共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
辽东半岛东北部宽甸地区南辽河群沉积时限的确定及其构造意义 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6
辽东半岛东北部宽甸地区出露大面积南辽河群变质表壳岩系,本文通过对其中黑云石英片岩、含电气石浅粒岩和花岗质片麻岩进行精确的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年及微区痕量元素分析,并结合锆石阴极发光(CL)图像研究来制约其原岩形成时代和变质时代,进而探讨胶-辽-吉活动带的大地构造属性。Cl图像显示锆石可以分为三类,第一类无核边结构,呈灰黑色均质特征;第二类发育核边结构,核部不发育或具弱生长环带,第三类锆石整体或者核部发育明显生长环带或具条痕状吸收特点,而后两类多数发育灰色均质边,与第一类特征一致。微区痕量元素分析结果显示,灰色均质锆石或边部具有高U(731.2×10-6～1383×10-6)、低Th(51.09～85.15×10-6)和Th/U(0.06～0.07)等特征,为变质成因;第二类锆石核部具有较高Th(97.68～219.7×10-6)和Th/U(0.21～0.27),为岩浆成因;第三类具有高Th(249.6×10-6～469.4×10-6)和Th/U(0.60～0.74),为岩浆成因。定年结果显示,所有测点均位于谐和线上或附近,三类锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄分别介于1878～1903Ma,2011～2043Ma和2082～3285Ma,前两者峰期年龄分别为1885Ma和2035Ma,表明该区南辽河群的原岩形成于～2035Ma之后,而峰期变质作用应发生在～1885Ma,其沉积作用应发生于2035～1885Ma之间;第三类锆石年龄区域上与古元古代辽吉花岗岩、火山岩及古老结晶基底年龄相吻合,暗示它们为南辽河群提供重要物源。结合前人有关辽吉花岗岩及区域构造变形、变质作用等资料,本文研究认为辽东半岛东北部宽甸地区南辽河群应形成于伸展的构造环境。 相似文献
2.
3.
Open system alkaline magmatism in northern Kenya: evidence from U-series disequilibria and radiogenic isotopes 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Stuart Black Ray Macdonald Barbara A. Barreiro Peter N. Dunkley Martin Smith 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,131(4):364-378
U-series activity ratios, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios and major and trace element compositions have been determined on young
basalts (<10 ka) and trachytes from the volcano Emuruangogolak in the Kenya Rift Valley. The basalts are mildly alkaline and
are associated with small volumes of hawaiite. The mafic rocks are characterised by high (230Th/232Th) (≥1.06) with low (238U/230Th) ratios (≤0.72). They have variable incompatible trace element ratios (e.g. Zr/Nb, Ba/Zr), indicating that they represent
a number of magmatic lineages. The trachytes, which comprise both comenditic and pantelleritic varieties, have significantly
lower (230Th/232Th) ratios than the basalts, with clear differences between pantelleritic and comenditic types. The (238U/230Th) ratios in the pantellerites range from less, to greater, than 1. The variations in composition and isotopic diversity
must represent different sources for the trachytes. Internal isochrons for the trachytes give U-Th ages of 14 to 40 ka, similar
to single crystal laser fusion 40Ar/39Ar ages from sanidine phenocrysts (16–38 ka) for the same rocks. Post-crystallisation residence times of the trachytes were
very short, implying relatively rapid movement of trachyte from magma chamber to the surface. Variations in the initial (230Th/232Th)0 ratios (0.69–1.14) of both basalts and trachytes indicate that Emuruangogolak has erupted a large range of isotopically diverse
magmas over a very short period of time (38 ka), from conduits closely spaced around the summit of the volcano.
Received: 29 May 1996 / Accepted: 24 November 1997 相似文献
4.
Pb isotope data, major and trace element compositions, fission track and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analyses are presented
for staurolites from nine pelitic schists in the continental United States to evaluate their potential use in U-Pb geochronology.
Seven U-Pb analyses from Lanzirotti and Hanson (1995) are reexamined with respect to this additional data which was not available
at the time. These data are then compared to 21 new U-Pb analyses of staurolite of varying composition from a variety of localities.
The primary goals of this study are to: (1) evaluate the variability in U and Pb abundance and U/Pb ratio in staurolites of
varying composition; (2) constrain how much of the measured U and Pb is derived from radiogenic solid inclusions such as monazite
and zircon; (3) constrain how much of the measured U and Pb is derived from staurolite itself and evaluate any possible correlation
of U and Pb abundance and U/Pb ratio to major element composition; (4) place preliminary constraints on closure temperature
to Pb diffusion in staurolite; (5) evaluate how meaningful U-Pb ages can better be calculated for the low U/Pb ratio minerals.
In the staurolite fractions analyzed U abundances range from 0.2 to 24.9 ppm, Pb from 0.13 to 2.41 ppm, the 238U/204Pb ratios vary from 135 to 9447, and the 206Pb/204Pb ratios from 23 to 623. For many of the fractions analyzed precise U-Pb ages can be calculated (±10 Ma or better) that appear
to be consistent with available age constraints on the time of peak metamorphism. Mass balance calculations, fission track
analysis, and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence trace element mapping show that although radiogenic inclusions are almost always
present in large staurolite porphyroblasts, it is difficult for inclusions to account for the measured Pb isotopic compositions.
It is also demonstrated that the U-Pb ages calculated for staurolites from Connecticut are at least 20 Ma older than nearby
Rb-Sr muscovite and 40Ar-39Ar hornblende ages. This is consistent with staurolite having a closure temperature to U and Pb diffusion significantly higher
than 500 °C.
Received: 14 July 1995 / Accepted: 16 May 1997 相似文献
5.
Late Holocene radiocarbon and aspartic acid racemization dating of deep-sea octocorals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Primnoa resedaeformis is a deep-sea gorgonian coral with a two-part skeleton of calcite and gorgonin (a fibrillar protein), potentially containing long-term records of valuable paleo-environmental information. For various reasons, both radiocarbon and U/Th dating of these corals is problematic over the last few centuries. This paper explores aspartic acid racemization dating of the gorgonin fraction in modern and fossil specimens collected from the NW Atlantic Ocean. Radiocarbon dating of the fossil specimen indicates a lifespan of 700 ± 100 years, the longest yet documented for any octocoral. Gorgonin amino acid compositions were identical in the fossil and modern specimens, indicating resistance to organic diagenesis. Similar to bone collagen, the fibrillar protein of gorgonin may impose conformational constraints on the racemization of Asp at low temperatures. The rate of racemization of aspartic acid (d/l-Asp) was similar to previously published results from an 1800 year old anemone (Gerardia). The age equation was: age (years BP 2000 AD) = [(d/l − 0.020 (±.002))/.0011 (±.0001)]2 (r2 = 0.97, p < .001). The error in an age estimate calculated by d/l-Asp was marginally better than that for 14C dating over the most recent 50-200 years, although the dating error may be improved by inclusion of more samples over a broader time range. These results suggest that d/l-Asp dating may be useful in augmenting 14C dating in cases where 14C calibrations yield two or more intercept ages, or in screening samples for further 14C or U/Th dating. 相似文献
6.
7.
Ian Cartwright Ian S. Buick Roland Maas 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,128(4):335-351
The Jervois region of the Arunta Inlier, central Australia, contains para- and orthogneisses that underwent low-pressure
amphibolite facies metamorphism (P = 200–300 MPa, T = 520–600 °C). Marble layers cut by metre-wide quartz + garnet ± epidote veins comprise calcite, quartz, epidote, clinopyroxene,
grandite garnet, and locally wollastonite. The marbles also contain locally discordant decimetre-thick garnet and epidote
skarn layers. The mineral assemblages imply that the rocks were infiltrated by water-rich fluids (XCO2 = 0.1–0.3) at ∼600 °C. The fluids were probably derived from the quartz-garnet vein systems that represent conduits for fluids
exsolved from crystallizing pegmatites emplaced close to the metamorphic peak. At one locality, the marble has calcite (Cc)
δ18O values of 9–18‰ and garnet (Gnt) δ18O values of 10–14‰. The δ18O(Gnt) values are only poorly correlated with δ18O(Cc), and the δ18O values of some garnet cores are higher than the rims. The isotopic disequilibrium indicates that garnet grew before the
δ18O values of the rock were reset. The marbles contain ≤15% garnet and, for water-rich fluids, garnet-forming reactions are
predicted to propagate faster than O-isotopes are reset. The Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb ages of garnets imply that fluid flow occurred
at 1750–1720 Ma. There are no significant age differences between garnet cores and rims, suggesting that fluid flow was relatively
rapid. Texturally late epidote has δ18O values of 1.5–6.2‰ implying δ18O(H2O) values of 2–7‰. Waters with such low-δ18O values are probably at least partly meteoric in origin, and the epidote may be recording the late influx of meteoric water
into a cooling hydrothermal system.
Received: 29 April 1996 / Accepted: 12 March 1997 相似文献
8.
Magnesium, potassium and calcium isotope compositions in terrestrial samples and refractory phases from primitive meteorites
are determined using an ion microprobe. A thorough investigation of the different instrument parameters is carried out to
ensure that conditions necessary for high mass resolution and high precision isotopic studies are adequately satisfied. The
instrument can be tuned to achieve mass resolution (M/ΔM) of up to 10,000 (M≤60); it has a very good dynamic stability (ΔB/B≤10
ppm over durations of ≤40 minutes) and the counting system has an effective dead-time of ≤25 nsec and a dynamic background
of ≤0·01 c/s. Reproducibility and precision of isotopic measurements are checked by analyzing magnesium and titanium isotopic
compositions in terrestrial standards and isotopically doped silicate glasses. A precision of 2‰ (2σ
m
) was achieved during magnesium isotopic analysis in samples with low Mg content (200 ppm). Results from studies of magnesium
and potassium isotopic compositions in several Ca−Al-rich refractory inclusions (CAIs) from the primitive meteorites Efremovka
and Grosnaja, representing some of the early solar system objects, are presented. The well-behaved Mg−Al isotopic systematics
confirm the pristine nature of the Efremovka CAIs inferred earlier from petrographic and trace element studies. The Grosnaja
CAIs that have experienced secondary alterations show disturbed magnesium isotopic systematics. Observation of excess26Mg in several of the analyzed CAIs confirms the presence of the now extinct26Al (t
1/2=7×105 years) in the solar nebula at the time of CAI formation. Our data also suggest a relatively uniform distribution of26Al in the solar nebula. Several Efremovka CAIs with excess26Mg also have excess41K resulting from the decay of41Ca (t
1/2≃105 years). This observation constrains the time interval between cessation of nucleosynthetic input to the solar nebula and
the formation of some of the first solar system solids (CAIs) to less than a million years. 相似文献
9.
T.-L. Knudsen T. Andersen M. J. Whitehouse J. Vestin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,130(1):47-58
An ion-microprobe (SIMS) U-Pb zircon dating study on four samples of Precambrian metasediments from the high-grade Bamble
Sector, southern Norway, gives the first information on the timing of discrete crust-forming events in the SW part of the
Baltic Shield. Recent Nd and Pb studies have indicated that the sources of the clastic metasediments in this area have crustal
histories extending back to 1.7 to 2.1 Ga, although there is no record of rocks older than 1.6 Ga in southern Norway. The
analysed metasediments are from a sequence of intercalated, centimetre to 10-metre wide units of quartzites, semi-metapelites,
metapelites and mafic granulites. The zircons can be grouped in two morphological populations: (1) long prismatic; (2) rounded,
often flattened. The BSE images reveal that both populations consist of oscillatory zoned, rounded and corroded cores (detrital
grains of magmatic origin), surrounded by homogeneous rims (metamorphic overgrowths). The detrital zircons have 207Pb/206Pb ages between 1367 and 1939 Ma, with frequency maxima in the range 1.85 to 1.70 Ga and 1.60 to 1.50 Ga. There is no correlation
between crystal habit and age of the zircon. One resorbed, inner zircon core in a detrital grain is strongly discordant and
gives a composite inner core-magmatic outer core 207Pb/206Pb age of 2383 Ma. Two discrete, unzoned zircons have 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1122 and 1133 Ma, representing zircon growth during the Sveconorwegian high-grade metamorphism. Also the μm wide
overgrowths, embayments in the detrital cores and apparent “inner cores” which represent secondary metamorphic zircon growth
in deep embayments in detrital grains, are of Sveconorwegian age. The composite-detrital-metamorphic zircon analyses give
generally discordant 206Pb/238U versus 207Pb/235U ratios and maximum 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1438 Ma. These data demonstrate the existence of a protocrust of 1.7 to 2.0 Ga in the southwestern part of the
Baltic Shield, implying a break in the overall westward younging trend of the Precambrian crust, inferred from the southeastern
part of the Baltic Shield.
Received: 8 April 1997 / Accepted: 14 July 1997 相似文献
10.
Edwige Pons-Branchu Claude Hillaire-Marcel Pierre Deschamps Bassam Ghaleb Daniel J. Sinclair 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(20):4865-4879
Deep-sea coral has proved useful for paleoceanographic reconstructions and for documenting 14C-ages of water masses using 230Th-ages. However, for precise and accurate U-series dating, further information on coral-age structure, growth rate and diagenetic evolution is still needed. To document such processes, we used U-Th-226Ra systematics in a 40 cm diameter, Lophelia pertusa specimen collected in 1912 from the Eastern Atlantic (Sea of the Hebrides). External parts of the specimen are thought to have been alive when collected whereas more internal parts were likely dead. The “live-collected” and “dead” parts of the skeleton were sampled and analyzed for their 230Th, 232Th, 234U, 238U, 226Ra and Ba contents by thermal ionization and multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 230Th/234U ratios in the most recent parts yielded ages of 86 ± 6 a and 92 ± 9 a, in agreement with the date of recovery. The older parts yielded 230Th ages ranging from 169 ± 15 to 211 ± 10 a (n = 5), but had a 31% higher U content than more recent parts of the skeleton. This raises concerns about the possibility of secondary diagenetic U uptake, although an environmentally controlled U/Ca shift between coral growth stages cannot be ruled out. 226Ra/Ba measurements were made, and model- 226Ra/Ba ages averaging 250 ± 12 yr were calculated for the older part, assuming a constant initial 226Ra/Ba ratio in bottom waters. These ages are slightly older than 230Th-ages, suggesting either that 226Ra/Ba ratios of ambient-seawater changed over time or that a diagenetic phenomenon have affected the U-series system, or both. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed bioerosion and secondary biomineralization in the older part of the coral skeleton, supporting the hypothesis that diagenetic processes may have influenced the ages obtained by the U-series toolbox. Modeled U-series ages for such an open system are discussed. However, a comparison between 14C- and 230Th-ages performed on both pristine and bioeroded parts of the coral gives coherent values (ca 450 a) for the preindustrial 14C-reservoir age of North Atlantic waters. It remains to be determined, however, whether diagenesis occurs rapidly over a short period of time, or whether it continues for longer periods. In the latter case, diagenetic processes would hamper paleoceanographic interpretations as well as the precise calculation of 14C ages of deep-water masses, based on comparative U/Th- and 14C-chronologies. 相似文献
11.
Impact of hydrothermal alteration on the U-Pb isotopic system of zircons from the Fangcheng syenites in the Qinling orogen,Henan Province,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Disturbance of the zircon U-Pb isotopic system has been investigated extensively, but mostly in lab, in the last decades.
Here, we reported a field-based study on intensive sericitization, K-feldsparthization and the impacts of mylonitization on
zircons from the Fangcheng syenites. The Fangcheng syenites occur in the eastern part of the Qinling orogen and consist mainly
of aegirine-augite syenite, aegirine nepheline syenite, biotite syenite and hornblende nepheline syenite. Zircons from the
slightly sericitized aegirine augite syenite are colorless, transparent crystals and exhibit well-developed oscillatory and
sector zoning on the cathodoluminescence (CL) images which are typical of magmatic zircons from alkaline rocks. Zircon U-Pb
determinations by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) showed that the syenite was formed
in Neoproterozoic time, the weighted average of 206Pb/238U ages is 844.3±1.6 Ma (MSWD=0.86). In contrast, the hydrothermally altered zircons (hydrothermal zircon) from the intensively
sericitized, K-feldsparthized, and weakly mylonitized aegirine augite syenite are conglomerates, yellowish to brown in color,
generally translucent and internally textureless. The CL and backscatter electron (BSE) images of hydrothermal zircons exhibit
fractured, textureless or mosaic textures, and occasionally show “sponge texture” with the veinlets and inclusions of K-feldspar;
however, relicts of magmatic oscillatory zoning can still be discerned locally in individual grains. LA-ICPMS analyses of
the hydrothermal zircons demonstrated that the zircons are chemically inhomogeneous, with enhanced and widely varied Pb, U,
and Th contents. The U and Th contents of the hydrothermal zircons are estimated to be 32×10−6−1550×10−6 and 188×10−6−4059×10−6, respectively, with Th/U ratios within the range of 0.7–44.9. 206Pb/238U apparent ages of the hydrothermal zircons are negatively correlated with the contents of U, and radiogenic and common Pb.
As the U and Th concentrations of the magmatic zircons are rather low, the α-decay doses (3.65×1014−2.04×1015 α-decay events/mg) are much lower than those at the first percolation point (3.5× 1015 a-decay events/mg), thus, Pb mobility resultant from diffusion could be safely neglected. Disturbance of the U-Pb isotopic
system of zircons is most likely to be attributed to the intensive sericitization and K-feldsparthization coupled with mylonitization,
the hydrothermal fluids reacted with zircons along the rims and fractures of the distorted zircon crystals, giving rise to
the chemically inhomogeneous hydrothermal zircons through a series of complicated mechanisms such as dissolution-reprecipitation.
The significance of the U-Pb age (the lower intercept age on the discordia U-Pb plot) of hydrothermal zircons is uncertain.
We argued that interpretations of the hydrothermal zircon data as the age of hydrothermal events or hydrothermal ore-forming
processes are questionable and hence cautions must be taken. 相似文献
12.
Valérie Plagnes Christiane CausseMichel Fontugne Hélène ValladasJean-Michel Chazine Luc-Henri Fage 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(2):172-179
We present the first application of cross-dating (Th/U measured by thermo-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and 14C measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)) of calcite covering prehistoric paintings. Th/U age estimates of cave drapery range from 9800 to 27,300 yr B.P. while conventional 14C age is estimated between 9900 and 7610 yr B.P. depending on the dead carbon correction. The age discrepancy is attributed to a disturbance of Th/U and/or 14C geochemical systems, showing the limits of the geochronological approach applied to this kind of material. For the Th/U system, the poor consistency of U data (U content, 234U/238U activity ratios) and apparent ages argue for open system conditions. For 14C system, variation of the dead carbon fraction (dcf) and a possible mixing of successive generations of calcite could account for age discrepancy. Nevertheless, one sample shows concordant ages for the two methods. Compatible ages through corrections for open system conditions are assumed for other samples. Then, the cross-dating suggests 9900 yr as the minimum age of the piece of drapery; the underlying painting must be older. This study of rock art demonstrates the presence of a Pleistocene population before 9900 yr in the southeast of Borneo, whereas previously the only population in evidence in this area was of Austronesian type from ∼5000 to 6000 yrs ago. 相似文献
13.
William Sidle 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(2):377-388
Recent identification of elevated excess 210Pb (≤302.6 mBq L−1) and 137Cs (≤111.3 mBq L−1) activity in drinking water wells up to 20 m depth indicates some transport of airborne radionuclide fallout beyond soils
in the Shaker Village catchment, Maine. Estimated airborne mass loading 210Pbex fluxes of about 0.9 mBq m−3, canvass this headwater catchment and may be sufficient to pose risks to unprotected shallow wells. Inventories of 210Pbex and 137Cs in pond sediments indicate maximum median activities of 943 mBq g−1 and 40.0 mBq g−1, respectively. Calculated 210Pbex fluxes in the catchment soils range from 0.62–0.78 Bq cm−2 year−1 and yield a mean residence time of near 140 years. Measured 137Cs activity up to 51.1 mBq g−1 occurs in sediments at least to 5 m depth. Assumed particle transport in groundwater with apparent 85Kr ages less than 5 years BP (2005) may explain the correlation between these particle-reactive radionuclides and elevated
activity in some drinking water wells. 相似文献
14.
A set of sheeted quartz veins cutting 380 Ma monzogranite at Sandwich Point, Nova Scotia, Canada, provide an opportunity to
address issues regarding fluid reservoirs and genesis of intrusion-related gold deposits. The quartz veins, locally with arsenopyrite
(≤5%) and elevated Au–(Bi–Sb–Cu–Zn), occur within the reduced South Mountain Batholith, which also has other zones of anomalous
gold enrichment. The host granite intruded (P = 3.5 kbars) Lower Paleozoic metaturbiditic rocks of the Meguma Supergroup, well known for orogenic vein gold mineralization.
Relevant field observations include the following: (1) the granite contains pegmatite segregations and is cut by aplitic dykes
and zones (≤1–2 m) of spaced fracture cleavage; (2) sheeted veins containing coarse, comb-textured quartz extend into a pegmatite
zone; (3) arsenopyrite-bearing greisens dominated by F-rich muscovite occur adjacent the quartz veins; and (4) vein and greisen
formation is consistent with Riedel shear geometry. Although these features suggest a magmatic origin for the vein-forming
fluids, geochemical studies indicate a more complex origin. Vein quartz contains two types of aqueous fluid inclusion assemblages
(FIA). Type 1 is a low-salinity (≤3 wt.% equivalent NaCl) with minor CO2 (≤2 mol%) and has T
h = 280–340°C. In contrast, type 2 is a high-salinity (20–25 wt.% equivalent NaCl), Ca-rich fluid with T
h = 160–200°C. Pressure-corrected fluid inclusion data reflect expulsion of a magmatic fluid near the granite solidus (650°C)
that cooled and mixed with a lower temperature (400°C), wall rock equilibrated, Ca-rich fluid. Evidence for fluid unmixing,
an important process in some intrusion-related gold deposit settings, is lacking. Stable isotopic (O, D, S) analyses for quartz,
muscovite and arsenopyrite samples from vein and greisens indicate the following: (1) δ18Oqtz = +11.7‰ to 17.8‰ and δ18Omusc = +10.7‰ to +11.2‰; (2) δDmusc = −44‰ to−54‰; and (3) δ34Saspy = +7.8‰ to +10.3‰. These data are interpreted, in conjunction with fluid inclusion data, to reflect contamination of a magmatic-derived
fluid (d18OH2O {\delta^{{{18}}}}{{\hbox{O}}_{{{{\rm{H}}_{{2}}}{\rm{O}}}}} ≤ +10‰) by an external fluid (d18OH2O {\delta^{{{18}}}}{{\hbox{O}}_{{{{\rm{H}}_{{2}}}{\rm{O}}}}} ≥ +15‰), the latter having equilibrated with the surrounding metasedimentary rocks. The δ34S data are inconsistent with a direct igneous source based on other studies for the host intrusion (d18OH2O {\delta^{{{18}}}}{{\hbox{O}}_{{{{\rm{H}}_{{2}}}{\rm{O}}}}} = +5‰) and are, instead, consistent with an external reservoir for sulphur based on δ34SH2S data for the surrounding metasedimentary rocks. Divergent fluid reservoirs are also supported by analyses of Pb isotopes
for pegmatitic K-feldspar and vein arsenopyrite. Collectively the data indicate that the vein- and greisen-forming fluids
had a complex origin and reflect both magmatic and non-magmatic reservoirs. Thus, although the geological setting suggests
a magmatic origin, the geochemical data indicate involvement of multiple reservoirs. These results suggest multiple reservoirs
for this intrusion-related gold deposit setting and caution against interpreting the genesis of intrusion-related gold deposit
mineralization in somewhat analogous settings based on a limited geochemical data set. 相似文献
15.
Rewi M. Newnham Marcus J. Vandergoes Mark H. Garnett David J. Lowe Christine Prior Peter C. Almond 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(1):37-51
Previous attempts to radiocarbon date sediments >10 kyr from the high rainfall region of Westland, New Zealand, a critical location for investigation of interhemispheric patterns of climate change, have been problematic. This study, building on recent work by Vandergoes and Prior ( 2003 ), shows that AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrates has potential to provide more reliable ages than other sediment constituents, including plant macrofossils. The method was applied to sediments from three sites containing the 22.6k 14C yr Kawakawa Tephra, which provided an independent test of the 14C ages. Although some minor laboratory contamination was detected in tests on background standards, the modelled relationship between sample mass and measured 14C content permitted an appropriate correction to be determined. Improved pollen concentrations derived by density separation between 1.4 and 1.2 specific gravity and sieving in the range 10–50 μm provided either older ages than other fractions of the same sample or, where in situ contamination was not evident, equivalent ages. Differences in degree of in situ contamination between depositional environments indicated that, in Westland, lake sites may be less susceptible to contamination by younger carbon than peat sites, where this process may be facilitated by root penetration into underlying sediments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
This study considers the potential of using the U-Pb dating of garnet for determining quantitative P-T-t paths for the late Archean metamorphism in the Pikwitonei granulite domain. Garnets for U-Pb dating were selected mainly
from samples that also provide information on pressure and temperature. The garnets used for dating were clear and free of
any visible inclusions. Pb concentrations range from 63 ppb to 966 ppb and U from 136 ppb to 1143 ppb. The measured 206Pb/204Pb ratios range from 52.8 to 529.4. The ages are generally discordant with U/Pb ages that may lie above or below concordia.
The discordance is caused by a recent disturbance of the U/Pb ratio in the garnets as indicated by replicate analyses on the
same garnet separates that reproduce 207Pb/206Pb ages well within analytical uncertainty and in most cases within ±1.5 Ma at 2600–2750 Ma. High grade metamorphism continued
over a period of at least one hundred million years, but the garnet-K-feldspar Pb-Pb ages suggest that, during this time,
garnet growth has been favored during three distinct periods in the Cauchon Lake area: 2700–2687 Ma 2660–2637 Ma 2605–2591
Ma The ca. 2695 Ma garnet ages from Cauchon Lake date the time of melting and staurolite breakdown during prograde metamorphism,
the ca. 2640 Ma ages date the time of extensive migmatization and the last period of metamorphic garnet growth, the ca. 2600
Ma ages date the time of crystallization of igneous garnet in late granitic intrusions. Peak metamorphism occurred around
2640 Ma followed by the intrusions of pegmatites starting at 2629 Ma. The Pb-Pb ages for garnet are similar to the U-Pb ages
for zircon that date a leucocratic mobilizate (2695 Ma), a plagioclaseamphibole mobilizate (2637 Ma) and pegmatite (2598 Ma)
(Heaman et al. 1986 a; Krogh et al. 1986; this study). Xenocrysts of garnet from 2600 Ma old graphic granites give minimum
ages of 2984 Ma and 2741 Ma which are minima for the times of garnet growth in the source of the granites. The agreement of
the zircon and garnet ages suggests that the metamorphism may have been punctuated by events that led to the development of
melts or encouraged mineral growth at specific times. If so, the prograde and retrograde paths of metamorphism in the area
may have contained minor excursions in pressure, temperature or fluid fugacities. In the Natawahunan Lake area some 50 km
northwest of Cauchon Lake, garnet growth associated with the prograde breakdown of staurolite occurred at ca. 2744–2734 Ma.
This suggests that a similar style of metamorphism may have occurred earlier in the Natawahunan Lake area than at Cauchon
Lake area, or higher grades of metamorphism were reached earlier and were of longer duration associated with the somewhat
greater depths in the Natawahunan Lake area. These results indicate the these garnets, which are 0.1–1 cm in diameter, have
maintained closed system behavior for U and Pb at peak metamorphic conditions, i.e. temperatures up to 800° C and pressures
of 7.5 kb. 相似文献
17.
Warren D Sharp Kenneth R LudwigOliver A Chadwick Ronald AmundsonLaura L Glaser 《Quaternary Research》2003,59(2):139-150
Reliable and precise ages of Quaternary pedogenic carbonate can be obtained with 230Th/U dating by thermal ionization mass spectrometry applied to carefully selected milligram-size samples. Datable carbonate can form within a few thousand years of surface stabilization allowing ages of Quaternary deposits and surfaces to be closely estimated. Pedogenic carbonate clast-rinds from gravels of glacio-fluvial terraces in the Wind River Basin have median concentrations of 14 ppm U and 0.07 ppm 232Th, with median (230Th/232Th) = 270, making them well suited for 230Th/U dating. Horizons as thin as 0.5 mm were sampled from polished slabs to reduce averaging of long (≥105 yr), and sometimes visibly discontinuous, depositional histories. Dense, translucent samples with finite 230Th/U ages preserve within-rind stratigraphic order in all cases. Ages for terraces WR4 (167,000 ± 6,400 yr) and WR2 (55,000 ± 8600 yr) indicate a mean incision rate of 0.26 ± 0.05 m per thousand years for the Wind River over the past glacial cycle, slower than inferred from cosmogenic-nuclide dating. Terrace WR3, which formed penecontemporaneously with the final maximum glacial advance of the penultimate Rocky Mountain (Bull Lake) glaciation, has an age of 150,000 ± 8300 yr indicating that it is broadly synchronous with the penultimate global ice volume maximum. 相似文献
18.
The effects of crystal-plasticity on the U-Th-Pb system in zircon is studied by quantitative microstructural and microchemical
analysis of a large zircon grain collected from pyroxenite of the Lewisian Complex, Scotland. Electron backscatter diffraction
(EBSD) mapping reveals a c.18° variation in crystallographic orientation that comprises both a gradual change in orientation and a series of discrete
low-angle (<4°) boundaries. These microstructural data are consistent with crystal-plastic deformation of zircon associated
with the formation and migration of dislocations. A heterogeneous pattern of dark cathodoluminescence, with the darkest domains
coinciding with low-angle boundaries, mimics the deformation microstructure identified by EBSD. Geochemical data collected
using the Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe (SHRIMP) shows a positive correlation between concentrations of the elements
U, Th and Pb (ranging from 20–60 ppm, 30–110 ppm, and 14–36 ppm, respectively) and Th/U ratio (1.13 – 1.8) with the deformation
microstructure. The highest measured concentrations and Th/U coincide with low-angle boundaries. This enrichment is interpreted
to reflect enhanced bulk diffusion of U and Th due to the formation and migration of high-diffusivity dislocations. 207Pb/206Pb ages for individual analyses show no significant variation across the grain, and define a concordant, combined mean age
of 2451 ± 14 Ma. This indicates that the grain was deformed shortly after initial crystallization, most probably during retrograde
Inverian metamorphism at amphibolite facies conditions. The elevated Th over U and consistent 207Pb/206Pb ages indicates that deformation most likely occurred in the presence of a late-stage magmatic fluid that drove an increase
in the Th/U during deformation. The relative enrichment of Th over U implies that Th/U ratio may not always be a robust indicator
of crystallization environment. This study provides the first evidence of deformation-related modification of the U-Th system
in zircon and has fundamental implications for the application and interpretation of zircon trace element data. 相似文献
19.
L. A. Neymark J. B. Paces B. D. Marshall Z. E. Peterman J. F. Whelan 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(4-5):450-465
Calcite-rich soils (calcrete) in alluvium and colluvium at Solitario Wash, Crater Flat, Nevada, USA, contain pedogenic calcite
and opaline silica similar to soils present elsewhere in the semi-arid southwestern United States. Nevertheless, a ground-water
discharge origin for the Solitario Wash soil deposits was proposed in a series of publications proposing elevation-dependent
variations of carbon and oxygen isotopes in calcrete samples. Discharge of ground water in the past would raise the possibility
of future flooding in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site of a proposed high-level nuclear waste repository.
New geochemical and carbon, oxygen, strontium, and uranium-series isotopic data disprove the presence of systematic elevation-isotopic
composition relations, which are the main justification given for a proposed ground-water discharge origin of the calcrete
deposits at Solitario Wash. Values of δ13C (−4.1 to −7.8 per mil [‰]), δ18O (23.8–17.2‰), 87Sr/86Sr (0.71270–0.71146), and initial 234U/238U activity ratios of about 1.6 in the new calcrete samples are within ranges previously observed in pedogenic carbonate deposits
at Yucca Mountain and are incompatible with a ground-water origin for the calcrete. Variations in carbon and oxygen isotopes
in Solitario Wash calcrete likely are caused by pedogenic deposition from meteoric water under varying Quaternary climatic
conditions over hundreds of thousands of years. 相似文献
20.
Michael I. H. Hartnady Christopher L. Kirkland Chris Clark Catherine V. Spaggiari R. Hugh Smithies Noreen J. Evans Brad J. McDonald 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(6):823-838
Titanite can be found in rocks of wide compositional range, is reactive, growing or regrowing during metamorphic and hydrothermal events, and is generally amenable to U–Pb geochronology. Experimental evidence suggest that titanite has a closure temperature for Pb ranging from 550 to 650°C, and thus titanite dates are commonly interpreted as cooling ages. However, this view has been challenged in recent years by evidence from natural titanite which suggests the closure temperature may be significantly higher (up to 800°C). Here, we investigate titanite in an enclave of migmatitic gneiss included within a granite intrusion. The titanite crystals exhibit textural features characteristic of fluid‐mediated mass transfer processes on length scales of <100 µm. These textural features are associated with variation in both Pb concentrations and distinct U–Pb isotopic compositions. Zr‐in‐titanite thermometry indicates that modification of the titanite occurred at temperatures in excess of 840°C, in the presence of a high‐T silicate melt. The Pb concentration gradients preserved in these titanite crystals are used to determine the diffusivity of Pb in titanite under high‐T conditions. We estimate diffusivities ranging from 2 × 10?22 to 5 × 10?25 m2/s. These results are significantly lower than experimental data predict yet are consistent with other empirical data on natural titanites, suggesting that Pb diffusivity is similar to that of Sr. Thus our data challenge the wide‐held assumption that U–Pb titanite dates only reflect cooling ages. 相似文献