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1.
Summary ?Simultaneous flight measurements with the research aircraft Do 128 and the helicopter-borne turbulence probe Helipod were
performed on 18 June 1998 during the LITFASS-98 field experiment. The area-averaged turbulent vertical fluxes of momentum,
sensible, and latent heat were determined on a 15 km × 15 km and a 10 km × 10 km flight pattern, respectively. The flights
were carried out over heterogeneous terrain at different altitudes within a moderately convective boundary layer with Cumulus
clouds.
Co-spectra-analysis demonstrated that the small scale turbulent transport was completely sampled, while the comparatively
small flight patterns were possibly of critical size regarding the large-scale turbulence. The phygoide of the airplane was
identified as a significant peak in some co-spectra. The turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat at 80 m above the
ground showed systematic dependence on the location of the flight legs above the heterogeneous terrain. This was not observed
for the latent heat flux, probably due to the vertical distribution of humidity in the boundary layer.
Statistical error analysis of the fluxes F showed that the systematic statistical error ΔF was one order of magnitude smaller than the standard deviation σ
F
. The difference between area-averaged fluxes derived from simultaneous Helipod and Do 128 measurements was much smaller than
σ
F
, indicating that the systematic statistical error was possibly over-estimated by the usual method.
In the upper half of the boundary layer the airborne-measured sensible heat flux agreed well with windprofiler/RASS data.
A linear fit was the best approximation for the height dependence of all three fluxes. The linear extrapolations of the latent
and sensible heat fluxes to the ground were in good agreement with tower, scintillometer, and averaged ground-station measurements
on various surface types. Systematic discrepancies between airborne and ground-based measurements were not found.
Received June 18, 2001; revised December 21, 2001; accepted June 3, 2002 相似文献
2.
Stefan Emeis Klaus Sch?fer Christoph Münkel Roman Friedl Peter Suppan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(1):25-35
Since 2006 different remote monitoring methods for determining mixing-layer height have been operated in parallel in Augsburg
(Germany). One method is based on the operation of eye-safe commercial mini-lidar systems (ceilometers). The optical backscatter
intensities recorded with ceilometers provide information about the range-dependent aerosol concentration; gradient minima
within this profile mark the tops of mixed layers. Special software for these ceilometers provides routine retrievals of lower
atmospheric layering. A second method, based on sodar observations, detects the height of a turbulent layer characterized
by high acoustic backscatter intensities due to thermal fluctuations and a high variance of the vertical velocity component.
This information is extended by measurements with a radio-acoustic sounding system (RASS) that directly provides the vertical
temperature profile from the detection of acoustic signal propagation and thus temperature inversions that mark atmospheric
layers. Ceilometer backscatter information is evaluated by comparison with parallel measurements. Data are presented from
2 years of combined ceilometer and RASS measurements at the same site and from comparison with a nearby (60 km) radiosonde
for larger-scale humidity information. This evaluation is designed to ensure mixing-layer height monitoring from ceilometer
data more reliable. 相似文献
3.
D. Engelbart H. Steinhagen U. Görsdorf J. Neisser H. J. Kirtzel G. Peters 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1999,71(1-2):61-68
Summary At a special measuring site for boundary-layer studies as well as land-surface processes the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg
of the German Weather Service (DWD) has recently put into operation a newly-desi gned phased-array SODAR/RASS, which has been
developed by METEK on behalf of the DWD. This system provides the vertical profiles of the three-di mensional wind vector
in the boundary layer on an operational basis and is furthermore suitable for getting information on the profile of virtual
temperature up to about 400 m in height based on the addition of RASS components. The following paper describes both the technique
of this SODAR/RASS and the various modes of operation as well as the different options in managing the system. First evaluations
on the data availability concerning the maximum height coverage will give an impression on the system’s capabilities. Finally,
the accuracy of the derived profiles of winds and temperature will be investigated by means of comparisons of the SODAR/RASS
data with measurements of a six-sonde tethered-balloon system as well as meteorological data of a 99 m tower in the vicinity
of the system.
Received November 27, 1998 Revised April 9, 1999 相似文献
4.
Summary A wind‐profiling Doppler radar equipped with a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) may be used to estimate the vertical
profile of the vertical flux of heat in the atmosphere. Simultaneous measurements of the time‐varying temperature and vertical
air velocity are combined to give the convective heat flux using the eddy‐correlation method. The accuracy of the estimates
depends on the fundamental accuracy of the temperature and vertical velocity measurements. Also, in common with all eddy‐correlation
methods, uncertainties are introduced by the need to define a suitable averaging time and to remove trends. A problem unique
to RASS is the possible presence of ground and intermittent clutter at close ranges, which can cause errors in the vertical
air velocity measurements. These considerations are discussed with particular reference to observations using a UHF radar
wind profiler situated in an urban environment, where clutter is a serious problem.
A Rank‐Order Signal Processing Algorithm (ROSPA) for recognizing and eliminating outliers in the vertical velocity, is introduced.
It is explained how ROSPA uses both a minimum filter and a median filter on the velocity data. It is shown, using a comparison
with nearly clutter free data from a rural site, that the filtering substantially improves the quality of the noisy urban
data. The paper then compares RASS‐measured urban and rural heat flux profiles, along with the heat flux profile measured
by an instrumented airplane. It is concluded that the main obstacles to RASS heat flux measurements are the effects of winds
and turbulence in the boundary layer, rather than clutter.
Received September 24, 1998 Revised January 27, 1999 相似文献
5.
Summary ?This paper describes the configuration of measurement systems operated continuously at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg
with the aim of constructing combined profiles of wind and temperature – so-called composite profiles – covering the boundary
layer with high temporal and vertical resolution. This is required for the forcing of a micro-α-scale model in order to simulate
the atmospheric boundary layer structure over a heterogeneous landscape during the LITFASS-98 experiment. The problems of
combining measurements of different remote sensing and in-situ systems are briefly discussed. Although the measuring range
of individual remote sensing systems is variable, the height coverage of wind and temperature profile measurements by sodar/RASS
and two wind profiler radar/RASS complement each other very well. Using a simple merging procedure composite wind and temperature
profiles have been synthesized based on radiosonde, windprofiler/RASS, sodar/RASS and tower measurements. Time-height cross
sections of hourly composite profiles show considerably more details of the boundary layer structure than simple radiosonde
interpolation due to the higher sampling frequency, higher vertical resolution and increased accuracy at the lower levels.
Finally some qualifications of the formulated algorithm are suggested for future application.
Received June 18, 2001; revised May 30, 2002; accepted June 6, 2002 相似文献
6.
Summary A mobile RASS (Radio Acoustic Sounding System), which can be loaded onto a truck along with all the other equipment, including
the power supply, was developed for atmospheric temperature measurement. Also, since it is necessary to avoid noise pollution
in surrounding areas when conducting observations with the mobile RASS, a new method that allows measurement of the temperature
profile up to about 200 m using a single acoustic pulse was devised. We discuss the development of a truck-mounted mobile
RASS and the results of the first mobile observation conducted at various locations in the Tokyo area.
Received November 3, 1998 Revised June 16, 1999 相似文献
7.
V. Puygrenier F. Lohou B. Campistron F. Saïd G. Pigeon B. Bnech D. Sera 《Atmospheric Research》2005,74(1-4):329-353
Surface and remote-sensing instruments deployed during ESCOMPTE experiment over the Marseille area, along the Mediterranean coast, were used to investigate the fine structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) during sea-breeze circulation in relation to pollutant transport and diffusion. Six sea-breeze events are analyzed with a particular focus on 25 June 2001.Advection of cool and humid marine air over land has a profound influence on the daytime ABL characteristics. This impact decreases rapidly with the inland distance from the sea. Nearby the coast (3 km inland), the mixing height Zi rises up to 750 m and falls down after 15:00 (UT) when the breeze flow reaches its maximum intensity. A more classical evolution of the ABL is observed at only 11-km inland where Zi culminates in the morning and stabilizes in the afternoon at about 1000 m height.Fine inspection of the data revealed an oscillation of the sea-breeze with a period about 2 h 47 min. This feature, clearly discernable for 3 days at least, is present in several atmospheric variables such as wind, temperature, not only at the ground but also aloft in the ABL as observed by sodar/RASS and UHF wind profilers. In particular, the mixing height Zi deduced from UHF profilers observations is affected also by the same periodicity. This pulsated sea-breeze is observed principally above Marseille and, at the northern and eastern shores of the Berre pond.In summary, the periodic intrusion over land of cool marine air modifies the structure of the ABL in the vicinity of the coast from the point of view of stability, turbulent motions and pollutants concentration. An explanation of the source of this pulsated sea-breeze is suggested. 相似文献
8.
Observations of Coherent Turbulence Structures in the Near-Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mitsuaki Horiguchi Taiichi Hayashi Hiroyuki Hashiguchi Yoshiki Ito Hiromasa Ueda 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,136(1):25-44
Turbulence structures of high Reynolds number flow in the near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are investigated based
on observations at Shionomisaki and Shigaraki, Japan. A Doppler sodar measured the vertical profiles of winds in the ABL.
Using the integral wavelet transform for the time series of surface wind data, the pattern of a descending high-speed structure
with large vertical extent (from the surface to more than 200-m level) is depicted from the Doppler sodar data. Essentially
this structure is a specific type of coherent structure that has been previously shown in experiments on turbulent boundary-layer
flows. Large-scale high-speed structures in the ABL are extracted using a long time scale (240 s) for the wavelet transform.
The non-dimensional interval of time between structures is evaluated as 3.0–6.2 in most cases. These structures make a large
contribution to downward momentum transfer in the surface layer. Quadrant analyses of the turbulent motion measured by the
sonic anemometer (20-m height) suggest that the sweep motion (high-speed downward motion) plays a substantial role in the
downward momentum transfer. In general, the contribution of sweep motions to the momentum flux is nearly equal to that of
ejection motions (low-speed upward motions). This contribution of sweep motions is related to the large-scale high-speed structures. 相似文献
9.
Summary An aircraft-based experimental investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and of the energy exchange
processes over heterogeneous land surfaces is presented. The measurements are used for the validation of the mesoscale atmospheric
model “Lokal-Modell” (LM) of the German Weather Service with 2.8 km resolution. In addition, high-resolution simulations using
the non-hydrostatic model FOOT3DK with 250 m resolution are performed in order to resolve detailed surface heterogeneities.
Two special observation periods in May 1999 show comparable convective boundary layer (CBL) conditions. For one case study
vertical profiles and area averages of meteorological quantities and energy fluxes are investigated in detail. The measured
net radiation is highly dependent on surface albedo, and the latent heat flux exhibits a strong temporal variability in the
investigation area. A reduction of this variability is possible by aggregation of multiple flight patterns. To calculate surface
fluxes from aircraft measurements at low altitude, turbulent energy fluxes were extrapolated to the ground by the budget method,
which turned out to be well applicable for the sensible heat flux, but not for the latent flux. The development of the ABL
is well captured by the LM simulation. The comparison of spatiotemporal averages shows an underestimation of the observed
net radiation, which is mainly caused by thin low-level clouds in the LM compared to observed scattered CBL clouds. The sensible
heat flux is reproduced very well, while the latent flux is highly overestimated especially above forests. The realistic representation
of surface heterogeneities in the investigation area in the FOOT3DK simulations leads to improvements for the energy fluxes,
but an overestimation of the latent heat flux still persists. A study of upscaling effects yields more structures than the
LM fields when averaged to the same scale, which are partly caused by the non-linear effects of parameter aggregation on the
LM scale. 相似文献
10.
R. D. Kouznetsov V. F. Kramar F. Beyrich D. Engelbart 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2004,85(1-3):93-99
Summary A simple parameterization for the estimation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and momentum flux profiles under near-neutral stratification based on sodar measurements of the vertical velocity variance has been tested using data from the LINEX-2000 experiment. Measurements included operation of a phased-array Doppler sodar DSDPA.90 and of a sonic anemometer USA-1 mounted at a meteorological tower at a height of 90m. Good agreement has been found between the TKE and momentum flux values derived from the sonic and sodar data (with correlation coefficients r>0.90 and a slope of the regression lines of about 1.01.1) suggesting the possible use of sodar measurements of w 2 to derive turbulence parameter profiles above the tower range. 相似文献
11.
Sandrine Bernard-Trottolo B. Campistron A. Druilhet F. Lohou F. Saïd 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,111(2):181-224
The TRAC98 experimental campaign (Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) devoted to coherent structures analysis took place over the Beauce plain (France) during summer 1998. It allowed us to collect a large dataset of airborne measurements in addition to various ground measurements. This study aims at diagnosing the occurrence of coherent structures within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) through airborne measurements. The statistical analysis performed as a first step from turbulent parameters underlined the homogeneity of the ABL over the Beauce plain. However mixed-layer scaling failed at the top of the ABL, even when taking into account the entrainment rate. Coherent structures were detected through the analysis of ABL isotropy, using the opportunity of sampling with two perpendicular crossing planes, one of them being aligned with the wind. This approach allowed us to determine an organization scheme of the ABL for three of the five flights (ARAT30, MIV30 and MIV27). For the ARAT30 flight, the analysis was pursued by focusing on measurements of fluctuations in the inner flight legs. In this way, the low-level cloud cover has been investigated from the downward visible radiation (VISD). The results indicated an anisotropy of the horizontal cloud size. Secondly, the variations of some parameters were analysed through lagged correlation functions. This allowed us to infer relationships between the vertical velocity, VISD, mixing ratio and lifting condensation level. Length scales have also been extracted, and confirmed the ABL organization during the ARAT30 flight. Finally, the anisotropy observed in various flights has been investigated with respect to the underestimation of the latent heat fluxes revealed by the imbalance of the surface energy budget. 相似文献
12.
Summary This paper presents a brief synopsis of past, current and anticipated progress and problems in the use of acoustic remote
sensing for basic and applied research of the lower atmosphere. The potential and reality of the sodar for determination of
meteorological parameters and turbulence characteristics is discussed. Sodars’ place alongside other ground-based remote sensors,
including radar wind profilers, radioacoustic sounding systems (RASS) and lidars, is elucidated. Areas of atmospheric research
where Doppler sodar has certain advantages are described such as cost, sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution and surface
layer measurements. The use of sodar in networks of integrated radar/RASS systems designed to supply uninterrupted monitoring
of atmospheric parameters for improvements in forecasts of weather and air quality is demonstrated.
The special potential role of sodar in education and training of specialists is suggested to aid in developing and using new
methods of atmospheric measurements and meeting the requirements of modern environmental science.
A number of problems are formulated whose solution would favor further advancement of acoustic remote sensing in integrated
systems for remote monitoring of the atmospheric boundary layer.
Received November 23, 1998 Revised January 29, 1999 相似文献
13.
14.
Mitsuaki Horiguchi Taiichi Hayashi Ahoro Adachi Shigeru Onogi 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,144(2):179-198
Large-scale turbulence structures in the near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are investigated on the basis of observations made from the 213-m tall meteorological tower at Tsukuba, Japan. Vertical profiles of wind speed and turbulent fluxes in the ABL were obtained with sonic anemometer-thermometers at six levels of the tower. From the archived data, 31 near-neutral cases are selected for the analysis of turbulence structures. For the typical case, event detection by the integral wavelet transform with a large time scale (180 s) from the streamwise velocity component (u) at the highest level (200 m) reveals a descending high-speed structure with a time scale of approximately 100 s (a spatial scale of 1 km at the 200-m height). By applying the wavelet transform to the u velocity component at each level, the intermittent appearance of large-scale high-speed structures extending also in the vertical is detected. These structures usually make a large contribution to the downward momentum transfer and induce the enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy. This behaviour is like that of “active” turbulent motions. From the analysis of the two-point space–time correlation of wavelet coefficients for the u velocity component, the vertical extent and the downward influence of large-scale structures are examined. Large fluctuations in the large-scale range (wavelet variance at the selected time scale) at the 200-m level tend to induce the large correlation between the higher and lower levels. 相似文献
15.
Summary ?The LITFASS project (‘Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain – Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a Long-term Study’) of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, German Meteorological Service) aims to develop and to test a strategy for the determination
and parameterisation of the area-averaged turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum, and water vapour over a heterogeneous land surface.
These fluxes will be representative for an area of about 10 * 10 km2 (while the typical patch size is between 10−1 to 100 km2) corresponding to the size of a grid cell in the present operational numerical weather prediction model of the DWD.
LITFASS consists of three components:
– the development of a non-hydrostatic micro-α-scale model (the LITFASS local model – LLM) with a grid-size of about 100 * 100 m2,
– experimental investigations of land surface – atmosphere exchange processes and boundary layer structure within a 20 * 20 km2 area around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg,
– the assimilation of a data base as an interface between measurements and modelling activities.
The overall project strategy was tested over a three-week period in June 1998 during the LITFASS-98 field experiment. This
paper gives an overview on the LITFASS project, on the design and measurement program of the LITFASS-98 experiment, and on
the weather conditions during the period of the experiment. Conclusions are formulated for the operational realisation of
the LITFASS measurement concept and for future field experiments aimed at studying the land surface – atmosphere interaction
in the Lindenberg area. Selected results from both experimental and modelling activities are presented in a series of companion
papers completing this special issue of the journal.
Received June 18, 2001; revised March 18, 2002; accepted April 2, 2002 相似文献
16.
Increased heat fluxes near a forest edge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W. Klaassen P. B. van Breugel E. J. Moors J. P. Nieveen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2002,72(3-4):231-243
Summary ?Observations of sensible and latent heat flux above forest downwind of a forest edge show these fluxes to be larger than
the available energy over the forest. The enhancement averages to 56 W m−2, or 16% of the net radiation, at fetches less than 400 m, equivalent to fetch to height ratios less than 15. The enhancement
of turbulent energy fluxes is explained by advection and increases with the difference in temperature and humidity of the
air over the upwind area as compared to the forest. The relatively high temperature and humidity of the upwind air are not
caused by high surface heat fluxes, but are explained by the relatively low aerodynamic roughness of the upwind surface. Although
the heat fluxes over forest are enhanced, the momentum fluxes are almost adjusted to the underlying forest. The different
behaviour of heat and momentum fluxes is explained by absorption of momentum by pressure gradients near the forest edge. It
is concluded that fetch requirements to obtain accurate surface fluxes from atmospheric observations need to be more stringent
for scalar fluxes as compared to momentum fluxes.
Received November 23, 2001; accepted May 13, 2002 相似文献
17.
A complex marine experiment was conducted in autumn 1991 on the research vessel Dmitry Mendelev in association with the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). A three-axis Doppler sodar designed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Moscow, was used in this experiment. Total observation time was about 770 hours from 6 October to 23 November. Besides facsimile records illustrating spatial and temporal structure of the turbulence distribution in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), routine quantitative measurements of profiles of wind and echo-signal strength were taken. Some main characteristics of the ABL behavior over the ocean were revealed through an analysis of these data as well as the results of other kinds of measurements. An important peculiarity of the ABL observed between the Canary Islands and the Azores was the presence of diurnal variation of convective turbulence strength having a maximum between 04:00 and 07:00 LT. A similar diurnal variation was observed for low-level cloud cover. Occurrence of various types of thermal stratification and their diurnal variation were obtained. Comparison of elevated stable layers and low-level cumulus showed that the lower boundary of clouds correlates well with the height of the bottom of elevated inversion layers (at heights of 200–600 m). Canary and Cabo Verde observations showed that islands strongly affect the ABL structure. The strong effect of a surface water temperature gradient on the ABL stability was observed when crossing the Canary, Azores, and Labrador currents and the Gulf Stream. 相似文献
18.
I. V. Petenko 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1999,71(1-2):69-79
Summary A rigorous theoretical consideration of the parameters of a received signal for a RASS based on a radar wind profiler and
operating in the “Bragg”-operation mode is performed. The calculation approach is based on solving the equations analytically
for diffractive wave beams and takes into account diffraction effects in the Fresnel approxim ation for both radio and acoustic
waves generated by antennas with finite sizes. It is shown that the errors due to the displacement of an acoustic source and
horizontal wind are negligible for RASS based on a monostatic radar not only in the far-field but also in the transition zone
between the Fresnel diffraction and far-field ranges at the lowest RASS operational heights.
Received August 24, 1998 Revised February 25, 1999 相似文献
19.
Ankur R. Desai Kenneth J. Davis Christoph J. Senff Syed Ismail Edward V. Browell David R. Stauffer Brian P. Reen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,119(2):195-238
The atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) depth was observed by airborne lidar and balloon soundings during the Southern Great Plains 1997 field study (SGP97). This paper is Part I of a two-part case study examining the relationship of surface heterogeneity to observed ABL structure. Part I focuses on observations. During two days (12–13 July 1997) following rain, midday convective ABL depth varied by as much as 1.5 km across 400 km, even with moderate winds. Variability in ABL depth was driven primarily by the spatial variation in surface buoyancy flux as measured from short towers and aircraft within the SGP97 domain. Strong correlation was found between time-integrated buoyancy flux and airborne remotely sensed surface soil moisture for the two case-study days, but only a weak correlation was found between surface energy fluxes and vegetation greenness as measured by satellite. A simple prognostic one-dimensional ABL model was applied to test to what extent the soil moisture spatial heterogeneity explained the variation in north–south ABL depth across the SGP97 domain. The model was able to better predict mean ABL depth and variations on horizontal scales of approximately 100 km using observed soil moisture instead of constant soil moisture. Subsidence, advection, convergence/divergence and spatial variability of temperature inversion strength also contributed to ABL depth variations. In Part II, assimilation of high-resolution soil moisture into a three-dimensional mesoscale model (MM5) is discussed and shown to improve predictions of ABL structure. These results have implications for ABL models and the influence of soil moisture on mesoscale meteorology 相似文献
20.
Profile data from simultaneous sodar and tethered balloon measurements have been analyzed with respect to the complex structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in the Upper Rhine Valley. Special attention was focused on ozone concentration profiles measured with a novel lightweight ozone sensor at the balloon. In general, good agreement was found between the signature of the ozone concentration profiles and special features of the backscattered sound intensity profiles. This allows reliable estimation of the mixing height from the sodar data even in a complex stable ABL, except for very shallow mixing layers (below about 75 m), which could not be detected by the sodar. 相似文献