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1.
Geologic carbon sequestration is the capture of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and its storage in deep geologic formations. The processes of CO2 seepage into surface water after migration through water-saturated sediments are reviewed. Natural CO2 and CH4 fluxes are pervasive in surface-water environments and are good analogues to potential leakage and seepage of CO2. Buoyancy-driven bubble rise in surface water reaches a maximum velocity of approximately 30 cm s−1. CO2 rise in saturated porous media tends to occur as channel flow rather than bubble flow. A comparison of ebullition versus dispersive gas transport for CO2 and CH4 shows that bubble flow will dominate over dispersion in surface water. Gaseous CO2 solubility in variable-salinity waters decreases as pressure decreases leading to greater likelihood of ebullition and bubble flow in surface water as CO2 migrates upward.  相似文献   

2.
Instances of gas leakage from naturally occurring CO2 reservoirs and natural gas storage sites serve as analogues for the potential release of CO2 from geologic storage sites. This paper summarizes and compares the features, events, and processes that can be identified from these analogues, which include both naturally occurring releases and those associated with industrial processes. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) carbon dioxide can accumulate beneath, and be released from, primary and secondary shallower reservoirs with capping units located at a wide range of depths; (2) many natural releases of CO2 are correlated with a specific event that triggered the release; (3) unsealed fault and fracture zones may act as conduits for CO2 flow from depth to the surface; (4) improperly constructed or abandoned wells can rapidly release large quantities of CO2; (5) the types of CO2 release at the surface vary widely between and within different leakage sites; (6) the hazard to human health was small in most cases, possibly because of implementation of post-leakage public education and monitoring programs; (7) while changes in groundwater chemistry were related to CO2 leakage, waters often remained potable. Lessons learned for risk assessment associated with geologic carbon sequestration are discussed. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.  相似文献   

3.
杜玉昆  庞飞  陈科  林拓  陈晓红  王瑞和 《地球科学》2019,44(11):3749-3756
高效开发页岩气有利于满足日益增长的能源需求,但页岩储层的开发极为困难,超临界二氧化碳作为一种新型页岩气钻采流体,可以有效保护页岩储层,置换吸附提高页岩气采收率,并同时实现二氧化碳的埋存.研发了一套超临界二氧化碳喷射开发页岩气装置,并开展了超临界二氧化碳喷射破碎页岩室内试验.发现超临界二氧化碳射流喷射后岩石强度降低,且射流压力和温度越高,降低幅度越大;本实验条件下超临界二氧化碳射流破岩体积是水射流的1.73~6.51倍,破岩优势显著,井底环境温度对超临界二氧化碳射流的破岩性能有较大影响.表明超临界二氧化碳可显著提高页岩气钻井速度,有望形成一种高效的页岩气开发方法,应用潜力广阔.   相似文献   

4.
A screening and ranking framework (SRF) has been developed to evaluate potential geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage sites on the basis of health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risk arising from CO2 leakage. The approach is based on the assumption that CO2 leakage risk is dependent on three basic characteristics of a geologic CO2 storage site: (1) the potential for primary containment by the target formation; (2) the potential for secondary containment if the primary formation leaks; and (3) the potential for attenuation and dispersion of leaking CO2 if the primary formation leaks and secondary containment fails. The framework is implemented in a spreadsheet in which users enter numerical scores representing expert opinions or published information along with estimates of uncertainty. Applications to three sites in California demonstrate the approach. Refinements and extensions are possible through the use of more detailed data or model results in place of property proxies.  相似文献   

5.
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is one of the important options available for partially stemming greenhouse gas emissions from large point sources. The possibility of leaking from deep storage needs to be addressed. The Wadi Namaleh area in southern Jordan provides an interesting case study of how excess CO2 can be trapped in the form of carbonates in the near surface, even when the local geology is not obviously conducive for such a process.Carbonate veins are formed in surface alteration zones of rhyolite host rock in this arid region. The alteration zones are limited to areas where surface soil or colluvium are present. Oxygen, deuterium and carbon isotopes of the carbonates and near-surface ground water in the area suggest that the source of carbon is deep seated CO2, and that the carbonate precipitated in local meteoric water under ambient temperature conditions. Analysis of strontium in the carbonate, fresh rhyolite and altered host shows that the source for calcium is aeolian. Trace elements show that metal and REE mobility are constrained to the alteration zone.Thus, interaction of H2O, CO2 and atmospheric wet and dry deposition lead to the formation of the clayey (montmorillonite) alteration zone. This zone acts to trap seeping CO2 and water, and thus produces conditions of progressively more efficient trapping of carbon dioxide by means of a positive feedback mechanism. Replication of these conditions in other areas will minimize CO2 leakage from man-made CCS sites.  相似文献   

6.
A benchmark study on problems related to CO2 storage in geologic formations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
  相似文献   

7.
The efficiency and sustainability of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in deep geological formations crucially depends on the integrity of the overlying cap-rocks. Existing oil and gas wells, which penetrate the formations, are potential leakage pathways. This problem has been discussed in the literature, and a number of investigations using semi-analytical mathematical approaches have been carried out by other authors to quantify leakage rates. The semi-analytical results are based on a number of simplifying assumptions. Thus, it is of great interest to assess the influence of these assumptions. We use a numerical model to compare the results with those of the semi-analytical model. Then we ease the simplifying restrictions and include more complex thermodynamic processes including sub- and supercritical fluid properties of CO2 and non-isothermal as well as compositional effects. The aim is to set up problem-oriented benchmark examples that allow a comparison of different modeling approaches to the problem of CO2 leakage.  相似文献   

8.
Very limited investigations have been done on the numerical simulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) migration in sandstone aquifers taking consideration of the interactions between fluid flow and rock stress. Based on the poroelasticity theory and multiphase flow theory, this study establishes a mathematical model to describe CO2 migration, coupling the flow and stress fields. Both finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM) were used to discretize the mathematical model and generate a numerical model. A case study was carried out using the numerical model on the Jiangling sandstone aquifer in the Jianghan basin, China. The rock mechanics parameters of reservoir and overlying strata of Jiangling depression were obtained by triaxial tests. A two-dimensional model was then built to simulate carbon dioxide migration in the sandstone aquifer. The numerical simulation analyzes the carbon dioxide migration distribution rule with and without considering capillary pressure. Time-dependent migration of CO2 in the sandstone aquifer was analyzed, and the result from the coupled model was compared with that from a traditional non-coupled model. The calculation result indicates a good consistency between the coupled model and the non-coupled model. At the injection point, the CO2 saturation given by the coupled model is 15.39 % higher than that given by the non-coupled model; while the pore pressure given by the coupled model is 4.8 % lower than that given by the non-coupled model. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the coupling of flow and stress fields while simulating CO2 migration for CO2 disposal in sandstone aquifers. The result from the coupled model was also sensitized to several parameters including reservoir permeability, porosity, and CO2 injection rate. Sensitivity analyses show that CO2 saturation is increased non-linearly with CO2 injection rate and decreased non-linearly with reservoir porosity. Pore pressure is decreased non-linearly with reservoir porosity and permeability, and increased non-linearly with CO2 injection rate. When the capillary pressure was considered, the computed gas saturation of carbon dioxide was increased by 10.75 % and the pore pressure was reduced by 0.615 %.  相似文献   

9.
Injection of carbon dioxide into coal seams is considered to be a potential method for its sequestration away from the atmosphere. However, water present in coals may retard injection: especially if carbon dioxide does not wet the coal as well as water. Thus contact angles in the coal-water-CO2 system were measured using CO2 bubbles in water/coal systems at 40 °C and pressures up to 15 MPa using five bituminous coals. At low pressures, in this CO2/water/coal system, receding contact angles for the coals ranged between 80° to 100°; except for one coal that had both high ash yield and low rank, with a contact angle of 115°, indicating that it was hydrophilic. With increasing pressure, the receding contact angles for the different coals decreased, indicating that they became more CO2-wetting. The relationship between contact angle and pressure was approximately linear. For low ash or high rank coals, at high pressure the contact angle was reduced to 30-50°, indicating the coals became strongly CO2-wetting; that is CO2 fluids will spontaneously penetrate these wet coals. In the case of the coal that was both high ash and hydrophilic, the contact angle did not drop to 90° even at the highest pressures used. These results suggest that CO2 will not be efficiently adsorbed by all wet coals equally well, even at high pressure. It was found that at high pressures (> 2 MPa) the rate of penetration of carbon dioxide into the coals increased rapidly with decreasing contact angle, independently of pressure. Injecting CO2 into wet coals that have both low rank and high ash will not trap CO2 as well as injecting it into high rank or low ash coals.  相似文献   

10.
Interpretation of carbon dioxide diffusion behavior in coals   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
Storage of carbon dioxide in geological formations is for many countries one of the options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus to satisfy the Kyoto agreements. The CO2 storage in unminable coal seams has the advantage that it stores CO2 emissions from industrial processes and can be used to enhance coalbed methane recovery (CO2-ECBM). For this purpose, the storage capacity of coal is an important reservoir parameter. While the amount of CO2 sorption data on various natural coals has increased in recent years, only few measurements have been performed to estimate the rate of CO2 sorption under reservoir conditions. An understanding of gas transport is crucial for processes associated with CO2 injection, storage and enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) production.A volumetric experimental set-up has been used to determine the rate of sorption of carbon dioxide in coal particles at various pressures and various grain size fractions. The pressure history during each pressure step was measured. The measurements are interpreted in terms of temperature relaxation and transport/sorption processes within the coal particles. The characteristic times of sorption increase with increasing pressure. No clear dependence of the characteristic time with respect to the particle size was found. At low pressures (below 1 MPa) fast gas diffusion is the prevailing mechanism for sorption, whereas at higher pressures, the slow diffusion process controls the gas uptake by the coal.  相似文献   

11.
The permeability of coal samples from Pittsburgh Seam was determined using carbon dioxide as the flowing fluid. The confining pressure was varied to cover a wide range of depths. The permeability was determined as a function of exposure time of carbon dioxide while the confining stress was kept constant. The porosities of the coal samples were found to be very low and most of the samples had porosities less than 1%. The permeability of these coal samples was very low—less than 1 μD. Since the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of CO2 exposure on coal permeability, it was necessary to increase the initial permeability of the coal samples by introducing a fracture. A longitudinal fracture was induced mechanically, and CT scans were taken to ensure that the fracture was present throughout the sample and that the sample was not damaged otherwise during the process. In this study, the permeability of coal was determined by using pressure transient methods. Two types of pressure pulses were used: A-spike and Sine-6 pressure transients. It was first established that the permeability of fractured coal samples did not change with exposure time when an inert gas (Argon) was used as the fluid medium in the experiments. However, the permeability of coal samples decreased significantly when carbon dioxide was used as the fluid medium. This reduction can be attributed to the coal swelling phenomenon. The results show that the permeability reduction in fractured coal samples can be over 90% of the original value, and the exposure time for such reductions can range from 1.5 days up to a week, typically about 2 days under laboratory conditions. The permeability decreased significantly with the increase in confining pressure. The higher confining pressure appears to close internal fractures causing a reduction in permeability.  相似文献   

12.
Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the options envisaged for mitigating the environmental consequences of anthropogenic CO2 increases in the atmosphere. The general principle is to capture carbon dioxide at the exhaust of power plants and then to inject the compressed fluid into deep geological formations. Before implementation over large scales, it is necessary to assess the efficiency of the process and its environmental consequences. The goal of this paper is to discuss some environmental mineralogy research perspectives raised by CO2 geological storage.  相似文献   

13.
Reverse dispersion modelling was employed to quantify sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions from brick firing clamp kilns and spontaneous combustion from a coal discard dump. Reverse dispersion modelling technique integrates ambient monitoring and dispersion simulation to calculate actual emission rates from an assumed rate of 1 g per second (g/s). Emission rates and emission factors were successfully quantified for SO2, but not for NO2, due to the influence of external sources and the complexity regarding the varying proportion of nitrogen oxides released from the kiln. Quantified emission factor for clamp kiln firing ranged from 1.91–3.24 g of SO2 per brick fired and 0.67–1.14 g of SO2 per kilogram of bricks fired. The variation in SO2 emission factors was linked to high variability in energy input. The source configuration input to the dispersion model, assumed to represent the kiln, was changed from a volume source to a more effective “bi-point” source situated at the top of the kiln, with buoyancy calculated from the carbon combustion rate. In addition, SO2 emission rate for spontaneous combustion from the discard dump was quantified as 0.35 g/s. 274 tons of discard material was estimated to burn annually, assuming that the emission rate is consistent over a year. Consequently, the reverse dispersion modelling and the elevated “bi-point” source technique may be considered a novel approach for quantifying emissions from combustion of materials or mixture of materials where knowledge of source parameters is limited.  相似文献   

14.
One possible way of mitigating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion is using carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology. However, public perception concerning CO2 storage in the geosphere is generally negative, being particularly motivated by perceived leakage risks. Therefore, a main issue when attempting to gain public acceptance is ensuring provision of appropriate monitoring practices, aimed at providing health, safety and environmental risk assessment, so that potential risks from CO2 storage are minimized. Naturally occurring CO2 deposits provide unique natural analogues for evaluating and validating methods used for the detection and monitoring of CO2 spreading and degassing into the atmosphere. Geological and hydrological structures of the Cheb Basin (NW Bohemia, Czech Republic) represent such a natural analogue for investigating CO2 leakage and offer a perfect location at which to verify monitoring tools used for direct investigation of processes along preferential migration paths. This shallow basin dating from the Tertiary age is characterized by up to 300?m thick Neogene sediment deposits and several tectonically active faults. The objectives of this paper are to introduce the CO2 analogues concept to present the Eger Rift as a suitable location for a natural CO2 analogue site and to demonstrate to what extent such an analogue site should be used (with a case study). The case study presents the results obtained from a joint application of geoelectrical measurements in combination with soil CO2 concentration and flux determination methods, for the detection and characterization of natural CO2 releases at gas seeps (as part of a hierarchic monitoring concept). To highlight discharge-controlling structural near surface features was the initial motivation for the application of geoelectrical measurements. Soil-gas concentration and flux measurement techniques are relatively simple to employ and are valuable methods that can be used to monitor seeping CO2 along preferential pathways. Joint interpretation of both approaches yields a first insight into fluid paths and reveals that the thickness and permeability of site-specific near surface sedimentary deposits have a great influence upon the spatial distribution of the CO2 degassing pattern at surface level.  相似文献   

15.
井底应力场对气体钻井井斜的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
王敏生  唐波 《岩土力学》2009,30(8):2436-2441
建立了油气井钻井过程中的井底力学模型,该力学模型考虑了井眼内压力、岩石节理、井眼深度、地应力、岩石材料特性、井眼直径等影响因素,并讨论了各个因素对井底应力场的影响,阐明了气体钻井时井底应力场分布变化对井眼井斜的影响。气体钻井时井眼内的压力远小于井眼周围的围压,井底会出现很大的拉应力,岩石容易破坏,因此,气体钻井时钻井速度远远大于钻井液钻井,但拉应力越大,井眼与岩石节理面交接处产生的应力集中越大,应力集中处岩石更容易破坏,也更易产生井斜。气体钻井时井底的应力状态对地层倾角、材料特性、井眼直径、井眼深度及初始地应力的变化较钻井液钻井时更敏感。  相似文献   

16.
Carbon dioxide is known as a hazardous material with acidic property that can be found as impurity in natural gas reservoirs with a broad range of 2 up to 40 %. Therefore, many efforts have been directed to remove and separate carbon dioxide from methane to prevent corrosion problems as well as improving the natural gas energy content. In this study, two molecular sieves, silicoaluminophosphate-34 (SAPO-34) zeotype and T-type zeolite, were synthesized by the hydrothermal method for the comparative study of adsorptive separation of carbon dioxide from methane. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Brunner–Emmett–Teller techniques. These characterization tests confirmed formation of both materials with acceptable crystallinity. Both adsorbents were tested in equilibrium adsorption experiments in order to evaluate maximum capacity and adsorption affinity. Adsorption capacity of carbon dioxide and methane on SAPO-34 and zeolite T were measured in a pressure range of 0.1–2.0 MPa and temperature of 288, 298, and 308 K and fitted with the Sips and Langmuir isotherm models. The ideal selectivity of CO2/CH4 was determined for SAPO-34 and zeolite T at the studied pressures and temperatures, indicating that the molecular sieves can be properly used for CO2–CH4 separation or CO2 capturing from natural gas.  相似文献   

17.
An important part of our global wealth depends on the extraction of fluids from porous media. More recently, sequestration of carbon dioxide (rmCO2) into deep geological layers as a possible measure to mitigate climate change has increased interest in fluid injection into porous media. Sophisticated numerical models play an important role in managing the uncertainties related to the subsurface, and finite element methods are the most versatile tool allowing the coupling of fluid flow, geomechanics and other physical processes. This paper gives insight into two important aspects of fluid injection/extraction in porous media: the correct modeling of the bore hole through specification of initial stresses, which together with a fully coupled strategy allows simulation of nonlinear poromechanics, and the imposition of appropriate boundary conditions that allow the controlled injection/extraction of a total specified amount of fluid in an anisotropic porous medium, without exceeding a safe operating pressure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
钻进过程中,孔壁的稳定性和冲洗液的渗漏是影响钻进效率和钻孔质量的重要因素。孔内情况越复杂,施工周期越长,对冲洗液性能的要求也越高。赣南再里地区施工区构造发育复杂,地层中存在大量的松散、胶结性差的砂岩以及高岭土、绿泥石等水敏性地层,钻探施工钻孔容易缩径,孔壁稳定性差,极易出现剥落、掉块、坍塌等现象,试验采用了低固相不分散冲洗液,取得了良好的钻进效果。  相似文献   

19.
Leakage of CO2 and displaced brine from geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites into potable groundwater or to the near-surface environment is a primary concern for safety and effectiveness of GCS. The focus of this study is on the estimation of the probability of CO2 leakage along conduits such as faults and fractures. This probability is controlled by (1) the probability that the CO2 plume encounters a conductive fault that could serve as a conduit for CO2 to leak through the sealing formation, and (2) the probability that the conductive fault(s) intersected by the CO2 plume are connected to other conductive faults in such a way that a connected flow path is formed to allow CO2 to leak to environmental resources that may be impacted by leakage. This work is designed to fit into the certification framework for geological CO2 storage, which represents vulnerable resources such as potable groundwater, health and safety, and the near-surface environment as discrete “compartments.” The method we propose for calculating the probability of the network of conduits intersecting the CO2 plume and one or more compartments includes four steps: (1) assuming that a random network of conduits follows a power-law distribution, a critical conduit density is calculated based on percolation theory; for densities sufficiently smaller than this critical density, the leakage probability is zero; (2) for systems with a conduit density around or above the critical density, we perform a Monte Carlo simulation, generating realizations of conduit networks to determine the leakage probability of the CO2 plume (P leak) for different conduit length distributions, densities and CO2 plume sizes; (3) from the results of Step 2, we construct fuzzy rules to relate P leak to system characteristics such as system size, CO2 plume size, and parameters describing conduit length distribution and uncertainty; (4) finally, we determine the CO2 leakage probability for a given system using fuzzy rules. The method can be extended to apply to brine leakage risk by using the size of the pressure perturbation above some cut-off value as the effective plume size. The proposed method provides a quick way of estimating the probability of CO2 or brine leaking into a compartment for evaluation of GCS leakage risk. In addition, the proposed method incorporates the uncertainty in the system parameters and provides the uncertainty range of the estimated probability.  相似文献   

20.
Volatiles from primary fluid inclusions in hydrothermal fluorite were studied. The gases released were analysed with a mass spectrometer using an internal standard; water-vapour pressure was measured manometrically.To extract the volatiles, both heating and grinding in vacuum were used. In the thermal treatment, volatiles from other sources besides the inclusions were also found: H2 and hydrocarbons, as well as additional amounts of H2O and CO2. The vacuum grinding, on the other hand, leads to volatile deficiency, especially with respect to H2O and CO2, due to retention of these components on the ground material.The study of the dependence of amount of volatiles released upon heating, on the grain size of the mineral fractions, was used as additional information for evaluating the amounts of volatiles coming from a source other than inclusions.The thermal studies were supplemented by decrepitophonic measurements.It is concluded that the volatiles from inclusions are represented practically only by CO2 and H2O in a 1:100 molar ratio. Conclusions about the conditions of mineral formation are drawn.  相似文献   

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