重金属污染相对轻得多。对比上述3个矿区矿山地质环境问题,得到其差异性响应主要因素：矿产资源种类、原生地质环境条件、开采方式及矿山环境保护意识等。 相似文献
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岩溶地面塌陷是城市隐伏岩溶区地下空间开发过程中常见的地质环境问题,具有隐蔽性和突发性,开展隐伏岩溶区地下空间结构探测技术方法研究可以有效指导地下空间开发利用。以武汉市为例,分析武汉市岩溶地面塌陷的成因机理,提出岩溶发育程度、覆盖层厚度和结构、地下水是岩溶地面塌陷的原生地质条件,也是隐伏岩溶区地下空间探测的特征因子。通过对比分析地质雷达、高密度电阻率法、浅层地震、微动、混合源面波、瞬变电磁法、孔间层析成像和地面核磁共振法等技术方法在武汉市隐伏岩溶区地下空间探测的适用性。结果表明:地质雷达适用于浅部土层扰动探测,小极距的高密度电阻率法和混合源面波适宜于覆盖层的厚度和结构探测,浅层地震、微动和孔间层析成像适宜岩溶发育特征探测,地面核磁共振法可通过岩溶地下水的富水性辅助岩溶发育程度探测。 相似文献
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Bishop法等边坡稳定分析的经典方法用于分析膨胀土边坡时本身并无问题,只是由于计算条件的考虑不足,使得计算结果不能反映出膨胀土上的滑坡特点。在Bishop法的基础上,通过完善其计算条件,考虑了裂缝开展导致的土体强度降低、裂缝开展的深度、降雨时裂缝群中形成的渗流,以及可能的裂缝侧壁静水压力的作用等影响因素,完成了对膨胀土边坡稳定分析方法的改进。改进后的方法反映出裂缝对膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响,计算结果真实再现了浅层性、牵引性、长期性、平缓性和季节性等膨胀土边坡的滑坡特点。 相似文献
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This paper presents probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) of Tehran, Iran, accounting the effect of nonlinear soil response. It is well-known that soil nonlinearity and its accurate prediction could play important role in seismic hazard study. For this purpose, two different approaches have been carried out for predicting the hazard curves by (1) applying site modifications to the ground motion prediction equation based on generic site classes and use of constant coefficients (2) using a close-form solution that modifies the hazard results at the rock level. Also, efficiency of the Monte Carlo method in modeling of amplification function for the six selected sites in the study area was examined. Results showed important effect of nonlinear soil response mainly for frequencies lower than 8?Hz, which should be considered properly in hazard estimation. As an interesting subject, influence of soil plasticity index (PI) on hazard estimation of clayey sites including the nonlinear soil response was evaluated. 相似文献
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基于室内模型试验,就闭合型与单片地下连续墙基础在竖向承载性能上的差异进行了对比分析,并采用FLAC-3D软件进行数值分析来丰富室内模型试验,探讨了土体变形模量、密度、内聚力以及内摩擦角对闭合型地下连续墙竖向承载力的影响。结果表明：闭合型地下连续墙基础外侧摩阻力的发挥过程与单片地下连续墙基础大致相同,但由于土芯的存在,其内侧摩擦阻力发挥机理更复杂;闭合型与单片地下连续墙基础均可视为端承摩擦型基础;随着墙周土变形模量的增加,闭合型地下连续墙基础竖向位移显著减少,墙体轴力也减少;密度对闭合型地下连续墙基础沉降的影响不显著;内聚力对侧摩擦阻力的影响程度受地下连续墙和土体之间相对位移量的控制;只有闭合型地下连续墙基础的沉降量超过20 mm时,土体内摩擦角才对基础的竖向承载力有较大影响。 相似文献