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1.
利用Sentinel-1A卫星升轨、降轨合成孔径雷达影像数据，提取了2016年门源Mw5.9级地震的高精度合成孔径雷达干涉同震形变场，利用单纯形法和非负最小二乘法反演确定了地震断层几何和滑动分布，并构建了区域断裂带的深部几何形态模型。结果表明，门源Mw5.9级地震同震形变以地表抬升为主，沿升轨、降轨视线向的最大值分别为5.3 cm、7.1 cm；地震断层走向、倾角分别为133°、43°；地震滑动以逆冲为主，主要发生在地下6.14~12.28 km处，最大滑动量约0.5 m，平均滑动角为66.85°，地震矩为1.0×1018 N·m（Mw5.94）；形变观测拟合残差均方根为0.36 cm；区域断裂带的深部几何形态以花状构造为特征，整体倾向南西，门源地震发震断裂为花状构造中未出露地表的盲断层。相关成果能够为研究区域地壳运动与变形、活动断裂与地震孕育发生等提供参考。 相似文献
2.
2015年尼泊尔Mw 7.9级地震发生在印度板块向欧亚板块低角度俯冲的喜马拉雅断裂带上。对该地震的滑动模型进行精化，对于理解喜马拉雅断裂带的孕震模式具有重要意义。采用三角形位错元构建主喜马拉雅断裂“双断坡”几何模型，联合全球定位系统（Global Positioning System，GPS）和合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar，InSAR）资料反演2015年尼泊尔地震同震滑移及震后余滑。结果表明，尼泊尔地震最大同震滑移达到7.8 m，深度为15 km，位于中地壳断坡和浅层断坪的接触部位。不考虑中地壳断坡结构会使反演的最大滑移量偏低。震后余滑主要分布在同震破裂区北侧，释放的地震矩为1.02×1020 N·m，相当于一次Mw 7.3级地震，约占主震释放地震矩的12%。同震库伦应力变化和震间断层闭锁分布均表明，尼泊尔地震破裂区南部宽约60 km的区域仍具有较高的地震危险性。 相似文献
3.
2016年8月24日，意大利中部阿马特里切（Amatrice）地区发生Mw 6.2地震。采用ALOS-2条带模式和SENTINEL-1A宽幅模式的合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar，SAR）数据分别进行SAR差分干涉测量处理，获取了该地震的同震形变场。结果显示，本次地震造成意大利中部地区发生明显的地壳形变，在雷达视线向最大沉降量达19.6 cm。基于合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometry synthetic aperture radar，InSAR）和GPS同震形变场数据对此次地震的发震断层进行联合反演，通过改进倾角和平滑系数获取方法，得到了最优滑动分布模型。通过使用单断层模型和双断层模型进行反演可知，双断层模型反演结果优于单断层反演结果，两种模型下反演模型相关系数分别为0.85和0.89，发震断层走向分别为160°和158°，倾角分别为44°和46°，倾滑分布主要位于地下5~7 km，平均倾滑角为-80°，最大倾滑量0.9 m位于地壳深度5 km处，该发震断层是亚平宁冲断带的一部分，为NW-SE向延伸的正断层，断层长约20 km。综合使用地震同震形变场和GPS数据对震源机制进行反演、模拟和分析，获取了高精度的震源参数，可以为分析地震危险性和断层破裂参数等提供数据支持。 相似文献
4.
利用覆盖整个日本东北部的3个条带的Envisat/ASAR降轨数据和6个条带的ALOS/PALSAR升轨数据,通过二通差分干涉处理,首先得到了2011年日本Tohoku-Oki Mw 9.0级地震的初步同震形变干涉结果,然后,利用GPS同震观测值对InSAR结果进行校正和基准统一。在此基础上,采用弹性半空间矩形位错模型,联合GPS和InSAR观测结果对同震滑动分布进行反演,获取了发震断层的断层滑动分布。结果显示,此次地震的滑动分布主要发生在40～50km深度范围内,最大滑移量为50.3m,释放的能量为3.20×1022 N·m(相当于Mw 8.94级)。 相似文献
5.
2015年4月25日尼泊尔地区发生了Mw 7.9级地震,发震断层位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界带,此次地震是一次典型的板块逆冲型事件。利用中国境内加密的GPS同震观测资料,融合ALOS-2卫星L波段的InSAR（interferometric synthetic aperture radar）同震形变数据,基于最小二乘方法获得了此次地震的同震垂直位移场。同震垂直位移结果表明,此次地震造成尼泊尔加德满都地区抬升约0.95 m,珠穆朗玛峰地区受地震的影响有所下降,其主峰的沉降量为2~3 cm,中国境内的希夏邦马主峰沉降约为20 cm。地区利用改进的二维弹性半空间位错模型反演了发震断层运动参数,本文模型显示此次地震的断层面破裂宽度约为60 km,平均滑动量达到4 m,相当于Mw 7.89级。 相似文献
6.
汶川地震GPS形变约束的破裂分段特征及滑移 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解2008年汶川地震破裂分段特征及滑移,采用弹性位错模型和模拟退火算法,数值模拟汶川震区密集的GPS同震形变。结果表明,GPS同震形变场至少需要用铲状的映秀-北川五断裂加上灌县－江油断裂来模拟,该模型对GPS数据的符合程度与汶川地震滑动分布模型相当,基本反映了汶川地震破裂特征。映秀－北川断裂总长255~294km。南段以逆冲为主,分上下两层,最深达30km。中段右旋走滑和逆冲都很大,而北段以右旋走滑为主。映秀段地震周期最短为3000年。破裂上层深度14km可能是龙门山中央断裂的闭锁深度。汶川地震可能源于相邻块体的相对运动和挤压、深部滑脱或浅部闭锁,在薄弱构造处首先爆发地震。 相似文献
7.
2023年10月7日阿富汗西部赫拉特省在不足1 h内接连发生4次Mw 5.5+的地震,称之为“2023年赫拉特地震序列”,此次地震序列是阿富汗境内过去20多年来遭遇伤亡最严重的地震事件,研究该地震序列的发震断层几何和快速分析损坏建筑物的分布状况对理解Herat断裂系统的构造机制、保障高效救援以及灾后规划重建等工作具有重要科学意义。基于欧洲空间局Sentinel-1升降轨合成孔径雷达影像,利用InSAR技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar）获取2023年赫拉特地震序列的同震形变场,以升降轨InSAR观测为约束,反演确定发震断层几何和断层滑动分布,并对发震构造进行分析;基于多时相InSAR相干性变化探测方法分析并提取本次震后建筑物损毁代理图（building damage proxy map, BDPM）。结果表明,升降轨同震形变场均位于Herat断裂带和Siakhubulak断裂带之间,升降轨数据观测得到的最大视线向形变量分别约为32.3 cm和58.9 cm。反演结果显示,同震位错以逆冲运动为主兼具少量右旋走滑运动,发震断层北倾,倾角约... 相似文献
8.
同震滑动分布参数与地表形变间的线性关系依赖于格林函数矩阵的构造,格林函数矩阵元素与破裂面位置、几何参数、破裂方式及位错模型假设等因素有关。本文尝试考虑格林函数矩阵元素的误差来补偿上述原因在一定程度上对反演参数的影响,采用同时顾及系数矩阵(格林函数矩阵)和观测向量两者误差的总体最小二乘方法反演同震滑动分布。首先确定了系数矩阵元素和观测向量的协因数矩阵,考虑到格林函数矩阵的病态性(秩亏),借助拉普拉斯二阶平滑得到正则化矩阵,采用总体最小二乘正则化法反演同震滑动分布。并对2009年意大利中部拉奎拉(L’Aquila)Mw6.3级地震实例进行同震滑动分布反演研究。结果表明,拉奎拉地震的走向为144.37°,倾角为59.06°,滑动分布的最大滑动量为0.95m,平均滑动角为-96.4°,主要滑动深度为4~15km的范围,地震矩为3.63×10~(18)N·m,对应的矩震级为Mw6.34。总体最小二乘与最小二乘法的滑动分布解存在一定差别,但差别的量级在10-4以内。 相似文献
9.
2022年1月8日青海省海北州门源县发生Ms 6.9地震,震中位于青藏高原东北缘祁连-海原断裂中段,属历史地震空区,基于多源合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）遥感数据研究该地震的破裂模式对理解青藏高原东北缘构造变形机制、应变释放过程以及地震危险性评估具有重要意义。首先利用Sentinel-1数据和合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar,D-InSAR）技术获取了门源地震的同震形变场,视线（line of sight,LOS）向形变场显示此次地震造成了约20 km长的地表破裂,最大形变约0.75 m;然后基于Sentinel-2卫星数据,利用光学影像配准和相关技术获取了本次地震的东西向同震形变场,最大同震位移达2.5 m;最后基于均匀弹性半无限位错模型,以LOS向形变场为约束反演了断层的滑动分布模型。结果显示,门源地震是一次典型的左旋走滑型地震,地震破裂主要集中在0~10 km深度范围,最大滑动量3.25 m,滑动角10.44°,对应深度4.89 km;反演给出的矩震量为1.07×1019 N·m,对应矩震级Mw 6.6。结合野外考察和地质资料,初步判定发震断裂为冷龙岭断裂,并引起托莱山断裂发生同震滑动。同震库仑应力结果显示,冷龙岭断裂东段和托莱山断裂西段应力状态为加载,未来具有发生强震的风险。 相似文献
10.
2008-11-10青海大柴旦地区发生了Mw6．3级地震,其发震断层位于青藏高原东北缘的大柴旦一宗务隆山断裂带。利用欧空局Envisat／ASAR卫星雷达影像数据,采用二通差分干涉技术获得了地震的同震地表形变场,基于1D协方差函数估计InSAR同震形变场的中误差为0．52cm,方差一协方差衰减距离为5．9km。在此基础上,采用弹性半空间矩形位错模型进行断层几何参数反演,并利用断层自动剖分技术确定了地震的最佳同震滑动分布模型。结果表明,该地震的震源机制解为走向107．19°,倾角56．57°,以逆冲为主兼具少量右旋走滑分量;滑动分布主要发生在10-20km深度范围内,最大滑动量为0．51m,释放的能量为4．3×10^18Nm。 相似文献
11.
The Landsat (MSS and TM), SPOT (PLA and MLA) and IRS (LISS-I and LISS-II) images of crop free period (April, May), rainfed crop (October) and rabi irrigated crop (January, February) have been evaluated for their capabilities of mapping (1) primary salt affected soils: (slightly, moderately and severely) (2) saline water irrigated saline soils, (3) sodic water irrigated sodic soils and (4) salt affected soils due to tank seepage in the arid region of Rajasthan. The moderately and severe salt affected soils could be mapped with Landsat, (IRS LISS-I) and SPOT, images of any season. However, the summer season imagery provided maximum extent of salt affected soils. The LISS-II imagery also provided delineation of slightly salt affected soils in addition to the moderate and severely salt affected soils. The delineation of saline and sodic water irrigated areas was possible by using Landsat False Colour Composite for the January month by their characteristic reflectance, existing cropping pattern and the quality of irrigation water being used in the area. The IRS (LISS-II) and SPOT PLA images for the May month were also used for mapping of saline and sodic water irrigated soils. 相似文献
12.
The current satellite clock products are computed using the ionosphere-free phase (L1/L2) and code (P1/P2) observations. Thus, if users conduct undifferenced positioning using these clock products together with C1 and P2 observations, the differential code bias (DCB) (C1–P1) should be properly compensated. The influence of DCB (C1–P1) on the undifferenced ambiguity solutions is investigated. Based on the investigation, we propose a new DCB (C1–P1) estimation method. Using it, the satellite DCB (C1–P1) can be computed. A 30-day (DOY 205–234, 2012) dual-frequency GPS data set is processed to estimate the DCB (C1–P1). Comparing the estimated results with that of IGS DCB products, the accuracy is better than 0.13 m. The performances of DCB (C1–P1) in the code-based single-point positioning, precise point positioning (PPP) convergence and wide-lane uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation are investigated using the estimated DCB (C1–P1). The results of the code-based single-point positioning show that the influence of DCB (C1–P1) on the up direction is more evident than on the horizontal directions. The accuracy is improved by 50 % and reaches to decimeter level with DCB (C1–P1) application. The performance of DCB (C1–P1) in PPP shows that it can accelerate PPP convergence through improving the accuracy of the code observation. The computed UPD values show that influence of DCB (C1–P1) on UPD of each satellite is different, and some values are larger than 0.3 cycles. 相似文献
13.
The celestial mechanics approach (CMA) has its roots in the Bernese GPS software and was extensively used for determining
the orbits of high-orbiting satellites. The CMA was extended to determine the orbits of Low Earth Orbiting satellites (LEOs)
equipped with GPS receivers and of constellations of LEOs equipped in addition with inter-satellite links. In recent years
the CMA was further developed and used for gravity field determination. The CMA was developed by the Astronomical Institute
of the University of Bern (AIUB). The CMA is presented from the theoretical perspective in (Beutler et al. 2010). The key
elements of the CMA are illustrated here using data from 50 days of GPS, K-Band, and accelerometer observations gathered by
the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission in 2007. We study in particular the impact of (1) analyzing different
observables [Global Positioning System (GPS) observations only, inter-satellite measurements only], (2) analyzing a combination
of observations of different types on the level of the normal equation systems (NEQs), (3) using accelerometer data, (4) different
orbit parametrizations (short-arc, reduced-dynamic) by imposing different constraints on the stochastic orbit parameters,
and (5) using either the inter-satellite ranges or their time derivatives. The so-called GRACE baseline, i.e., the achievable
accuracy of the GRACE gravity field for a particular solution strategy, is established for the CMA. 相似文献
14.
中国地区气溶胶类型特性分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
利用全球气溶胶观测网（AERONET）2001年—2012年中国地区12个站点的地基遥感气溶胶物理光学特性产品研究了中国地区气溶胶类型特性及其时空变化规律。研究发现中国地区不同类别的气溶胶光学特性（单次散射反照率、不对称因子、光学厚度等）差异较大,由沙尘型、混合型、强散射型细粒子、弱吸收型细粒子、中度吸收型细粒子和强吸收型细粒子等6类组成。中国地区气溶胶类型具有极强的空间变化特性和明显的季节、年际变化特征,沙尘气溶胶主要出现在春季,强散射型细粒子气溶胶主要出现在夏季,而强吸收型细粒子气溶胶主要出现在秋冬季节;近10年间沙尘型、混合型和强散射型细粒子气溶胶呈现上升趋势,而强吸收型细粒子气溶胶则处于下降趋势。在此基础上对比了中国和美国、法国典型站点气溶胶类型,研究发现3个站点的气溶胶差异较大,中国强吸收细粒子类所占的比重高于后两者,同时强散射细粒子类所占的比重低于后两者。 相似文献
15.
研究利用CBERS02B卫星的CCD传感器数据反演陆地气溶胶的方法。采用的方法是暗像元法。具体步骤为: 根据地面采集的植被光谱数据, 结合CCD传感器特点, 建立浓密植被(暗像元)红蓝波段(CCD传感器的第三和第一波段)反射率与地表反射率之间的关系, 确定了暗像元识别的阈值, 讨论气溶胶光学厚度对暗像元识别的影响以及消除这种影响的方法; 利用6S进行辐射传输运算, 构建查找表; 根据CBERS02B卫星的CCD传感器数据, 从查找表插值得到气溶胶光学厚度, 并进行了算法的误差分析。用广西南宁市及北京地区附近的两景数据进行了实际的反演试验, 使用MODIS的气溶胶产品与反演结果进行比对。结果显示, CBERS02B卫星的CCD传感器数据能够较好的反演陆地气溶胶。 相似文献
16.
Chandrashekhar M. Biradar Prasad S. Thenkabail Praveen Noojipady Yuanjie Li Venkateswarlu Dheeravath Hugh Turral Manohar Velpuri Murali K. Gumma Obi Reddy P. Gangalakunta Xueliang L. Cai Xiangming Xiao Mitchell A. Schull Ranjith D. Alankara Sarath Gunasinghe Sadir Mohideen 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2009
The overarching goal of this study was to produce a global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) and calculate country-by-country rainfed area statistics using remote sensing data. A suite of spatial datasets, methods and protocols for mapping GMRCA were described. These consist of: (a) data fusion and composition of multi-resolution time-series mega-file data-cube (MFDC), (b) image segmentation based on precipitation, temperature, and elevation zones, (c) spectral correlation similarity (SCS), (d) protocols for class identification and labeling through uses of SCS R2-values, bi-spectral plots, space-time spiral curves (ST-SCs), rich source of field-plot data, and zoom-in-views of Google Earth (GE), and (e) techniques for resolving mixed classes by decision tree algorithms, and spatial modeling. The outcome was a 9-class GMRCA from which country-by-country rainfed area statistics were computed for the end of the last millennium. The global rainfed cropland area estimate from the GMRCA 9-class map was 1.13 billion hectares (Bha). The total global cropland areas (rainfed plus irrigated) was 1.53 Bha which was close to national statistics compiled by FAOSTAT (1.51 Bha). The accuracies and errors of GMRCA were assessed using field-plot and Google Earth data points. The accuracy varied between 92 and 98% with kappa value of about 0.76, errors of omission of 2–8%, and the errors of commission of 19–36%. 相似文献
17.
M. L. Manchanda Jitendra Prasad H. S. Iyer R. S Shukla S. Dasgupta 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1982,10(3):55-67
The soil and landuse surveys have been conducted in Patna area, Bihar, using aerial photos of 1:25,000 scale. Three major systems, Ganges Gandak and interfluvial plain, have been identified in the area. These were further sub-divided into levees plains and channels etc. The soils were classified according to Soil axonomy. The major land use of the area is cultivation (62.2%) (Upland, lowland and wet land crops) plantation (1.8%) habitation (16.0%), water bodies (8.8%), barren lands (9.4%) and miscellaneous (1.8%). The soils of the area have been evaluated for different land utilization types-upland crops, lowland crops, and habitation. For paddy 75.:%, upland crops 8.2% and for habitation 57%, area was found suitable. 相似文献
18.
Rahul Nijhawan Josodhir Das Raman Balasubramanian 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2018,46(6):981-989
The main aim of this study is to propose a novel hybrid deep learning framework approach for accurate mapping of debris covered glaciers. The framework comprises of integration of several CNNs architecture, in which different combinations of Landsat 8 multispectral bands (including thermal band), topographic and texture parameters are passed as input for feature extraction. The output of an ensemble of these CNNs is hybrid with random forest model for classification. The major pillars of the framework include: (1) technique for implementing topographic and atmospheric corrections (preprocessing), (2) the proposed hybrid of ensemble of CNNs and random forest classifier, and (3) procedures to determine whether a pixel predicted as snow is a cloud edge/shadow (post-processing). The proposed approach was implemented on the multispectral Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager)/TIRS (thermal infrared sensor) data and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model for the part of the region situated in Alaknanda basin, Uttarakhand, Himalaya. The proposed framework was observed to outperform (accuracy 96.79%) the current state-of-art machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural network, support vector machine, and random forest. Accuracy assessment was performed by means of several statistics measures (precision, accuracy, recall, and specificity). 相似文献
19.
The LiDAR point clouds captured with airborne laser scanning provide considerably more information about the terrain surface than most data sources in the past. This rich information is not simply accessed and convertible to a high quality digital elevation model (DEM) surface. The aim of the study is to generate a homogeneous and high quality DEM with the relevant resolution, as a 2.5D surface. The study is focused on extraction of terrain (bare earth) points from a point cloud, using a number of different filtering techniques accessible by selected freeware. The proposed methodology consists of: (1) assessing advantages/disadvantages of different filters across the study area, (2) regionalization of the area according to the most suitable filtering results, (3) data fusion considering differently filtered point clouds and regions, and (4) interpolation with a standard algorithm. The resulting DEM is interpolated from a point cloud fused from partial point clouds which were filtered with multiscale curvature classification (MCC), hierarchical robust interpolation (HRI), and the LAStools filtering. An important advantage of the proposed methodology is that the selected landscape and datasets properties have been more holistically studied, with applied expert knowledge and automated techniques. The resulting highly applicable DEM fulfils geometrical (numerical), geomorphological (shape), and semantic quality properties. 相似文献
20.
Z. Malkin 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(6):325-329
The scatter of the celestial pole offset (CPO) time-series obtained from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations
is used as a measure of the accuracy of celestial reference frame (CRF) realizations. Several scatter indices (SI), including
some proposed for the first time, are investigated. The first SI is based on residual analysis of CPO series with respect
to a free core nutation (FCN) model. The second group of SIs includes Allan deviation and its extensions, which allow the
treatment of unequally weighted and multidimensional observations. Application of these criteria to several radio source catalogues
(RSCs) showed their ability to perform a preliminary assessment of the quality of each RSC. The 2D Allan deviation estimate
seems to be the most sensitive measure. The proposed extensions of Allan deviation, weighted and multidimensional, can also
be used for the statistical analysis of other time-series. 相似文献