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1.
Yi WU Tingting WANG Qing XU Mengxia LIAO Tianong DENG 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):143-144
Although numerous papers have been published on nutrients in Great Lakes, estuaries, continental shelf areas and marines in the aspects of determination, sediment-water-interface exchange, fluxes and budget estimation, eutrophication and microbial processes as well as modeling study, the knowledge of river condition （especially urban river） is uncertain and simply considered as a contributor to eutrophication of estuary. After a series of determinations of nitrogen species corresponding to ammonia-N （AN）, Kjeldahl-N （K-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） by means of National Standards for China, the nitrate ＆ nitrite （Nitr-N） and org-N were obtained by the difference of TN with K-N, and K-N with AN, respectively. Therefore, the behaviors of vertical distributions in overlying waters and porewaters in the Fu and Nan Rivers located in Chengdu City were achieved. 相似文献
2.
Zhenying LIU Zhaohui JIN Yawei LI Jiujun GU Tielong LI Haiyan KANG 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):10-11
Sediment samples at different depths were collected from a large shallow lake named Wuliangsuhai in China, in order to determine the response of sediment characteristics to trophic state change. The lake changed from natural state to eutrophication in the late 1970s, creating a Transitional Sediment Layer （TSL） that can be visually used to separate sediments derived from multi-biology and macrophytes. Sediment characteristics were enumerated as a means of corroborating extant eutrophication data from sediment record. Inferences about the timing and trajectory of eutrophication were made using sediment characteristics-based reconstruction. Water content, electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, nutrient （total nitrogen and total phosphorus） and metals （As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and V） were measured in about 20 different layers of 63-71 cm deep columns of the sediment. 相似文献
3.
Biomarker Compounds as Indicators of Paleoenvironments 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In an attempt to assess the paleoenvironments of terrestrial sediments,some twenty-two representa-tive Chinese non-marine sediment samples were studied using the molecular organic geochemistry method.The sediment samples stuied include oilshale,shale,mudstone and glauber salt from Tertiary to Cretaceous in age.Judging from geological/geochemical data and paleosalinity data,the samples studied are of lacustrine sedimentary origin and can be divided into three different types:fresh water,brackish and saline/hypersaline lake sediments.The aliphatic fractions were separated from the extracts of the samples and analysed by means of GC and GC/MS instruments,giving a number of parameters such as relative abundances of alkanes and cycloalkanes as shown in the mass chromatograms. 相似文献
4.
Yanhong WU Sumin WANG 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):18-19
A 63-cm sediment core documents that the concentrations of nutrients in sediment, such as organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous, continually increased during the last century in Longgan Lake, middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China. C/N ratio and δ^13Corg revealed that organic matter in the sediment derived mainly from aquatic and terrestrial sources is a minor contributor. Excess phosphorous is related to human activities marked by utilization of phosphoric fertilizers since 1952 A.D. The increase of δ^13Corg towards the sediment surface, together with increasing of OC and N accumulation, indicated the elevation of lake primary productivity due to excess phosphorous loading caused by utilization of phosphoric fertilizer. The decrease of δ^15N during the primary productivity elevation process, especially after 1952, can be attributed to the discharged of nitrogen with lower δ^15N into the lake. 相似文献
5.
Ian W. Oliver Angus B. MacKenzie Rob M. Ellam Margaret C. Graham John G. Farmer 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):96-96
In its natural state uranium has three isotopes; ^238U （99.27 atom % abundance）, ^235U （0.72%） and ^234U （0.0055%）, with the ^235U ： ^238U activity ratio having a constant value of 0.045 and the ^234U：^238U activity ratio commonly ranging 0.8-1.2 for soils and sediments （e.g. Fisenne 1996）. Uranium enrichment, the process by which the fissile isotope ^235U is concentrated for the production of nuclear fuel, generates a waste product that is depleted in both ^235U and ^234U. Depleted uranium （DU） therefore has a distinct isotopic signature that can be used to monitor contamination arising from the use of munitions containing it （i.e., DU weapons and armour）. The UK Ministry of Defense has tested such munitions at coastal locations in SW Scotland and NW England, resulting in possible contamination of the surrounding terrestrial and marine environments. We examined the U isotope distribution in surface soil （top 10 cm） and salt marsh sediment samples from these locations using alpha spectrometry to determine the extent of any DU contamination from the munitions testing programme. Despite 〉30 t of DU shells having been fired into the sea in this region there was no evidence of deviation from the natural ^234U ： ^238U activity ratio range in salt marsh samples. The ^235U ： ^238U activity ratio could not be used to assess these salt marsh samples because ^235U activities were at the limit of detection for alpha spectrometry. 相似文献
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Heavy water eoutcnts were determined for brines from Some salt lakes, and for water samples from rivers, springs and oil field by temperature-float method. Because the salt lakes studied are situated in cold, arid region of high altitude, the heavy water content in concentrated brines is much higher than that in rivers and springs due to vigorons evaporation, with a maximum value of 5.9 γ higher than that in running water of Peking. Discussion is also given to the dependence of heavy water variation upon season, depth of lake water, density, the degree of brine metamorphism,and crystallization of minerals containing crystalline water. 相似文献
7.
Baiyang CHEN 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):208-208
Organic nitrogen is omnipresent in nature. The variations of dissolved organic nitrogen （DON） concentration are usually a result of microbial activity, anthropogenic influence, and/or other physical-chemical processes （e.g. photo-mineralization）. Therefore, DON serves as an important indicator for aquatic life cycles and water qualities. However, current DON detection methods inevitably produce exaggerated standard deviation, due to their inherent subtraction processes, as shown in the below equation. Consequently, they are incapable of propelling further understandings of the DON occurrence, DON role in nutrient recycling, and DON potential human toxicity as well. SDON=（STN2＋SDIN^2）0.5, where： S=standard deviation in an effort to overcome the barricade, the primary goal of this study is to develop a membrane pretreatrnent unit using electro-dialysis （EDI） process. Similar to the well-known mechanism used in dissolved organic carbon （DOC） analysis, which employs acidification and following purging to eliminate the inorganic carbon species, this study believes that EDI could significantly （〉99%） remove the dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） species （i.e., ammonia, nitrite and nitrate） and concurrently retain most of organic nitrogen materials. By grafting the pretreatment unit with a total nitrogen （TN） analyzer, the system then enables direct detection of DON. Meanwhile, EDI discriminates nitrogen not only on size differences, but also on electrostatic force that separates nitrogen species according to their charge, thus making it more advantageous than other membrane technologies. Results showed that this approach was successfully used to separate inorganic from organic nitrogen for the selected water samples, including model amino acids, natural organic water ＆ isolates （i.e., humic substance）, and wastewater plant effluents. The EDI process was able to reduce more than 99% of inorganic nitrogen species within 2 hours under a 40-voltage operation condition, ending up with negligible DIN. Meanwhile, it retained more than 90% of organic matter （in terms of DOC） for natural water samples and 80% for wastewater effluent samples, meaning that DON can be analyzed directly without sacrifising significant organics. In addition, the EDI unit deleted other inorganic anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate, too, implying that this unit might also be applied to other organic matter like organic chloride, sulfur, phosphorous, etc. 相似文献
8.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss from a hydrechemieal and physieochemieal view point the formation of reeent potash deposits in a salt lake lying in a Quarternary depression of a certain basin in China. Its surface brine, which varies seasonally and annually in composition, is of MgSO4 subtype and is highly mineralized with a low metamorphic eoefficient (MgSO4/MgCl2= 0.029). These deposits are distributed at the northern and northeastern banks of the lake, far away from riverwater supply. Mineralogical composition of the deposits is quite simple, eonsisting mainly of halits and earnallites. The formation of natural potash took place as the eoncentration of surface brine reached a certain point during evaporation. Rate of precipitation, eomposition and grain size of the carnallite sediment are largely dependent upon ebanges in brine concentration. The presenee of these recent potash deposits in present-day basins and continental salt lakes demonstrates that continental salt-bearing basins should likewise be taken as promising areas for aneient potassium salt prospecting. 相似文献
9.
Farid Moore Guiti Forghani Tehrani Afshin Qishlaqi Fatemeh Rastmanesh 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):168-168
The main objective of this study is to evaluate trace metal distribution and identify their sources in the Maharlou Lake. Trace metals （Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb） and major elements （A1, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P） were investigated in water and surface sediments. There was a negative relationship between the depth of water and heavy metal concentration. Metal concentrations in water and sediment samples show a high variability and decrease in this order： Al〉Fe〉Ni〉Co〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Cd. In the northern parts of the lake, especially at the inflow of drains and the Khoshk River of Shiraz City, metal concentrations are higher in both water and sediment samples. In order to assess the heavy metal enrichment in sediment samples, trace metal concentrations were normalized for Al. Except for Mn, all metals are enriched relative to average crust and average sedimentary rocks. Also, the results showed that stations located at the northern coast of the lake, have higher enrichment factors （EF） than the other stations. The results of this study showed that the Khoshk River and other drains are the main pollutant sources of the Maharluo Lake. 相似文献
10.
Franco Tassi Orlando Vaselli Erik Fernandez Eliecer Duarte Giordano Montegrossi Angelo Minissale 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):228-229
Laguna Caliente is a crater lake hosted within the Poas volcano （Costa Rica） that is considered one of the most active volcanic systems of Central America. Laguna Caliente is characterized by extremely low pH （-1） and very high TDS values （up to 33700 mg/L）, although, in the last two decades, the lake volume has significantly changed, mainly in relation to variations of the fumarolic activity. In this work, we present the chemical and isotopic compositions of water and dissolved gases collected along the vertical profile of the lake in order to constrain the main processes that control its physical-chemical features. Water and gas samples were collected. Laguna Caliente has a Ca （Mg）-Cl （SO4） composition, typical of acid-brine lakes of active volcanic systems. Among dissolved gases, CO2 content, by considering the low pH, is particularly high （up to 18.1% by vol.）, and relevant amounts of oxygen （15.8. % by vol.）, preventing the formation of any anoxic hypolimnion, are also present at the maximum depth. Temperature and chemical species remain almost constant along the vertical profile, with the exception of F- that shows a moderate increase with depth and CI and SO4^2-, whose contents increase by more than 10% at the depth of 20 m, and, below 20 m, decrease to values similar to those measured at surface. This compositional stratification may be tentatively explained by the complex combination of, at least, three processes： （1） input of high-temperature volatiles from sub-lacustrine fumaroles, （2） loss of HCl and H2S from lake surface through evaporation, and （3） SO4^2- and CI consumption due to microbial activity at the bottom of the lake. 相似文献
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考虑核电厂地基-基础的动力相互作用,应用显式动力有限差分法分析了地震作用下极软岩、较软岩、坚硬岩上核电厂建筑结构基础的地震响应特征,比较了岩石坚硬程度对基础加速度反应谱的影响。研究表明：随着岩石坚硬程度的提高,核电厂建筑物结构基础的地震响应有增加的趋势;在周期轴上,基础处的加速度反应谱曲线会随着岩石坚硬程度的提高逐渐向短周期（高频段）方向移动。在高频段,建造于较坚硬岩石上基础结构的加速度反应谱值偏大;在中等频段,建造于较软岩石上基础结构的加速度反应谱值偏大;在低频段,岩石坚硬程度对加速度反应谱的影响不显著。 相似文献
13.
M. D. Sharma 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(2):247-257
Three dimensional scattering of near-field is studied for dilatation and rotation in the time domain. The perturbation method
is applied to solve the equation of motion for the first order scattering from a weak inhomogeneity in an otherwise homogeneous
medium. The inhomogeneity is assumed close enough to the point source so that the near-field intermediate wave is dominating
over the far-field sphericalP andS pulses. The integral expressions are derived to relate dilatation and rotation of scattering to the radial fluctuations of
velocities and density in the inhomogeneity. These integrals are solved to calculate the strains of scattering from (a part
of) an inhomogeneous spherical shell of arbitrary curvature. Variable curvature may allow the shape of inhomogeneity volume
element to change uniformly from spherical to rectangular. Rotation of scattering from a spherical shell is independent ofP wave velocity inhomogeneity. Dilatation of scattering does not involveS wave velocity inhomogeneity but its gradient. The back scattering results are obtained as a special case. Strains are computed
numerically, for hypothetical models to study the effects of various parameters viz., velocity inhomogeneity, distance of
source from inhomogeneity and from receiver, and thickness of inhomogeneity. The curvature of the spherical shell is varied
to study the effects of the shape of inhomogeneous volume element on scattering. 相似文献
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地震次生地质灾害风险评估集对态势分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
5．12四川汶川8级强震引发了大量次生地质灾害,加剧了灾情并严重影响抗震救灾。地震次生地质灾害受多重因素制约,其孕育与致灾过程具有不确定性。利用集对分析原理与方法,对地震次生地质灾害进行同异反态势分析,拟定了风险评估的集对分析同一度、差异度、对立度等指标体系的构建原则与赋值标准,对承灾体系统的不确定性及其作用作了刻画与分析,建立了不同风险分区代表性的集对分析联系度表达式,为地震灾害研究提供了可资借鉴的新思路和技术方法。 相似文献
17.
Ivan V. BRAGIN Georgy A. CHELNOKOV Oleg V. CHUDAEV Natalia A. KHARITONOVA Sergey V. VYSOTSKIY 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(1):276-284
Studied waters belong to warm(T=30-50℃),alkaline(pH=8.9-9.3),low mineralized(TDS235 mg/1)Na-HCO_3 or Na-SO_4-HCO_3 thermal waters with high content of SiO_2(up to 81 mg/l)and F(up to 3.9 mg/1),occur on modern volcano-tectonic rejuvenated areas of Eastern Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt.Low~3He concentration as well as N_2/O_2 and N_2/Ar ratios exclude influence of deep mantle fluid.New rare earth element data constrain our understandmg of water-rock interaction occurring in the water source region.Meteoric origin of waters is proved by stable isotope values varying from-71‰to-136.1‰and from-10.8‰to-18.8‰forδ~2U andδ~(18)O respectively.REE patterns reflect high pH,resultfing from water-rock interaction and oxidative conditions.Calculations of deep aquifer temperature using Na-K and quartz geothermometers show 116.8-131.1°C and 82.2-125.8℃respectively.Presence of deep faults both with abnormal thermal gradient(~45-50 K/km)define unique geochemical shape of thermal waters of Sikhote-Alin,area,where no present volcanic activity is registered. 相似文献
18.
下扬子区三叠纪古地理演化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
下扬子区在三叠纪期间接受了早-中三叠世海相碳酸盐沉积、中-晚三叠世海陆交互相和陆相湖沼沉积.沉积相带的空间分布和古地理格局的变迁明显地受到区域构造的控制.区内盆地发育与演化是在华南板块与扬子板块、扬子板块与华北板块相互作用的背景下进行的.早-中三叠世末期的印支运动是下扬子区构造-古地理格局改变的决定性因素,使下扬子海盆闭合,沉积类型由海相沉积变为陆相沉积.下扬子区三叠纪古地理的演化特征也为板块碰撞提供了沉积证据. 相似文献
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Isothermal thermogravimetric experiments have been carried out to determine the reaction kinetics of the dehydration processes
in fuller's earth, a natural Ca-montmorillonite. Dehydration in swelling clays is a complex reaction, and analysis of the
thermogravimetric data using empirical rate equations and time-transformation analysis reveals that the nature of the rate
controlling mechanism is dependent upon both the temperature regime of the sample as well as the extent of reaction. For fuller's
earth, we find that the dehydration kinetics are dominated by a nucleation and growth mechanism at low temperatures and fractions
transformed (stage I), but above 90 °C the last stages of the reaction are diffusion controlled (stage II). The activation
energy for dehydration during stage I is around 35 kJ · mol−1, whereas the removal of water during stage II requires an activation energy of around 50 kJ · mol−1. These two stages of dehydration are associated with primary collapse of the interlayer (stage I) and movement of water that
is hydrated to cations within the interlayer (stage II).
Received: 28 August 1998 / Revised, accepted: 27 January 1999 相似文献