共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Gravity data observed on or reduced to the ellipsoid are preferably represented using ellipsoidal harmonics instead of spherical harmonics. Ellipsoidal harmonics, however, are difficult to use in practice because the computation of the associated Legendre functions of the second kind that occur in the ellipsoidal harmonic expansions is not straightforward. Jekeli’s renormalization simplifies the computation of the associated Legendre functions. We extended the direct computation of these functions—as well as that of their ratio—up to the second derivatives and minimized the number of required recurrences by a suitable hypergeometric transformation. Compared with the original Jekeli’s renormalization the associated Legendre differential equation is fulfilled up to much higher degrees and orders for our optimized recurrences. The derived functions were tested by comparing functionals of the gravitational potential computed with both ellipsoidal and spherical harmonic syntheses. As an input, the high resolution global gravity field model EGM2008 was used. The relative agreement we found between the results of ellipsoidal and spherical syntheses is 10?14, 10?12 and 10?8 for the potential and its first and second derivatives, respectively. Using the original renormalization, this agreement is 10?12, 10?8 and 10?5, respectively. In addition, our optimized recurrences require less computation time as the number of required terms for the hypergeometric functions is less. 相似文献
2.
This paper presents normal time–frequency transform (NTFT) application in harmonic/quasi-harmonic signal prediction. Particularly, we use the normal wavelet transform (a special NTFT) to make long-term polar motion prediction. Instantaneous frequency, phase and amplitude of Chandler wobble, prograde and retrograde annual wobbles of Earth’s polar motion are analyzed via the NTFT. Results show that the three main wobbles can be treated as quasi-harmonic processes. Current instantaneous harmonic information of the three wobbles can be acquired by the NTFT that has a kernel function constructed with a normal half-window function. Based on this information, we make the polar motion predictions with lead times of 1 year and 5 years. Results show that our prediction skills are very good with long lead time. An abnormality in the predictions occurs during the second half of 2005 and first half of 2006. Finally, we provide the future (starting from 2013) polar motion predictions with 1- and 5-year leads. These predictions will be used to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. 相似文献
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Block falls are considered a significant aspect of surficial instability contributing to losses in land and socio-economic aspects through their damaging effects to natural and human environments. This paper predicts and maps the geographic distribution and volumes of block falls in central Lebanon using remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and decision-tree modeling (un-pruned and pruned trees). Eleven terrain parameters (lithology, proximity to fault line, karst type, soil type, distance to drainage line, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope curvature, land cover/use, and proximity to roads) were generated to statistically explain the occurrence of block falls. The latter were discriminated using SPOT4 satellite imageries, and their dimensions were determined during field surveys. The un-pruned tree model based on all considered parameters explained 86% of the variability in field block fall measurements. Once pruned, it classifies 50% in block falls’ volumes by selecting just four parameters (lithology, slope gradient, soil type, and land cover/use). Both tree models (un-pruned and pruned) were converted to quantitative 1:50,000 block falls’ maps with different classes; starting from Nil (no block falls) to more than 4000 m3. These maps are fairly matching with coincidence value equal to 45%; however, both can be used to prioritize the choice of specific zones for further measurement and modeling, as well as for land-use management. The proposed tree models are relatively simple, and may also be applied to other areas (i.e. the choice of un-pruned or pruned model is related to the availability of terrain parameters in a given area). 相似文献
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Buildings are sensitive to movements caused by ground deformation. The mapping both of spatial and temporal distribution, and of the degree of building damages represents a useful tool in order to understand the landslide evolution, magnitude and stress distribution. The high spatial resolution of space-borne SAR interferometry can be used to monitor displacements related to building deformations. In particular, PSInSAR technique is used to map and monitor ground deformation with millimeter accuracy. The usefulness of the above mentioned methods was evaluated in San Fratello municipality (Sicily, Italy), which was historically affected by landslides: the most recent one occurred on 14th February 2010. PSInSAR data collected by ERS 1/2, ENVISAT, RADARSAT-1 were used to study the building deformation velocities before the 2010 landslide. The X-band sensors COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X were used in order to monitor the building deformation after this event. During 2013, after accurate field inspection on buildings and structures, damage assessment map of San Fratello were created and then compared to the building deformation velocity maps. The most interesting results were obtained by the comparison between the building deformation velocity map obtained through COSMO-SkyMed and the damage assessment map. This approach can be profitably used by local and Civil Protection Authorities to manage the post-event phase and evaluate the residual risks. 相似文献
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The satellite digital vegetation index data has been correlated with the forest growing stock by fitting linear regression models. The goodness of fit was tested. The analysis showed that the vegetation index which is the ratio of reflectance of vegetation in near infrared band to red wave band of electromagnetic spectrum is highly correlated to forest growing stock and the same can be used to predict the volume in remote forest areas for quick assessment purpose. Implications for future forest inventory are discussed. 相似文献
8.
The implementation of social network applications on mobile platforms has significantly elevated the activity of mobile social networking. Mobile social networking offers a channel for recording an individual’s spatiotemporal behaviors when location-detecting capabilities of devices are enabled. It also facilitates the study of time geography on an individual level, which has previously suffered from a scarcity of georeferenced movement data. In this paper, we report on the use of georeferenced tweets to display and analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of daily user trajectories. For georeferenced tweets having both location information in longitude and latitude values and recorded creation time, we apply a space–time cube approach for visualization. Compared to the traditional methodologies for time geography studies such as the travel diary-based approach, the analytics using social media data present challenges broadly associated with those of Big Data, including the characteristics of high velocity, large volume, and heterogeneity. For this study, a batch processing system has been developed for extracting spatiotemporal information from each tweet and then creating trajectories of each individual mobile Twitter user. Using social media data in time geographic research has the benefits of study area flexibility, continuous observation and non-involvement with contributors. For example, during every 30-minute cycle, we collected tweets created by about 50,000 Twitter users living in a geographic region covering New York City to Washington, DC. Each tweet can indicate the exact location of its creator when the tweet was posted. Thus, the linked tweets show a Twitter users’ movement trajectory in space and time. This study explores using data intensive computing for processing Twitter data to generate spatiotemporal information that can recreate the space–time trajectories of their creators. 相似文献
9.
Donald C. Rundquist Albert J. Peters Liping Di Donn A. Rodekohr Richard L. Ehrman Gene Murray 《国际地球制图》2013,28(2):51-58
The paper summarizes a technique for implementing the “DRASTIC” groundwater‐vulnerability model within the context of an automated raster‐based geographic information system. Discussion focuses on a methodological development and a statewide project completed recently in Nebraska. The final products, a comprehensive flow chart illustrating procedures and a map of calculated potential pollution hazard, are presented. The methodology can be executed successfully with minimal training and experience. Areas of Nebraska considered vulnerable to groundwater pollution are identified. 相似文献
10.
J. M. Juan A. Aragon-Angel J. Sanz G. González-Casado A. Rovira-Garcia 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(11):1383-1397
Ionospheric scintillation produces strong disruptive effects on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, ranging from degrading performances to rendering these signals useless for accurate navigation. The current paper presents a novel approach to detect scintillation on the GNSS signals based on its effect on the ionospheric-free combination of carrier phases, i.e. the standard combination of measurements used in precise point positioning (PPP). The method is implemented using actual data, thereby having both its feasibility and its usefulness assessed at the same time. The results identify the main effects of scintillation, which consist of an increased level of noise in the ionospheric-free combination of measurements and the introduction of cycle-slips into the signals. Also discussed is how mis-detected cycle-slips contaminate the rate of change of the total electron content index (ROTI) values, which is especially important for low-latitude receivers. By considering the effect of single jumps in the individual frequencies, the proposed method is able to isolate, over the combined signal, the frequency experiencing the cycle-slip. Moreover, because of the use of the ionospheric-free combination, the method captures the diffractive nature of the scintillation phenomena that, in the end, is the relevant effect on PPP. Finally, a new scintillation index is introduced that is associated with the degradation of the performance in navigation. 相似文献
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The Niger River is one of the most important sources of water supply for human consumption and agriculture in Western Africa. Two Landsat‐5 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images, corresponding to the dry and wet seasons, over a selected area of the Niger River interior delta were classified to produce a land cover/land use map that reflects the geo‐hydrological units of this area. To classify the satellite data, training statistics were generated using a clustering algorithm with parameter values that maximize the separability among spectral classes. Both dry and wet season images are required to obtain an accurate classification for evaluation of hydrological parameters. The spatial resolution of the MSS proved to be adequate for this kind of work, since all the major cover types and geographic features were correctly recognized. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(5):490-503
ABSTRACTDiscrete global grid systems have become an important component of Digital Earth systems. However, previously there has not existed an easy way to map between named places (toponyms) and the cells of a discrete global grid system. The lack of such a tool has limited the opportunities to synthesize social place-based data with the more standard Earth and environmental science data currently being analyzed in Digital Earth applications. This paper introduces Wāhi, the first gazetteer to map entities from the GeoNames database to multiple discrete global grid systems. A gazetteer service is presented that exposes the grid system and the associated gazetteer data as Linked Data. A set of use cases for the discrete global grid gazetteer is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Sampling for suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in inland waters is traditionally based on collecting samples at sparse
locations and in limited intervals. A number of investigators explored the utility of earth-observing satellites and air-borne
sensors for monitoring of SSC over vast areas. Two approaches are commonly deployed: (1) empirical relationships between a
chosen remotely sensed quantity and the actual in-situ SSC; and (2) bio-optical models founded on radiative transfer modeling. Unfortunately, in-situ measurements are often unavailable for direct image calibration, and inherent optical properties of optically active constituents
(specific scattering and absorption coefficients) are usually unknown. This paper examines the possibility to retrieve SSC
from multispectral satellite imagery without any in-situ data, i.e. using only image-derived information. The fundamental principle of image selfcalibration relies on the fact that
in the visual domain of wavelengths (∼400–700 nm) the at-sensor reflectance becomes “saturated“ at high SSC, whereas the near-infrared
domain (∼700–900 nm) remains almost perfectly linearly related to sediment concentrations. The core idea of the self-calibrating
procedure is rather simple and is based on fitting an exponential function between reflectance and SSC, with SSC replaced
by a linear relationship between SSC and reflectance in the near-infrared domain. As a first approximation of the non-linearity
between reflectance and SSC levels in the 400–700 nm range, we used the equation proposed by Schiebe et al. (1992), although other equations, especially those arising from optical theory could be used as well. The technique is illustrated
on a moderately sediment-laden reservoir and two scenes acquired from Landsat ETM+. The standard error of the estimated SSC
was below 15 mg/L (i.e. ∼25 % relative error for the observed range of SSC). Although the proposed algorithm does not yield
better results than other models mentioned in the literature, the primary advantage of the outlined methodology is that no
in-situ measurements (water sampling nor spectral profiling) are needed — i.e. only image-derived information is used. 相似文献
14.
Virupakshagouda C. Patil Khalid A. Al-Gaadi ElKamil Tola Ahmed M. Zeyada Samy Marey 《国际地球制图》2018,33(1):70-88
To understand water productivity of crops cultivated in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, this study was conducted to generate a reliable crop type map using a multi-temporal satellite data (ASTER, Landsat-8 and MODIS) and crop phenology. Classification And Regression Tree (CART) and ISO-DATA Cluster (IDC) classification techniques were utilized for the identification of crops. The Ideal Crop Spectral Curves were generated and utilized for the formulation of CART decision rules. For IDC, the stacked images of the phenology-integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were utilized for the classification. The overall accuracy of the classified maps of CART was 76, 77 and 81% for ASTER, MODIS and Landsat-8, respectively. For IDC, the accuracy was determined at 67, 63 and 60% for ASTER, MODIS and Landsat-8, respectively. The developed decision rules can be efficiently used for mapping of crop types for the same agro-climatic region of the study area. 相似文献
15.
Steven M. de Jong 《国际地球制图》2013,28(1):43-49
Land cover classification using satellite imagery is commonly based on spectral information in the individual pixels. The information in neighbouring pixels is ignored. Spatial filtering techniques using information present in neighbouring pixels may however, contribute significantly to an improvement of the classification. In this study different methods of spatial filtering are applied to a part of a TM‐scene of Kenya to assess their relative reliability. The study area is characterized by extended, relatively homogeneous areas of eucalyptus forests and tea estates and by fragmentated areas of agricultural land use. Spectral information was combined with the results of different spatial filtering methods and then classified. The spatial filtering techniques applied were texture calculation by means of variance, “median minus original” filtering and fractal dimension computations using several sizes of templates. The obtained classification accuracy of several image combinations is compared using the percentage correctly classified and using an overall accuracy measure: the Kappa coefficient. It is concluded that in this case the spatial filtering techniques only slightly improve the classification. From the applied filtering methods texture calculation by means of variance yielded the best results. 相似文献
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The recent and forthcoming availability of high spatial resolution imagery from satellite and airborne sensors offers the possibility to generate an increasing number of remote sensing products and opens new promising opportunities for multi-sensor classification. Data fusion strategies, applied to modern airborne Earth observation systems, including hyperspectral MIVIS, color-infrared ADS40, and LiDAR sensors, are explored in this paper for fine-scale mapping of heterogeneous urban/rural landscapes. An over 1000-element array of supervised classification results is generated by varying the underlying classification algorithm (Maximum Likelihood/Spectral Angle Mapper/Spectral Information Divergence), the remote sensing data stack (different multi-sensor data combination), and the set of hyperspectral channels used for classification (feature selection). The analysis focuses on the identification of the best performing data fusion configuration and investigates sensor-derived marginal improvements. Numerical experiments, performed on a 20-km stretch of the Marecchia River (Italy), allow for a quantification of the synergies of multi-sensor airborne data. The use of Maximum Likelihood and of the feature space including ADS40, LiDAR derived normalized digital surface, texture layers, and 24 MIVIS bands represents the scheme that maximizes the classification accuracy on the test set. The best classification provides high accuracy (92.57% overall accuracy) and demonstrates the potential of the proposed approach to define the optimized data fusion and to capture the high spatial variability of natural and human-dominated environments. Significant inter-class differences in the identification schemes are also found by indicating possible sub-optimal solutions for landscape-driven mapping, such as mixed forest, floodplain, urban, and agricultural zones. 相似文献
18.
In order to understand Late Glacial high lake levels in the dry Andes of Northern Chile, recent short ‐ to medium‐term fluctuations in the water budget of present lakes and brines (salars) and their relationship with the atmospheric circulation were investigated. A time sequence of four Landsat‐MSS images between November 1983 and August 1984 was analysed in terms of changing water surface and water volume of several lakes and salars. The variations of the open water bodies were interpreted as a result of the spatial pattern of summer and winter precipitation. Furthermore a method to determine water depth and water salinity of the very shallow salars and lakes by correlating field measurements and digital Landsat‐TM data is described. The resulting model to compute water depth was also applied to the MSS‐sequence, showing good results. 相似文献
19.
Chunyang He Anni Wei Peijun Shi Qiaofeng Zhang Yuanyuan Zhao 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011
Detecting land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes in rural–urban fringe areas (RUFAs) timely and accurately using satellite imagery is essential for land-use planning and management in China. Although traditional spectral-based change-vector analysis (CVA) can effectively detect LULC change in many cases, it encounters difficulties in RUFAs because of deficiencies in the spectral information of satellite images. To detect LULC changes in RUFAs effectively, this paper proposes an extended CVA approach that incorporates textural change information into the traditional spectral-based CVA. The extended CVA was applied to three different pilot RUFAs in China with different remotely sensed data, including Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) images. The results demonstrated the improvement of the extended CVA compared to the traditional spectral-based CVA with the overall accuracy increased between 4.66% and 8.00% and the kappa coefficient increased between 0.10 and 0.15, respectively. The advantage of the extended CVA lies in its integration of both spectral and textural change information to detect LULC changes, allowing for effective discrimination of LULC changes that are spectrally similar but texturally different in RUFAs. The extended CVA has great potential to be widely used for LULC-change detection in RUFAs, which are often heterogeneous and fragmental in nature, with rich textural information. 相似文献
20.
GPS Solutions - The dual-frequency multi-constellation (DFMC) satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) should be able to provide a vertical protection level in the range of... 相似文献