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1.
Abstract

The paper describes the present state of GIS in Bulgaria, points to some problems with its development, and puts forward several ideas about ways to improve the implementation and use of GIS in the country. Special stress is placed on the danger of centralizing GIS functions within the planning institutions of the national state, on the importance of GIS education, training and pilot projects for the future development of GIS, and the necessity to reduce the technological and informational gap between Western countries and Bulgaria.  相似文献   

2.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):108-119
Abstract

This article introduces the geographic information systems (GIS) in-service teacher training, focusing on the intersection of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) for successful implementation of GIS in the classroom. Eleven social studies teachers in Georgia learned GIS technologies, inquiry-based learning, and social studies so that they could create technology-enhanced and inquiry-based lessons using GIS technologies. This article reports participating teachers’ opinions and attitudes of the TPACK-based GIS training. It also reports useful pedagogical methods of introducing GIS technologies to students and additional support for teachers to help them use GIS in their classrooms more often.  相似文献   

3.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):128-137
Abstract

Geographic information systems (GIS) technology and methods have transformed decision-making in society by bringing geographic analysis to the desktop computer. Although some educators consider GIS to be a promising means for implementing reform, it has been adopted by less than 2 percent of American high schools. The reasons behind the interest in GIS, its slow implementation, and its effectiveness in teaching and learning are unclear. To address these concerns, this research describes the extent to which GIS is being implemented in American secondary education and assesses the effectiveness of lessons that use GIS. A survey of 1,520 high schools that own GIS software, along with experiments and case studies in three high schools, provided primary data for assessing the implementation and effectiveness of GIS.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Abstract In the United Kingdom, as in many other countries, interest is growing rapidly in the nature and capabilities of geographical information systems (GIS). Given the relatively small number of systems currently in use and, in particular, the very restricted number of individuals who have used GIS for a wide range of applications, a conflict of interests arises. It is desirable that education and training are provided on demand and that ad hoc queries are answered: yet the provision for this advice and teaching falls at present upon the most skilled and expert proponents and diminishes their capability to develop or exploit GIS in other ways. The increase in demand for training can, in principle, be satisfied by the creation and use of a computerized tutor which deals with the fundamental concepts of GIS. ARCDEMO is a demonstrator, a primitive tutor, developed to show the capabilities of the ARC/INFO GIS, and its design and implementation arc described. The system contains both text and multicolour graphics, sections of which can be viewed in sequence or selectively from a menu. Operations covered by the demonstrator include: automatic validation and correction of data; change of projection; selective retrieval of spatial data; map overlay; and network analysis. A second demonstrator, called ECDEMO, was developed from the basic structure of ARCDEMO but illustrates an environmental data base established for the European Community. We describe the extent of use and successes and failures of these demonstrators and, on the basis of this experience, we set out desiderata for fully-fledged tutors, suggest the contributions which could be made by knowledge-based systems, outline the machine and human resources needed for running such tutors and conjecture the merits of an international collaborative project to set up a GIS tutor with appropriate national data sets.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

This paper provides a brief survey of the history, structure and functions of ‘traditional’ geographic information systems (GIS), and then suggests a set of requirements that large-scale GIS should satisfy, together with a set of principles for their satisfaction. These principles, which include the systematic application of techniques from several sub-fields of computer science to the design and implementation of GIS and the integration of techniques from computer vision and image processing into standard GIS technology, are discussed in some detail. In particular, the paper provides a detailed discussion of questions relating to appropriate data models, data structures and computational procedures for the efficient storage, retrieval and analysis of spatially-indexed data.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

The field of geographical information systems (GIS) is reviewed from the viewpoint of spatial analysis which is the key component of the familiar four-part model of input, storage, analysis and output Input is constrained by the limits of manual methods and problems of ambiguity in scanning. The potential for developments in output is seen to be limited to the query mode of GIS operation, and to depend on abandoning the cartographic model. Discussion of storage methods is organized around the raster versus vector debate and the need to represent two spatial dimensions in one. A taxonomy of GIS spatial analysis operations is presented together with a generic data model. Prospects for implementation are discussed and seen to depend on appropriate scales of organization in national and international academic research.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Implementation of geographical information systems (GIS) involves a substantial commitment of resources by the sponsoring agency. Economic evaluation of the proposed GIS is an important step in the implementation process. This article discusses the traditional benefit cost analysis and suggests alternative approaches which may prove useful in situations where the benefit cost model may not be appropriate. A case study of an actual implementation of a GIS which illustrates the approaches discussed is also presented.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The debate between training and education in GIS in a university or college setting and whether or not commercial systems should be used in such institutions may be far from resolution, but an indication of the level of interest shown in hands-on, computer-based GIS education using a commercial system is the appearance and growth of the Institute for GIS in Education. The Curriculum Development Toolkit produced by the Institute has involved academic input and evaluation, and contains both generic GIS background information and system-specific computer-based learning materials, used in over 200 academic institutions world-wide.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

This paper presents the development of the first geographical information system (GIS) that may be used to manipulate a single dataset at a very large range of scales (different detail levels). The design of this multi-scale GIS is fully integrated in the open DBMS Postgres and the open GIS GEO + + . Besides the system design, this paper will also give details of the implementation in the Postgres DBMS environment of three generalization tools: 1. the BLG-tree for line and area simplification, 2. the Reactive-tree for selection based on importance and location, and 3. the GAP-tree for solving problems when using the other two structures for an area partitioning. Together with the geographical frontend, the DBMS forms the flexible basis for the realization of powerful GIS applications. The implementation has been successfully benchmarked with two large datasets: World Databank II and DLMS DFAD. The response times improve by one to two orders of magnitude.  相似文献   

10.
In spite of various actions, the implementation of GIS (geographic information systems) in German schools is still very low. In the presented research, teaching experts as well as teaching novices were presented with empirically based constraints for implementation stemming from an earlier survey. In the process of various group discussions, the participants developed ideas for overcoming the constraints in the field of continuing teacher education among others. These ideas were used to create empirically based strategies for the future design of training activities in continuing education of teachers while taking these constraints into account. These strategies were later validated externally by comparing them to empirical findings on effects of training activities in continuing teacher education in general and empirical findings on GIS implementation from other studies.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Local government is one of the most important groups of users of geographical information systems (GIS). The significant interest amongst users and the varied demands to be made of GIS have stimulated discussion in many countries. This article presents some of the findings of a research project which is currently exploring the impact of GIS on British local government. The discussion examines the results of a comprehensive survey of all 514 local authorities in Great Britain. These findings provide an overview of GIS adoption in relation to type of local authority and geographical location. Particular attention is focused on the type of systems which have been adopted, the take-up of GIS over time, the software and hardware being utilized and the perceived benefits and problems associated with GIS. The results demonstrate that take-up has been most pronounced in the larger authorities, particularly in the southern part of Great Britain, with the most popular combination of equipment being Arc/Info software and workstations. For those authorities presently implementing a GIS, the technology is expected to improve existing capabilities for information processing rather than enhance decision-making or help achieve savings. In seeking these benefits authorities are encountering considerable problems which include basic technical difficulties in getting the equipment to work, data-related issues surrounding the collection, standardization and maintenance of geographical information, and profound organizational considerations associated with the introduction of information technology into complex environments. There is an urgent need for in-depth case studies which evaluate the experiences of users in relation to the vital process of implementation.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

At the Department of Geoinformation of the Technical University of Vienna, a European Community funded project to develop an International Post-Graduate Course on GIS is underway. This intensive course is intended for participants with a variety of disciplinary backgrounds and experience who need a broad theoretical overview of GIS coupled with the necessary knowledge and skills to apply GIS in real situations. As curriculum design for GIS courses is normally carried out by a very small group of individuals, curricula generally reflect the specifics of the experience or disciplinary environment of these individuals. For this European project, a widely acceptable course curriculum was needed. This required the cooperation of experts from different disciplines, across many application areas and from different countries. A Delphi survey method combined with a meeting of a small number of GIS education specialists was used to achieve the necessary balance in the curriculum. The survey was used to determine the general content of the course and allowed the varied opinions of the group of European GIS experts to be merged towards a consensus. It resulted in the development of a list of important topics that need to be taught. Following completion of the survey, the GIS education experts met to review this list and discuss the concerns raised in the survey. These discussions led to the development of a Course Blueprint which describes the organisation of the course into 18 instructional units and outlines the objectives and contents that will be achieved in each of them.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The National Science Foundation will soon establish a National Center devoted to geographical research and education based on geographical information systems (GIS). The Center will be located at a university chosen on the basis of competitive proposals that will be evaluated primarily on the quality of their research agendas. The winning institution will be expected to involve government agencies and private firms in Center operations and programmes, and it will be expected to serve the national GIS community. The Center arose from a suggestion made by a member of the GIS research community. A large-scale database initiative and a Foundation commitment to Science and Technology Centers provided an institutional environment hospitable to the Center. There are similarities and differences in the approach taken toward GIS research, policy and applications in the United Kingdom (UK) and in the United States (US). Those similarities and differences offer promising topics for collaborative research on GIS itself and on GIS as an information technology affecting the discipline of geography. Cross-national UK-US research would be a productive step toward the globalization of GIS and GIS research.  相似文献   

14.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):275-276
Abstract

The integration of GIS into the secondary curriculum can aid student learning of geography. Through a partnership between a local high school and our university, high school students received nine hours of classroom instruction and field-based training on GIS and GPS to complete a mapping project. Upon completion, a test based on seven geography core curriculum units was administered to these students and to a group of university students who did not receive GIS training. Results of the test revealed that high school students significantly outperformed the university students, suggesting that GIS does aid in the learning of geographic principles.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Justifying GIS in local government is a complex task for two main reasons: first, a GIS implementation can range from a single, well-defined application in one department to a corporate multi-purpose GIS; and, second, local authorities are complex organizations currently facing major pressures for change, and considerable uncertainty about their future structure and role. The purpose of this paper is to review the potential use of cost-benefit analysis, to explore tangible and intangible benefits, to identify the costs involved, to explore the effect that a robust GIS strategy can have on the relationship between costs and benefits, and to review some of the published material on the cost-justification of GIS in local government.  相似文献   

16.
Editorial review     
Abstract

This paper comprises the thoughts and perceptions of an interested outsider, an accountant and economist by training, who has recently chaired a Committee of Enquiry into the handling of geographical information. It focuses on the real barriers to getting more practical use from geographical information systems (GIS), most of which have research implications—but not of a technical nature. To an outsider GIS appears as a solution, or more strictly a tool, in search of a problem. Of course, there are numerous problems for GIS to tackle, but the difficulty is that those who have the problems are often either unaware of GIS and the questions they can deal with or, more seriously, are unaware that they have problems and of the questions they should be asking. GIS as a tool is about aiding managers to carry out their jobs more efficiently and effectively, and, more particularly, about better decision-making  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

This paper describes a framework for the role of geographical information systems (GIS) in the monitoring and management of hazardous waste sites. Compilation of required information, incorporation of existing strategies for waste monitoring, analysis of these data in a GIS environment and the integration of computerized models for transport processes are discussed. Examples for the analysis of spatial data using techniques of cartographic overlay and the implementation of geo-statistical methods on monitoring data are provided from work in progress by the authors. These examples are set in the context of developing a fully integrated monitoring and management system utilizing GIS technology.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

GIS is a technology which is ideally suited to analysis of the market values of properties, since such values are based upon spatial comparisons as well as individual property attributes. Great Britain now has a new mechanism of local taxation, the council tax, which is based upon the capital values of properties. Central to the implementation of this tax has been the potentially controversial assignment of properties to valuation ‘bands’. This paper posits that a geographical model embedded within a GIS provides an alternative means of devising credible capital values, and anticipates some of the prospects for the use of GIS in local revenue-raising.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Abstract

A geographical information system (GIS) is used as an important tool in increasing the efficiency of planning and decision making, leading to a more equitable distribution of wealth and welfare. However, scarce financial and technical resources in developing countries require that a flexible approach must be adopted when developing a GIS. In Saudi Arabia, where the planning and funding decisions relating to municipal services are taken centrally by the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) and implemented through its regional and local branches and municipalities, the setting up of a GIS is considered essential. An incremental method was chosen for establishing a GIS in the municipal sector by means of several phases. This paper discusses the main steps and strategies for each phase, the level of achievement since the implementation of the Municipal Information System (MIS) in 1983, and current views of the system's future. It was concluded that an incremental implementation of a MIS seems to be a practical and effective solution. However, weaknesses and problems, such as the long period of implementation and a lack of co-ordination between different agencies and offices, must be resolved to ensure ultimate success of such an approach.  相似文献   

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