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1.
《New Astronomy》2003,8(5):495-505
We present general analytic expressions for GRB afterglow light curves arising from a variable external density profile and/or a variable energy in the blast wave. The former could arise from a clumpy ISM or a variable stellar wind; The latter could arise from refreshed shocks or from an angular dependent jet structure (patchy shell). Both scenarios would lead to a variable light curve. Our formalism enables us to invert the observed light curve and obtain possible density or energy profiles. The optical afterglow of GRB 021004 was detected 537 s AB (after the burst) [GCN (2002) 1564]. Extensive follow up observations revealed a significant temporal variability. We apply our formalism to the R-band light curve of GRB 021004 and we find that several models provide a good fit to the data. We consider the patchy shell model with p=2.2 as the most likely explanation. According to this model our line of sight was towards a ‘cold spot’ that has lead to a relativity low γ-ray flux and an initially weak afterglow (while the X-ray afterglow flux after a day was above average). Observations above the cooling frequency, νc, could provide the best way to distinguish between our different models.  相似文献   

2.
GRB 100219A at z = 4.667 has been the highest redshift gamma‐ray burst observed with the X‐shooter spectrograph up to now. The spectrum covering the range from 5000 to 24000 Å and a large number of absorption lines allows to make a detailed study of the interstellar medium in a high redshift galaxy. The ISM in the low ionisation state and the kinematics of the absorption line components reveal a complex velocity field. The metallicity measured from different absorption lines is around 0.1 solar. Other GRB hosts at redshift beyond ∼3 have similar metallicities albeit with a large scatter in the metallicity distribution. X‐shooter will allow us to determine metallicities of a larger number of GRB hosts beyond redshift 5, to probe the early chemical enrichment of the Universe and to study its evolution from redshift 2 to beyond 10 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

3.
We analyze the randomness of the sky distribution of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. These events are associated with massive galaxies, spiral or elliptical, and therefore their positions should trace the large-scale structure, which, in turn, could show up in the sky distribution of fluctuations of the cosmicmicrowave background (CMB). We test this hypothesis by mosaic correlation mapping of the distributions of CMB peaks and burst positions, find the distribution of these two signals to be correlated, and interpret this correlation as a possible systematic effect.  相似文献   

4.
By using relativistic, axisymmetric, ideal MHD, we examine the motion of the baryon/e±/ photon fluid that emanates from a stellar-mass compact object/debris-disk system (a common outcome of many progenitor models). We prove that the motion can be described as a frozen pulse, which permits the study of each shell of the pancake-shaped outflow using steady-state equations. The ejected energy flux is dominated by the electromagnetic (Poynting) contribution, but it can also have a non negligible e±/radiation (thermal fireball)component. We demonstrate, through exact self-similar solutions, that the flow is first thermally and subsequently magnetically accelerated up to equipartition between kinetic and Poynting fluxes, i.e., ～ 50% of the total energy is converted into baryonic kinetic energy. The electromagnetic forces also collimate the flow, reaching a cylindrical structure asymptotically.  相似文献   

5.
Existing theory and models suggest that a Type I (merger) GRB should have a larger jet beaming angle than a Type II (collapsar) GRB, but so far no statistical evidence is available to support this suggestion. In this paper, we obtain a sample of 37 beaming angles and calculate the probability that this is true. A correction is also devised to account for the scarcity of Type I GRBs in our sample. The probability is calculated to be 83% without the correction and 71% with it.  相似文献   

6.
1 INTRODUCTIONMom the detection at X-rap optical and radio wavelengths of ganuna-ray bursts (GRBs)since 1997 (Costa et al. 1997; van Paradijs et al. 1997; Sahu et al. 1997; Djorgovsld et al. 1997;Metzger et al. 1997; Frail et al. 1997; Taylor et al. 1997; Kulforni et al. 1998; Halpern et al.1998; Castro-Tirado et al. 1999; Kulkalni et al. 1999; Galama et al. 1999), we have come toknow that the GRBs can release 1051 ~ 1054 ergs in a few seconds and that the fireball modelcan describ…  相似文献   

7.
COMPTEL on board CGRO has observed a very strong (S[> 0.3 MeV] = 2.03 × 10–4 erg cm–2), complex, and long lasting (162 s) gamma-ray burst on February 17, 1994 (GRB 940217). Temporal fluctuations occur on timescales as short as 100 ms. Hard-to-soft spectral evolution has been observed during the burst emission and also within individual peaks. The photon spectra obtained within the 6 peaks can be modelled by single power law spectra and by broken power laws with break energies at around 1 MeV. The best-fit power law slopes vary between 1.1 and 3.5 throughout the event. The burst is located at [ 2000, 2000] = [29.5°, 3.8°] with a 3 error radius of 0.9°. COMPTEL does not detect any significant post-burst emission (as reported by EGRET) at low energies (< 30 MeV), and our upper limits are marginally consistent with the EGRET detections. Using high energy spectral and temporal information, distance limits to GRB 940217 have been derived.  相似文献   

8.
We present the results of X-ray and optical observations of GRB 050712 performed by Swift . The X-ray light curve of this burst exhibits episodes of flares in the first 1000 s, the same epoch at which the UVOT detected an optical counterpart. A shallow X-ray decay, with a decay slope of  α=−0.73  , followed and lasted ∼70 ks. This behaviour can be explained in terms of activity of the gamma-ray burst 'inner engine', with the possibility that the last flare is caused by the interaction of the ejecta with the surrounding medium.
We also find interesting spectral parameters for the X-ray emission. In particular, data suggest the presence of an intrinsic absorption in the first 1000 s, which can be explained if circumburst medium clouds lie along the line of sight.  相似文献   

9.
We describe a method to address the burster origin problem by determining their distance scale. We show that this can be easily carried out at soft X-ray wavelengths by measuring the effective column densities of a representative sample of burst spectra. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique by simulating the performance of a small CATSAT-type mission (Forrestet al., 1995).  相似文献   

10.
We have studied the first WATCH GRB Catalogue of-ray Bursts in order to find correlations between WATCH GRB error boxes and a great variety of celestial objects present in 33 different catalogues. No particular class of objects has been found to be significantly correlated with the WATCH GRBs.  相似文献   

11.
Very Large Array (VLA) radio observations of precisely-located GRB error boxes have been performed to search for fading and quiescent emission associated with -ray bursts. These observations were made as quickly as 23 hours and as late as 13 years after the time of the burst. Our measurements presented here have found GRB error boxes to be empty of sources to the 80 µJy level ( = 3.6 cm) at 9 months, to 1 mJy (20 cm) at 9 days, and probably to 5 mJy (20 cm) at 23 hours after the bursts.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
The real‐time distribution of alert messages from satellites that detect gamma‐ray bursts are of key importance to neutrino telescopes.We describe how the distribution network of these alert messages is used by the ANTARES neutrino telescope, and the resulting increase in detection efficiency for neutrinos from gamma‐ray bursts. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

14.
A gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical photometric follow-up system at the Xinglong Observatory of National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) has been constructed. It uses the 0.8-m Tsinghua-NAOC Telescope (TNT) and the 1-m EST telescope, and can au-tomatically respond to GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) alerts. Both telescopes slew rela-tively fast, being able to point to a new target field within ～ 1 min upon a request. Whenever available, the 2.16-m NAOC telescope is also used. In 2006 the system responded to 15 GRBs and detected seven early afterglows. In 2007 six GRBs have been detected among 18 follow-up observations. TNT observations of the second most distant GRB 060927 (z = 5.5) are shown, which started as early as 91 s after the GRB trigger. The afterglow was detected in the combined image of the first 19 × 20 s unfiltered exposures. This GRB follow-up system has joined the East-Asia GRB Follow-up Observation Network (EAFON).  相似文献   

15.
The present status of the search for counterparts of gamma-ray bursts is given. Particular emphasis will be put on the search for flaring counterparts, i.e. emission during or shortly after the gamma-ray emission. In view of a separate review on optical counterparts I will concentrate on GeV/TeV, X-ray, radio and neutrino searches.  相似文献   

16.
Onboard GRB trigger algorithms of SVOM-GRM   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The Gamma-Ray Monitor （GRM） is a high energy detector onboard the future Chinese-French satellite named the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Object Monitor which is dedicated to studies of gamma-ray bursts （GRBs）. This paper presents an investigation of the algorithms that look for GRBs by searching for a significant increase in the photon count rate for the computer onboard GRM. The trigger threshold and trigger efficiency, which are based on a given sample of GRBs, are calculated with the algorithms. The trigger characteristics of onboard instruments GRM and ECLAIRs are also analyzed. In addition, the impact of solar flares on GRM is estimated, and a method to distinguish solar flares from GRBs is investigated.  相似文献   

17.
We discuss the use of selected characteristics of the burster population (e.g. the distribution of peak fluxes, or durations) to derive the GRB distance scale within the framework of cosmological models. The effects of the cosmological expansion on GRBs are briefly noted and it is shown that intrinsic GRB properties may strongly complicate the search for (and the interpretation of) purely cosmological effects. In this context, bright GRBs provide a sample of reference; they are almost free of cosmological influences and they have been studied for a long time. We also emphasize the need for a GRB distance indicator which could be used for individual events; several recent studies suggest that such a quantity may exist.  相似文献   

18.
The history and recent results of searches for optical counterparts to gamma ray burst sources in all three categories (i.e. flaring, fading and quiet) are outlined. The related problems such as background triggers and advantages and drawbacks of previous and recent approaches and investigations are discussed. Although there are some promising results especially in the appearance of optical transients i.e. short-lived star-like objects found in or close to the error boxes of some GRB, there is a need for more and better optical data, especially taken at or close to the times of GRB. Based on recent results, a strategy for further works in this direction is suggested with emphasis on obtaining of simultaneous (wide-field CCD experiments) and quasisimultaneous (robotic telescopes automatically pointed to the positions of newly detected GRB by Internet link) optical data.  相似文献   

19.
γ暴余辉的发现是γ暴研究史上的一个重大突破,火球模型几乎可以较好地解释γ暴余辉的观测特性。但在标准的火球模型中,通常只考虑电子的同步加速辐射,没有考虑电子逆康普顿散射的贡献。这里我们详细计算了逆康普顿散射对γ暴余辉的影响,发现在一定的条件下,逆康普顿散射的影响是很重要的,它可以显著地改变辐射能谱,进而改变γ暴余辉的光变特性。  相似文献   

20.
We present gamma-ray burst afterglow light curves in X-ray, optical and radio bands for various distributions of accelerated electrons behind the shock. The effects of lateral expansion of the jet and of winds in typical Wolf-Rayet star on the evolution are discussed. The light curves in the radiative case decline more rapidly than those in the adiabatic case. Under the combined effect of jet expansion and wind environment, the light curves have the greatest deviation from those of the standard model. All these results refer to the relativistic phase.  相似文献   

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