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1.
A microstructure model of dual-porosity type is proposed to describe contaminant transport in fully-saturated swelling clays.
The swelling medium is characterized by three separate-length scales (nano, micro, and macro) and two levels of porosity (nano-
and micropores). At the nanoscale, the medium is composed of charged clay particles saturated by a binary monovalent aqueous
electrolyte solution. At the intermediate (micro) scale, the two-phase homogenized system is represented by swollen clay clusters
(or aggregates) with the nanoscale electrohydrodynamics, local charge distribution, and disjoining pressure effects incorporated
in the averaged constitutive laws of the electro-chemo-mechanical coefficients and the swelling pressure, which appear in
Onsager’s reciprocity relations and in a modified form of Terzaghi’s effective principle, respectively. The microscopic coupling
between aggregates and a bulk solution lying in the micropores is ruled by a slip boundary condition on the tangential velocity
of the fluid, which captures the effects of the thin electrical double layers surrounding each clay cluster. At the macroscale,
the system of clay clusters is homogenized with the bulk fluid. The resultant macroscopic picture is governed by a dual-porosity
model wherein macroscopic flow and ion transport take place in the bulk solution and the clay clusters act as sources/sinks
of mass of water and solutes to the bulk fluid. The homogenization procedure yields a three-scale model of the swelling medium
by providing new nano and micro closure problems, which are solved numerically to construct constitutive laws for the effective
electro-chemo-hydro-mechanical coefficients. Considering local instantaneous equilibrium between the clay aggregates and micropores,
a quasisteady version of the dual-porosity model is proposed. When combined with the three-scale portrait of the swelling
medium, the quasisteady model allows us to build-up numerically the constitutive law of the equilibrium adsorption isotherm,
which governs the instantaneous immobilization of the solutes in the clay clusters. Moreover, the constitutive behavior of
the retardation coefficient is also constructed by exploring its representation in terms of the local profile of the electrical
double layer potential of the electrolyte solution, which satisfies the Poisson–Boltzmann problem at the nanoscale. 相似文献
2.
Sidarta Araújo de Lima Márcio A. Murad Christian Moyne Didier Stemmelen 《Acta Geotechnica》2008,3(2):153-174
A new three-scale model to describe the coupling between electro-chemistry and hydrodynamics in non-swelling kaolinite clays
in steady-state conditions is proposed. The medium is characterized by three separate nano-micro and macroscopic length scales.
At the pore (micro)-scale the portrait of the clay consists of micro-pores saturated by an aqueous solution containing four
monovalent ions (Na+, H+, Cl−, OH−) and charged solid particles surrounded by thin electrical double layers. The movement of the ions is governed by the Nernst–Planck
equations and the influence of the double layers upon the hydrodynamics is modeled by a slip boundary condition in the tangential
velocity governed by the Stokes problem. To capture the correct form of the interface condition we invoke the nanoscopic modeling
of the thin electrical double layer based on Poisson–Boltzmann problem with varying surface charge density ruled by the protonation/deprotonation
reactions which occur at the surface of the particles. The two-scale nano/micro model is homogenized to the macroscale leading
to a precise derivation of effective governing equations. The macroscopic model is discretized by the finite volume method
and applied to numerically simulate desalination of a clay sample induced by an external electrical field generated by the
placement of electrodes. Numerical results indicate strong pH-dependence of the electrokinetics. 相似文献
3.
Governing equations often used in soil mechanics and hydrology include the classical Darcy's law, Terzaghi's effective stress principle, and the classical Fick's first law. It is known that the classical forms of these relations apply only to non-swelling, granular materials. In this paper, we summarize recent generalizations of these results for swelling porous media obtained using hybrid mixture theory (HMT) by the authors. HMT is a methodical procedure for obtaining macroscopic constitutive restrictions which are thermodynamically admissible by exploiting the entropy inequality for spatially-averaged properties. HMT applied to the modeling of swelling clay particles, viewed as clusters of adsorbed water and clay minerals, produces additional terms necessary to account for the physico-chemical forces between the adsorbed water and clay minerals or, more generally, for swelling colloids. New directions for modeling consolidation of swelling clays are proposed based on our view of clay particles as a two-phase system. 相似文献
4.
黏土颗粒水化膜厚度问题是泥质膨胀性岩土膨胀机制研究的理论基础。关于黏土颗粒水化膜厚度测试资料较为丰富,但通过原子力显微镜测试黏土颗粒水化膜厚度的研究成果还较为少见,且在测试方法方面尚不完善。基于3层水化膜结构模型和原子力显微镜测试技术,通过对蒙脱石粉末、泥岩粉末、泥岩岩片3种样品的测试研究,提出了水化膜厚度刺入式测试方法、粉末样和岩石样的制样方法、试验数据的统计处理方法。总结了水化膜厚度测试曲线自由水段、弱结合水段、强结合水段、黏土颗粒段的变化规律。通过和既有研究成果的对比分析,论证了原子力显微镜刺入测试黏土颗粒水化膜厚度的合理性与可行性。结合工程实践,探讨了定量化获取水化膜厚度在理解泥质膨胀性岩土膨胀机制方面的工程意义和理论价值。 相似文献
5.
The molecules constituting the first hydrate layers on montmorillonite crystal platelets appear to be characterized by preferred orientation and, depending on the exchangeable cation, by an ice-like configuration. Such organized interlamellar water is concluded to contribute to the high swelling pressure and shear resistance, as well as to the very low hydraulic conductivity at high clay bulk densities. At low densities the parallel arrangement of the lamellae alters to edge-to-face associations and the fraction of free water increases. However, even at very low densities the homogeneity of the clay gel still offers very tortuous passages to flowing water, which is manifested by a very low hydraulic conductivity. 相似文献
6.
A detailed multiscale analysis is presented of the swelling phenomenon in unsaturated clay-rich materials in the linear regime through homogenization. Herein, the structural complexity of the material is formulated as a three-scale, triple porosity medium within which microstructural information is transmitted across the various scales, leading ultimately to an enriched stress-deformation relation at the macroscopic scale. As a side note, such derived relationship leads to a tensorial stress partitioning that is reminiscent of a Terzaghi-like effective stress measure. Otherwise, a major result that stands out from previous works is the explicit expression of swelling stress and capillary stress in terms of micromechanical interactions at the very fine scale down to the clay platelet level, along with capillary stress emerging due to interactions between fluid phases at the different scales, including surface tension, pore size, and morphology. More importantly, the swelling stress is correlated with the disjoining forces due to electrochemical effects of charged ions on clay minerals and van der Waals forces at the nanoscale. The resulting analytical expressions also elucidate the role of the various physics in the deformational behavior of clayey material. Finally, the capability of the proposed formulation in capturing salient behaviors of unsaturated expansive clays is illustrated through some numerical examples. 相似文献
7.
Water retention of clayey soils with wide particle size distributions involves a combination of capillary and adsorbed layers effects that result into suction–saturation relations spanning over multiple decades of matric suction values. The present study provides a physics-based analysis to reproduce the water retention curve of such soils based solely on particle size distribution and porosity. The distribution of inter-particle pore sizes is inferred through a probabilistic treatment of the particle size distribution, which is then used, together with an assigned pore entry pressure, to estimate the inter-particle water volume at a given suction. The contribution to water content from adsorbed layers is also taken into account by considering the balance of electrochemical forces between water and clay material. The total water content is therefore found by summing up the contribution of inter-particle water, as well as adsorbed layers that form around clay particles and around the individual clay platelets. Comparisons with experimental results on nine different soil samples verify the capability of the model in accurately predicting the wide water retention curves without any prior calibration. Additional to capturing the essential features of the water retention curve with remarkable detail, the analytical model also provides insights into the relative contributions of capillary and adsorbed waters to the overall saturation at different suction regimes. Being based upon easily accessible information such as particle size distribution and void ratio, the model can therefore be considered as a substitute for costly and lengthy laboratory and in situ measurements of water retention curve.
相似文献8.
A new model for flow in shale-gas reservoirs including natural and hydraulic fractures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this work, we construct a new coupled Multiscale/Discrete Fracture Model for compressible flow in a multiporosity shale gas reservoir containing networks of natural and hydraulic fractures. The geological formation is characterized by four distinct length scales and levels of porosity. The window of observation of the finest (nanoscale) portraits the nanopores within organic matter containing adsorbed gas. At the microscale, the medium is formed by two solid phases: organic, composed by kerogen aggregates, and inorganic (clay, quartz, calcite). Such phases are separated by the network of partially-saturated interparticle pores where microscopic free gas flow influenced by Knudsen effects along with gas diffusion in the immobile water phase occur simultaneously. The upscaling of the local flow to the mesoscale gives rise to a nonlinear homogenized pressure equation in the shale matrix which lies adjacent to the system of natural fractures. Homogenization of the coupled matrix/preexisting fractures to the macroscale leads to a microstructural model of dual porosity type. Such homogenized model is subsequently coupled with the hydrodynamics in the network of induced fractures which, in the context of the discrete fracture modeling, are treated as (n ? 1), (n = 2, 3) lower dimensional objects. In order to handle numerically the nonlinear interaction between the different flow equations, we adopt a superposition argument, firstly proposed by Arbogast (1996), in each iteration of a fixed-point algorithm. The resultant governing equations are discretized by the finite element method and numerical simulations of gas production in stratified arrangements of the fracture networks are presented to illustrate the potential of the multiscale approach. 相似文献
9.
R.L. Anderson I. Ratcliffe H.C. Greenwell P.A. Williams S. Cliffe P.V. Coveney 《Earth》2010,98(3-4):201-216
Water-based drilling fluids are increasingly being used for oil and gas exploration, and are generally considered to be more environmentally acceptable than oil-based or synthetic-based fluids. Unfortunately, their use facilitates clay hydration and swelling. Clay swelling, which occurs in exposed sedimentary rock formations, can have an adverse impact on drilling operations and may lead to significantly increased oil well construction costs. Minimizing clay swelling is therefore an important area attracting a large amount of interest from both academia and industry. To effectively reduce the extent of clay swelling the mechanism by which clay minerals swell needs to be understood so that efficient swelling inhibitors may be developed. Acceptable clay swelling inhibitors must not only significantly reduce clay hydration, but must also meet increasingly stringent environmental guidelines while remaining cost effective. The development of these inhibitors, which are generally based upon water soluble polymers, therefore represents a challenge to oilfield geochemistry. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which clay minerals swell and what steps have been taken in the development of effective and environmentally friendly clay swelling inhibitors. 相似文献
10.
We derive a macroscopic model for single-phase, incompressible, viscous fluid flow in a porous medium with small cavities called vugs. We model the vuggy medium on the microscopic scale using Stokes equations within the vugular inclusions, Darcy's law within the porous rock, and a Beavers–Joseph–Saffman boundary condition on the interface between the two regions. We assume periodicity of the medium and obtain uniform energy estimates independent of the period. Through a two-scale homogenization limit as the period tends to zero, we obtain a macroscopic Darcy's law governing the medium on larger scales. We also develop some needed generalizations of the two-scale convergence theory needed for our bimodal medium, including a two-scale convergence result on the Darcy–Stokes interface. The macroscopic Darcy permeability is computable from the solution of a cell problem. An analytic solution to this problem in a simple geometry suggests that: (1) flow along vug channels is primarily Poiseuille with a small perturbation related to the Beavers–Joseph slip, and (2) flow that alternates from vug to matrix behaves as if the vugs have infinite permeability. 相似文献
11.
12.
以颗粒状和粉末状膨润土防水毯(GCLs)为对象,运用GDS (global digital systems)全自动渗透仪开展渗透试验,研究CaCl_2溶液作用下GCLs渗透性能的温度效应,初步探讨其机理。试验表明:当水化液为0.05mol/L的CaCl_2溶液时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度升高呈现增大趋势;当水化液为去离子水时,颗粒状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而减小,粉末状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而增大。去离子水情况下,膨润土吸附结合水量随温度升高而减小;CaCl_2溶液作用下,吸附结合水量较去离子水情况大幅降低。当CaCl_2溶液浓度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随温度升高而略有增大;当温度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随CaCl_2溶液浓度升高而显著减小。以去离子水进行试验时:颗粒状和粉末状GCLs渗透系数随温度的变化主要影响因素为凝胶态蒙脱石数量,其次为流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量;颗粒状GCLs膨润土孔隙结构越不均匀,凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响就越显著,导致渗透系数随温度升高而减小、固有渗透率随温度升高显著降低。以CaCl_2溶液进行试验时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度变化的主要受流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量的影响,而受凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响较小。孔隙溶液性质、温度和膨润土类型均对GCLs的防渗性能具有重要影响。 相似文献
13.
Water-absorbing rocks are formed from minerals that can hold water in their crystal structure or between grain boundaries. Such water absorption is often accompanied by a change in the crystal dimension that manifests itself as a swelling of the rock. Swelling is particularly pronounced in rocks containing phyllosilicates because of the ease with which these minerals hydrate; it is thus of geological and geotechnical relevance in shales, clay-rich soils and zeolitized tuffs. The model of hydration swelling that we present here is based on extended versions of the equations of poroelasticity and Darcy's transport law, which we derive using a non-equilibrium thermodynamics approach. Our equations account for the hydration reaction under the assumption that the reaction rate is fast in comparison with the rate at which hydraulic state changes are communicated through the rock, i.e. that local physico-chemical equilibrium persists. Using a finite-element scheme for solving numerically the governing equations of our model, we simulate the creep of shales during a routine swelling test and calculate the stress and strain distributions around wellbores drilled in shale formations that undergo swelling. We show that swelling effects promote tensile failure of the wellbore wall. 相似文献
14.
Numerical results of the simulations of the saturated clay response to a line heat source with a constant power output are presented and compared to the analytical solutions. Mixture theory of two interacting thermoelastic constituents is employed for the modelling. In this theory, mass transfer between the adsorbed water and bulk water is included to simulate the degeneration of adsorbed water into bulk water occurring at elevated temperatures. A finite difference method with non-uniform mesh is adopted to determine both the near- and far-field behaviour. The degeneration of adsorbed water into bulk water is more pronounced close to the heat source. This may produce a lower excess pore water pressure, a higher permeability increase, and accelerate the water flow in the vicinity of the heat source. 相似文献
15.
The physical properties of bentonite-based buffer materials for nuclear waste repositories have been investigated by a number of different laboratory tests. These tests have yielded a material model that is valid for conditions close to water saturation and is useful for describing: (a) the stress, strain and volume change behaviour; (b) the pore pressure and flow of water; and (c) the thermal and thermomechanical response.
The material model is based on the Drucker-Prager Plasticity model and a Porous Elastic Model. The effective stress concept and Darcy's law are applied and the swelling/consolidation and thermomechanical processes are coupled according to the separate mechanical properties of the pore water, the solids and the clay skeleton. The model can be used by the finite-element program ABAQUS.
The model has been tested in several laboratory and field verification tests. Comparison between measured and calculated behaviour shows that the general behaviour is described properly and several calculations of different scenarios have been made for the Swedish KBS 3 concept. However, certain processes, like the hysteresis effect at consolidation/swelling, the curved stress-strain relation at shearing, and the curved failure envelope, are not modelled in a perfectly accurate way and an improved material model is proposed here. It combines the behaviour of the Cam-clay model on the wet side with the more relevant plastic behaviour of a modified Drucker-Prager model with a curved failure envelope and the possibility to introduce strain softening after failure.
The paper presents some laboratory results that are the basis of the first model. It also shows the application of the model to finite-element calculations of some laboratory tests. Comparisons between the calculations and measured results expose some disadvantages of the model and a concept for an improved model is suggested. 相似文献
16.
Sudhakar M. Rao T. Thyagaraj P. Raghuveer Rao 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(4):1399-1404
Compacted expansive clays swell due to crystalline swelling and osmotic/double layer swelling mechanisms. Crystalline swelling is driven by adsorption of water molecules at clay particle surfaces that occurs at inter-layer separations of 10–22 Å. Diffuse double layer swelling occurs at inter-layer separations >22 Å. The tendency of compacted clay to develop osmotic or double layer swelling reduces with increase in solute concentration in bulk solution. This study examines the consequence of increase in solute concentration in bulk solution on the relative magnitudes of the two swelling modes. The objective is achieved by inundating compacted expansive clay specimens with distilled water and sodium chloride solutions in free-swell oedometer tests and comparing the experimental swell with predictions from Van’t Hoff equation. The results of the study indicate that swell potential of compacted expansive clay specimens wetted with relatively saline (0.4, 1 and 4 M sodium chloride) solutions are satisfied by crystalline swelling alone. Comparatively, compacted clay specimens inundated with less saline solutions (0.005–0.1 M sodium chloride) require both crystalline and osmotic swelling to satiate the swell potential. 相似文献
17.
蒙脱石中性化改性实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用表面活性剂HDTMAB对含有蒙脱石等粘土矿物的膨润土进行不同程度的有机改性,并利用自由膨胀率的实验方法定量描述改性膨润土在水以及甲苯介质中的膨胀规律。对实验结果进行数学分析后发现,随着改性剂用量的加大,改性膨润土在水介质中的自由膨胀率明显降低,而在甲苯介质中的自由膨胀率显著上升,当改性剂用量约为15%时,改性膨润土在水以及甲苯介质中都没有发生剧烈膨胀。依照上述膨润土的改性方法,对胜利油田提供的岩心样品进行了有机改性,并得到了相同的规律。由此得出,严格控制改性剂用量可以实现蒙脱石的中性化改性。利用这一规律,将适量的改性剂注入地下,既能够缓解油气田储层中蒙脱石的水敏膨胀危害,又不会造成过量的油脂分子吸附于矿物表面。 相似文献
18.
This study aims at understanding the physico-chemical interactions between the saturated brine and the rocks enclosing the
underground salt workings in Lorraine (eastern France). These anhydrite-rich and argillaceous rocks were characterized in
terms of mineralogy, micro-texture and connected porosity. Then, the two main lithofacies, massive anhydrite and anhydrite-rich
argillite, were immersed in brine during more than 1 year. During this batch experiment, the argillites were affected by macroscopic
splitting, contrarily to the massive anhydrite. Micro-texture and brine chemical analyses clearly show the swelling due to
the hydration of anhydrite into gypsum inside the argillites, whereas hydration occurs superficially on the massive anhydrite,
due to its very low permeability. Anhydrite–gypsum transformation is promoted by the presence of dissolved strontium and potassium
in saturated brine. The low activity of water in saturated brine does not allow the clay fraction to swell significantly during
the experiment. Thus, the expansion resulting from the hydration of anhydrite into gypsum might be responsible of the splitting
of argillite in a saturated brine environment. The superficial anhydrite hydration on massive anhydrite can be explained by
the low amount of connected porosity (less than 1%). 相似文献
19.
黏土颗粒形态不仅反映黏土的矿物组分,更是影响其物理力学性质的重要因素之一。为了研究物质组成对软黏土微宏观性质的影响,采用离散元方法对不同颗粒形态的软黏土试样进行三轴压缩模拟试验。首先,基于扫描电镜图像量化颗粒形态,对天然状态下黏土颗粒的方向角和凹凸度进行统计,引入球度和凹凸度作为颗粒形态的特征参数;然后,基于原生矿物的单粒结构和黏土矿物的片状结构特征,构造球体单粒及圆柱体、正方体、长方体的片状簇体;最后,基于三轴试验离散元模拟方法,分析软黏土颗粒形态对其宏观力学及微观特性的影响。结果表明:片状颗粒试样比球体颗粒试样的初始模量高,抗剪强度大,随加载其排列趋于水平向分布;加载初期,颗粒球度对初始弹性模量影响较明显,初始弹性模量随着球度增大而逐渐减小;加载后期,颗粒凹凸度对抗剪强度指标影响作用逐渐凸显,试样内摩擦角和黏聚力随着凹凸度增大而逐渐减小;微观结构上,颗粒形状对颗粒位移和旋转也有较大影响。 相似文献