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1.
A strategy for evaluating a global shallow water model based on aspects of kinetic energy spectra and nonlinear vorticity dynamics is proposed in this study. The kinetic energy spectra and nonlinear vorticity dynamics of a recently developed global shallow water model on an unstructured mesh are evaluated in comparison with the benchmark solutions from a global high-resolution spectral model. The results show that the kinetic energy spectra, the rotational and divergent components, the stationary and transient components, and the nonlinear spectral fluxes of the developed shallow water model agree well with those generated by the reference model. In addition, the influence of different flux operators for transporting the potential vorticity(PV) is assessed specifically. It is indicated that the second-order flux operator leads to a spurious increase in the kinetic energy at the tail of the spectrum, whereas the upwind third-order flux operator does not support this behavior owing to implicit numerical diffusion. Moreover, the nonlinear vorticity dynamics is studied by using colliding modons. It is found that the grid-point model maintains the symmetrical pattern of vortices, and generates similar kinetic energy spectra and nonlinear spectral fluxes to the reference model. The evaluation provides a reference for assessing the shallow water model in terms of nonlinear dynamics, and the developed global shallow water model presents a good example. 相似文献
2.
3.
An analysis is made of the effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution
global spectral model. The numerical mode! is a global, spectral, primitive equation model with five equally spaced sigma
levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. The model includes comparatively full
physical processes.
Each term of the energy budget equations is calculated in four specific latitudinal belts (81.11°S–11.53°S; 11.53°S–11.53°N;
11.53°N–46.24°N; 46.24°N–81.11°N) from a five-year simulation with mountains and a one-year simulation without mountains,
respectively. Differences between them are compared and statistically tested. The results show that synoptical scale waves
transport available potential energy and kinetic energy to long waves and increase conversion from available potential energy
of the zonal flow to eddy's and from the eddy kinetic energy to the zonal kinetic energy in region 3 (11.53°N-46.24°N) due
to mountains; topography intensifies the atmospheric baroclinity in region 3, consequently the baroclinic conversion of atmosphere
energy is increased. The seasonal characteristics associated with the summer atmospheric energy source in region 3 are caused
by seasonal variation of the solar radiation and the land-ocean contrasts and independent of topographic effects. The mechanism
of topographic effects on the increase of long wave kinetic energy is also discussed. 相似文献
4.
An analysis is made of the effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution global spectral model. The numerical model is a global, spectral, primitive equation model with five equally spaced sigma levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. The model includes comparatively full physical processes.Each term of the energy budget equations is calculated in four specific latitudinal belts (81.11°S-11.53°S; 11.53°S-11.53°N; 11.53°N-46.24°N; 46.24°N-81.11°N) from a five-year simulation with mountains and a one-year simulation without mountains, respectively. Differences between them are compared and statistically tested. The results show that synoptical scale waves transport available potential energy and kinetic energy to long waves and increase conversion from available potential energy of the zonal flow to eddy’s and from the eddy kinetic energy to the zonal kinetic energy in region 3 (11.53°N-46.24°N) due to mountains; topography intensifies the atmospheric baroclinity in region 3, consequently the baroclinic conversion of atmosphere energy is increased. The seasonal characteristics associated with the summer atmospheric energy source in region 3 are caused by seasonal variation of the solar radiation and the land-ocean contrasts and independent of topographic effects. The mechanism of topographic effects on the increase of long wave kinetic energy is also discussed. 相似文献
5.
半隐式半拉格朗日动力框架的动能谱分析 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
大量的观测事实表明自由大气动能谱与波数之间满足如下关系:在大尺度区域满足E∝k-3关系,过渡到中尺度区域表现为E∝k-5/3关系.数值模式动能谱是测量模式动力框架的耗散的直接度量,而耗散对模式的性能有着重要影响,因此动能谱是研究和评估模式动力框架的非常规的有效方法.文中使用基于半隐式半拉格朗日动力框架的全球/区域一体化模式GRAPES进行数值模拟试验,然后计算GRAPES模式的动能谱并与实际观测得到的大气动能谱比较,得到GRAPES模式能够很好地复制出实际大气动能谱的分布特征,包括从大尺度区域的E∝k-3关系向中尺度的E∝k-5/3关系的过渡特征.并且发现GRAPES模式存在最大有效时间步长,当时间步长小于最大有效时间步长时,模式动能谱随时间步长增大而逐渐衰减;当时间步长大于最大有效时间步长时,模式动能谱随时间步长增大而虚假增长.同时通过与实际大气动能谱比较,发现模式动能谱在5Δx波长附近开始明显衰减,因此将5Δx波长定义为GRAPES模式的最高有效分辨尺度;当空间分辨率提高与时间步长等相协调时,中小尺度模式动能谱向中小尺度延伸而更接近实际大气动能谱;当空间分辨率提高与时间步长等不相协调时,中小尺度模式动能谱存在较大误差,相应的大尺度模式动能谱亦存在较大误差.此外,时间步长对模式spin up过程有着重要的影响,较小时间步长时,spin up过程能够很好发展出合理的动能谱结构,在物理空间上表现为模式能够在spin up时间内生成和发展出合理的中小尺度系统;而较大时间步长时,spin up过程很难发展出合理的动能谱结构,在物理空间上表现为模式未能在spin up时间内生成和发展出合理的中小尺度系统.最后,GRAPES模式动能谱与WRF模式动能谱具有一致性,GRAPES全球中期模式能够完美地模拟出大尺度的E∝k-3动能谱特征.综上所述,本文通过研究GRAPES模式动力框架的动能谱得到了一些有意义的结果,为进一步研究、完善、优化和应用模式提供了科学的指导,可见动能谱是评估模式动力框架的有效方法. 相似文献
6.
南海夏季风爆发前后扰动演变及其数值研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以球面正压涡度方程为数学模型,建立了线性和非线性的数值积分模式,通过在模式中设置不同的基本流场和初始扰动场,研究基流和初始场对扰动发展的作用,揭示在球面正压大气中扰动发展的动力学机制。数值试验结果表明:在线性模式中,扰动的移动和发展与基流的分布有着很密切的关系,基流影响着扰动纬向传播的速度和方向; 在非线性模式中,当基流稳定时,扰动的移动以及传播与线性模式的结果相同,但与线性情况的最大区别在于,此时扰动能量的增长存在上限。同时发现,扰动的发展既依赖于基本气流的分布,也依赖初始扰动的结构;南海夏季风爆发前后的基本流场是正压不稳定的,且这种不稳定在季风爆发时达到最强,这可以成为季风爆发的动力学解释。 相似文献
7.
以发展基于奇异向量技术为初值扰动的GRAPES全球集合预报系统为目的,在GRAPES模式及其干动力框架下的切线性、伴随模式基础上开展了以总能量模为权重算子的奇异向量计算技术研究,建立奇异向量的计算求解模块,并通过奇异向量检验方法和切线性近似方法验证了奇异向量求解的正确性.通过对中高纬度的GRAPES奇异向量水平结构的线性演变分析,证实了在最优时间间隔内GRAPES奇异向量能够快速增长,并能描述中高纬度大气的斜压不稳定特征.分析在初始时刻和最优化时间间隔时刻的GRAPES奇异向量总能量及其分量(动能和势能)的垂直分布特征,发现在中高纬度区域,GRAPES奇异向量能够描述对流层不同层次的斜压不稳定增长特征. 相似文献
8.
Summary Lower tropospheric (1000–500) hPa kinetic energy (KE), temporal variations of KE and nonlinear KE transfer of rotational and divergent flows and energy conversion between them, partitioning further into stationary and transient components in the Fourier spectral domain and the mechanism for the evolution of significant transient waves for the month July 1979 in the latitudinal belt 10° S–30° N are studied.Divergent zonal and eddy KE show their maxima at the lowest level 1000 hPa. Lower tropospheric monsoon motion provides a non-divergent level close to 850 hPa. The daily flow patterns bear little resemblence to the climatology over tropics at 500 hPa. Although the transient mode of synoptic scale waves is stronger than that of planetary scale waves they are comparable. Analysis of energetics over global tropics can get signature of transient activities embedded in the large scale system. Summer momentum flux in the lower troposphere is essentially associated with stationary planetary and transient synoptic scale waves. Waves 1, 3 and 6 are the most preferred transient waves. Divergent to rotational KE conversion is the most dominating mechanism for the maintenance of planetary and synoptic scale waves. All categories of waves contribute towards the maintenance of zonal flows. The primary source of energy for transient synoptic scale waves is the transient divergent rotational KE transfer whereas the interaction between zonal stationary and transient wave is likely to be secondary source. Transient KE and all transient interactions, stationary KE and all stationary interactions are found to be strongest at 500 hPa and 850 hPa respectively. Growth and decay of transient waves 1 and 3 are mainly controlled by divergent-rotational KE conversions whereas those of transient wave 6 are controlled by KE transfer due to zonal-wave interaction.With 13 Figures 相似文献
9.
The effect of latitudinal differential heating on the atmospheric general circulation is studied using a simple general circulation model driven by different heating rates. It is found that an increase in differential heating leads to a strengthening of the general circulation as characterized by an increase in global available potential energy, kinetic energy and atmospheric angular momentum. The strengthening of the circulation results in three circulation regimes characterized by different eddy activities. One is a zonally symmetric Hadley regime with no eddy activity while the other two are Rossby regimes dominated by eddies with intermediate and low wave numbers, respectively. Relative to other global indices, the global relative atmospheric angular momentum is superior in detecting the transition of circulation regimes. The regime changes in mid- and high-latitudes resemble the response of the atmosphere to large changes in Earths rotation rate. 相似文献
10.
Nesting Turbulence in an Offshore Convective Boundary Layer Using Large-Eddy Simulations 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Domingo Muñoz-Esparza Branko Kosović Clara García-Sánchez Jeroen van Beeck 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,151(3):453-478
The applicability of the one-way nesting technique for numerical simulations of the heterogeneous atmospheric boundary layer using the large-eddy simulation (LES) framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting model is investigated. The focus of this study is on LES of offshore convective boundary layers. Simulations were carried out using two subgrid-scale models (linear and non-linear) with two different closures [diagnostic and prognostic subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equations]. We found that the non-linear backscatter and anisotropy model with a prognostic subgrid-scale TKE equation is capable of providing similar results when performing one-way nested LES to a stand-alone domain having the same grid resolution but using periodic lateral boundary conditions. A good agreement is obtained in terms of velocity shear and turbulent fluxes, while velocity variances are overestimated. A streamwise fetch of 14 km is needed following each domain transition in order for the solution to reach quasi-stationary results and for the velocity spectra to generate proper energy content at high wavelengths, however, a pile-up of energy is observed at the low-wavelength portion of the spectrum on the first nested domain. The inclusion of a second nest with higher resolution allows the solution to reach effective grid spacing well within the Kolmogorov inertial subrange of turbulence and develop an appropriate energy cascade that eliminates most of the pile-up of energy at low wavelengths. Consequently, the overestimation of velocity variances is substantially reduced and a considerably better agreement with respect to the stand-alone domain results is achieved. 相似文献
11.
In this study, the global energy cycle of five state-of-the-art climate models is evaluated in the wave number domain for all seasons. The energy cycle estimates are based on 30?years of 6-hourly data obtained at pressure levels of all models. The models energetics are compared to those obtained from three reanalysis datasets (ERA-40, JRA-25 and NCEP-R2). The results show that the distributions of the energetics integrands and the shape of the various wave number spectra are reasonably well simulated. Many important features can be found in most models, namely both the upscale and downscale energy cascade for the wave?Cwave interactions of kinetic energy, the downscale energy cascade for the wave?Cwave interactions of available potential energy and the downscale energy transfer for the zonal?Cwave interactions of kinetic energy. However, the magnitude in the integrands distributions is generally excessive, yielding too much energy and an overactive energy cycle in the models. Accordingly, this energy excess is also reflected in the various spectra, specially but not exclusively, at the synoptic scale wave numbers for the energy conversion/transfer rates. The well known cold pole bias and the too strong tropospheric jets, along with their dislocation in some cases, still persist in the climate models. These are some of the deficiencies in the models directly implicated in the energy cycle. Apparently, simply increasing the horizontal and vertical resolutions is not enough to eliminate these deficiencies due to somewhat opposite effects achieved by refining both spatial resolutions. Therefore, more accurate physics parameterisations as well as improved numerical schemes and resolution dependence of parameterisations seem to be essential for a significant improvement in the models energetics. Moreover, efforts should be made to improve the physical processes controlling the generation of zonal available potential energy and dissipation of eddy kinetic energy, in which the synoptic scale should be fundamental, as inferred from the excessive energy conversion/transfer rates in the models spectra. 相似文献
12.
利用WRF模式和NCEP再分析资料,对一次梅雨暴雨个例进行了数值模拟,基于高分辨率的模拟结果计算了水平动能谱、涡旋动能谱及辐散动能谱,诊断了动能收支谱方程。结果表明:在暴雨发展阶段,各个高度上都有中尺度动能增长,其显著增加始于中尺度低端,这导致了在中尺度波段出现谱转折特征,但在不同高度转折尺度不同;对流层高层涡旋动能大于辐散动能,平流层低层反之;不同降水阶段、不同高度和不同尺度上动能的来源不同,对流层高层,中尺度动能倾向由非线性项和气压项贡献;平流层低层,气压项的作用更为明显。 相似文献
13.
本文分析了1977年7月一次大暴雨过程的动能、感热和水汽的平衡。结果表明暴雨系统把来自周围大气的感热能和潜热能变成动能,在高层又将动能输送给周围大气。次网格尺度运动对天气尺度系统的作用是感热源、潜热汇。对于动能,在强对流的中心区是动能源,在包括中心周围的较大范围内是汇。 本文所得结果对于降水数值预报模式的设计有一定意义。 相似文献
14.
利用一个全球谱模式和一个有限区域细网格模式，作了异模式嵌套的初步试验。对异模式嵌套的方案流程，细网格模式边界值晚新的时间间隔及细网格模式的起步时间作了初步研究，发现无论采用物理量本身还是其倾向值作衔接，效果均不错，边界值更值的时间间隔既不宜太长，也不宜太短，粗细网格同时起步或用粗网格模式１２小时的预报场作为细网格模式匠初始场，两者预报的结果基本一致。 相似文献
15.
Charles A. Lin 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1985,9(1):1-16
Baroclinic instability of a zonal flow with latitudinal structure is examined using a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic, two-level β-plane model. An initially small perturbation with the structure of the linearly most unstable mode is allowed to grow to finite amplitude through nonlinear interaction. Because of latitudinal asymmetries of the basic zonal flow, a spectrum of meridional modes is generated in the perturbation. The time evolution of zonal wind and perturbation meridional structures, and their Fourier meridional mode spectra are examined. The radius of deformation is an important meridional scale in both the zonal flow and perturbation. This is especially true during the barotropic decay phase of the baroclinic wave. Time series of energy conversion terms show there is no energy accumulation. 相似文献
16.
Doppler Lidar Measurements of Vertical Velocity Spectra in the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We utilized a Doppler lidar to measure spectra of vertical velocity w from 390m above the surface to the top of the daytime convective boundary layer (CBL). The high resolution 2μm wavelength
Doppler lidar developed by the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory was used to detect the mean radial velocity of aerosol
particles. It operated continuously during the daytime in the zenith-pointing mode for several days in summer 1996 during
the Lidars-in-Flat-Terrain experiment over level farmland in central Illinois, U.S.A. The temporal resolution of the lidar
was about 1 s, and the range-gate resolution was about 30m. The vertical cross-sections were used to calculate spectra as
a function of height with unprecedented vertical resolution throughout much of the CBL, and, in general, we find continuity
of the spectral peaks throughout the depth of the CBL. We compare the observed spectra with previous formulations based on
both measurements and numerical simulations, and discuss the considerable differences, both on an averaged and a case-by-case
basis. We fit the observed spectra to a model that takes into account the wavelength of the spectral peak and the curvature
of the spectra across the transition from low wavenumbers to the inertial subrange. The curvature generally is as large or
larger than the von Kármán spectra. There is large case-to-case variability, some of which can be linked to the mean structure
of the CBL, especially the mean wind and the convective instability. We also find a large case-to-case variability in our
estimates of normalized turbulent kinetic energy dissipation deduced from the spectra, likely due for the most part to a varying
ratio of entrainment flux to surface flux. Finally, we find a relatively larger contribution to the low wavenumber region
of the spectra in cases with smaller shear across the capping inversion, and suggest that this may be due partly to gravity
waves in the inversion and overlying free atmosphere. 相似文献
17.
全球最优插值客观分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
主要叙述国家气象中心实时运行的全球资料同化系统中的客观分析方案，该方案采用最优插值统计方法，使用所有可以使用的各种类型有不同误差的观测资料和模式的６ｈ预报值，给出数值形式的全球分析值。在两年的业务运行中，为Ｔ４２中期数值预报谱模式提供了较好的初始场。 相似文献
18.
资料同化中二维特征长度随模式分辨率变化的分析研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
特征长度是资料同化中的重要参量,决定了观测信息在空间的传递特征,而特征长度随模式水平分辨率增减而变化的特点与背景误差湍流功率谱分布特点密切相关。通过对不同来源实际资料计算获得的特征长度数据分析和对理想数据数值试验分析,结果表明随着模式分辨率的提高,特征长度会按照二次根的规律递减。特征长度的这种变化由背景误差湍流功率谱,特别是与次天气尺度（20～60波）到中尺度波（大于60波）的湍流功率谱斜率特征决定。当湍流功率谱斜率从-5/3变化到-4时,特征长度随模式分辨率变化的敏感性降低。作者估计出的温度场的实际背景误差湍流功率谱斜率在次天气尺度到中尺度大约在-2.8左右。对特征长度的估计除传统方法外,可以根据背景误差的湍流功率谱斜率特征来更方便地给出,该方法可作为传统方法的补充来匹配应用。 相似文献
19.
Suk-Jin Choi 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2018,54(1):293-301
To fundamentally understand discretized equations and differential operators, this study investigates the eigenvalues of the spherical gradient matrix and spherical Laplacian matrix discretized by the spectral element method (SEM) on the cubed-sphere grid (CS) for solid-body rotation. The gradient matrix with prescribed wind for the solid-body rotation has small positive real numbers in the eigenvalues, which implies that the solutions of the advection equation for solid-body rotation can be unstable and distorted. However, the unstable model can be effectively controlled by the Laplacian matrix, and all eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix are aligned along the negative part of the real axis. The maximum eigenvalues of the gradient matrix and Laplacian matrix exhibit the characteristic of a linear function of the resolution, which is important to determine the upper limit of the time-step size for stable time integration. This study suggests suitable e-folding time scale of the diffusion using the 6th order for applications of the advection-diffusion equation. Regarding the characteristics of the eigenvalues, the setting of the stable time step is discussed. A method to implement the diffusion operators in the third-order Runge-Kutta time integration scheme in the advection-diffusion model is also discussed. 相似文献
20.
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