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地震应力降标志震源破裂过程中作用在断层系统上的应力释放水平,是刻画震源物理过程和预测震源辐射特性的重要参数.地震应力降主要受控于构造环境、震源机制和地震类型等.观测得到的应力降还受到观测频带的影响,所以它的绝对值难以准确测定.采用体波、面波以及零频观测（大地测量、GPS、InSAR）等不同类型的数据获得的应力降也存在差异.对于地震波数据,通常采用间接方法去除传播路径中的衰减效应并获得震源激发谱,进而估计应力降.随着宽频带地壳Lg波衰减模型的建立,可以构建直接校正路径衰减的方法,从而获得对Lg波震源激发函数的准确估计.进而通过对观测和理论震源谱的拟合获得整个地震序列中各个地震的标量地震矩、拐角频率和高频下降率等震源参数,再根据断层模型计算应力降.本文分别以青藏高原东缘典型的构造地震2017年Ms7.0九寨沟地震和潜在的工业注水诱发地震2019年Ms6.0长宁地震为例,计算两个地震序列应力降的时-空变化过程,探索构造地震与诱发地震之间的潜在的物理差异. 2017年九寨沟地震的主震应力降为27 MPa,余震震级和应力降均呈快速下降趋势. 2019年长宁地震的主震应力降为32 MPa,余震序列... 相似文献
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本文研究了俯冲带潜在震源区离散化方法及考虑俯冲带高震级地震震源破裂面和震源深度的场点地震动计算方法,推导了俯冲带潜在震源区地震危险性计算公式,并使用中国海域及邻区地震危险性模型进行地震危险性试算.结果表明,本文建立的考虑俯冲带潜在震源区的地震危险性算法能够实现场点地震危险性计算时对俯冲带高震级地震震源破裂面和震源深度的... 相似文献
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研究“源兆”的若干问题及途径分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
从位场理论的观点讨论了场和源的概念,建议将“场兆”改称为构造前兆,将“源兆”称为震源前兆。文中还分析了震源体与各种前兆观测方法探测的深度,并根据地磁与重力观测方法不同的物理基础和地质基础,指出震磁效应对于研究震源前兆的特殊意义,文中还介绍了１９７６唐山地震观测到震源前兆的部分实际地磁资料。 相似文献
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利用地壳测深三分向记录,研究了 S 波基底结构和 S 波分裂与偏振异常,进一步讨论了利用 S 波分裂与偏振特征研究地壳介质地震各向异性,区域构造应力场作用方向和潜在震源物理标志的技术途径.通过对长江三峡坝区及外围深地震测深资料的典型 S 波记录分析研究,进一步证明了 S波分裂与偏振异常是研究地壳介质地震各向异性、区域构造应力场作用方向的可靠依据.同时也表明了地壳测深资料具有震源位置确定,能可靠追踪 S 波射线路径等优点,对识别异常体和适当扩大 S 波有效观测窗口是十分有利的. 相似文献
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新地震区划图潜在震源区划分的主要技术特色 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6
简要介绍了新地震区划图潜在震源区划分方案的形成过程,重点分析了潜在震源区三级划分、东西部地区潜在震源区划分技术途径的差异、不同级别活动块体边界带对高震级潜在震源区划分的控制作用、发震构造模型及其在潜在震源区划分中的应用等主要技术特色.共划分出29个地震带、77个地震构造区和1199个潜在震源区.与中国地震动参数区划图(2001)中综合方案相比,东西部地区潜在震源区的个数都有较大的增加,其中东部地区体现在震级上限6.0、6.5和7.0级的中强潜在震源区个数的明显增加,与划分工作中加强了该地区中强地震发震构造的判识研究相关;而西部地区体现在震级上限7.5和8.0级的高震级潜在震源区个数的大幅度增加,与划分工作中注重了活动块体边界带高震级潜在震源区划分,以及强调应用发震构造模型指导潜在震源区划分的技术特色相协调. 相似文献
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分别以北京市清河镇和密云水库大坝邻近地区作为场地,讨论了贡献量最大潜在震源区的确定问题。对于北京市清河镇场地,不同周期下对场地贡献量最大的潜在震源区都是北京潜在震源区;但对于密云水库大坝邻近地区,在年超越概率小于1-00E- 2 条件下,短周期( T= 0-1s) 时对场地贡献量最大的潜在震源区是怀柔潜在震源区,而长周期( T= 1-0s) 时对场地贡献量最大的潜在震源区是夏垫潜在震源区。这种变化说明近源在短周期时所起作用较为明显,而远源对长周期部分的贡献量增大。区分不同周期下贡献量最大的潜在震源区,对于确定期望地震或设定地震以及计算场地地震动持续时间等参数是重要的 相似文献
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在收集、分析前人研究成果的基础上,参考近年来多次工程场地地震安全性评价的野外调查与分析结果,确定了滇西北及其邻区的地震构造标志,进而在该地区重新划分潜在震源区。在有强震发生的地区依地震重复原则划分潜在震源区并确定其震级上限;对于发震构造明显但没有强震记录的地区,根据发震构造规模和活动性特征,依构造类比原则划分潜在震源区;对于活动断裂分段性研究较为清楚的地方,潜在震源区被划分得更细一些;而在断裂隐伏区,则依据地震活动图像及地球物理异常判断潜在源震区的长轴方向 相似文献
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目前国内外常用的概率地震危险性分析方法中, 一般把未来可能发生的地震震源（潜在震源）简化为点源或者是线源. 但对于较大震级的地震，仍然采用点源或线源模型来描述潜在震源显然是不合理的. 为此，在概率地震危险性分析方法中本文提出了潜在地震破裂面源模型，并以1999年9月21日台湾集集7.6级地震的车笼埔断层为例，探讨了其在地震危险性分析中的应用方法. 结果表明:①采用潜在地震破裂面源模型是合理的，因为它可以模拟地震破裂面与地震动影响场的三维展布特征，尤其适用于较大震级地震的近场区域； ② 潜在地震破裂面源的大小、产状，对近震源场点的地震危险性分析和地震区划结果有明显的控制影响. 相似文献
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本文介绍了新疆主要逆断层-褶皱构造区的基本特征,并对其潜在震源划分问题进行了初步的讨论.北天山山前推覆构造及乌鲁木齐以南的逆断裂.褶皱构造相对比较简单,由根部断裂、推覆体和前缘逆断裂.褶皱构造所组成;强地震的极震区或地震动的高值区可能位于推覆构造的根部断裂附近,而地震地表破裂和同震地表变形则位于山前逆断层.褶皱带内.南天山的柯坪推覆构造、库车推覆构造、帕米尔东北缘的弧形推覆构造,虽然也由多排逆断裂.褶皱构造带组成,但是其中的规模巨大、发育时间较长的逆断裂.背斜带,往往具备发生强震的条件.强震的极震区分布与地震地表断层位置比较一致,可作为强震的潜在震源.盆地内的新的盲逆断层.褶皱构造也具备发生6.5-7.0级地震的能力,应作为震级上限为7.0级的潜在震源.由于对逆断层.褶皱构造的深浅构造关系及发震模型认识的不足,在潜在震源划分中应考虑这种不确定性.同时在潜在震源区划分中,还应考虑地震构造区的地震活动历史及构造活动性参数. 相似文献
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阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1 强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了… 相似文献
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Michael O. Garcia Diane Hanano Ashton Flinders Dominique Weis Garrett Ito Mark D. Kurz 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(6):1445-1463
The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km3) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high 3He/4He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized. 相似文献
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In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment. 相似文献
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In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization. 相似文献
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Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Kenneth J. Hsu 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1998,41(5):449-472
Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before
and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global
temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude
lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production.
Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation,
rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the
Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately
to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind.
Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people.
Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but
water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population. 相似文献
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Abu Sayeed Shafiuddin Ahmed Mohammad Belal Hossain Saad Mohammad Omar Faruque Babu Moshiur Rahman Jun Sun Mohammad Shafiqul Islam Sarker 《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(1):83-96
Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×104.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。 相似文献