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1.
Based on a system dynamics (SD) model of long-term cost-effectiveness of power pole maintenance over 50 years, the influence of factors that affect cost-effectiveness was examined. Taking a typical region subjected to hurricanes (i.e., Miami-Dade County, USA) as a case, the SD model was established and tested with scenarios of power poles maintenance strategies. Factors such as wind speed variation (due to climate change), regional annual growth rate of the pole population, and discount rate were explored. It was shown that changing the parameters for these factors results in the following: The variation of wind speed due to climate change produces a negative impact on cost-effectiveness under the given replacement strategy; the factors of wind speed and annual growth rate of poles have a significant influence on the replacement ratio of poles particularly in the later period such as later 30 years; similarly, the discount rate has a marked impact on cumulative cost in the later decades. The difference between the contribution of factors is more significant in the later stages of the design life. The simulation results indicate how the change of these factors can lead to an impact on cost-effectiveness over time. The results have meaningful strategy implications, allowing an optimization of the timing of maintenance and a focus on different critical factors at various time periods. 相似文献
2.
河西地区生态重建与经济可持续发展战略研究 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
在我国西部大开发战略实施过程中，河西地区充当着“开发极”和“开路先锋”的重要角色，提出了河西地区生态重建与经济可持续发展的战略思路，包括把生态重建作为经济持续发展的切入点，实施“大生态”战略，最大限度地节水，创造条件小范围调水，实施“大节水”战略，运用市场机制和高新技术开拓资源优势，实施“大资本”战略，推进工业化和农业产业化与结构转换，实施“大调整”战略，营造大开发的投资环境与开放环境，实施“大联通”战略，最终把河西地区建成一个经济持续发展，人民生活水平显著提高，生态环境逐步改善的绿色生态走廊和经济可持续发展走廊。 相似文献
3.
Daniel Solís Larry Perruso Julio del Corral Brent Stoffle David Letson 《Natural Hazards》2013,66(2):271-289
A stochastic production frontier was used to measure the initial (i.e., bi-weekly) economic effects of hurricanes on commercial grouper (Serranidae) production in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States Gulf of Mexico from 2005 to 2009. We estimated the economic effects of productivity losses associated with specific hurricanes on the commercial grouper fleet. We also calculated the economic effects due to productivity losses during an entire hurricane season at the regional level. The empirical model controls for input levels as well as other factors affecting production to isolate the initial economic effect caused by hurricanes from other non-weather-related factors. The empirical results revealed that hurricanes striking the Gulf of Mexico coastline from 2005 to 2009 had a negative effect on the production of the commercial grouper fleet. The results also demonstrated the relative importance of inputs and regulations on fish production. 相似文献
4.
强夯和强夯置换法是经济高效应用广泛的地基处理方法之一,但工程界对强夯与强夯置换的概念理解仍存在很大分歧。值此多个地基处理技术规范修编的机会,有必要对强夯和强夯置换的概念进行澄清。文中首次明确提出了强夯置换区别于强夯的4个条件：有无填料、填料好否、夯锤静接地压力是否大于80 kPa和是否形成密实墩体。同时,根据68项工程或项目实测资料,首次提出了强夯置换墩长度与能级（最高达到18 000 kN•m）的经验关系,并做成表格供工程人员预估置换墩长度时参考 相似文献
5.
A new paleomagnetic study on well-dated (~ 155 Ma) volcanic rocks of the Tiaojishan Formation (Fm) in the northern margin of the North China Block (NCB) has been carried out. A total of 194 samples were collected from 26 sites in the Yanshan Belt areas of Luanping, Beipiao, and Shouwangfen. All samples were subjected to stepwise thermal demagnetization. After removal of a recent geomagnetic field viscous component, a stable high temperature component (HTC) was isolated. The inclinations of our new data are significantly steeper than those previously published from the Tiaojishan Fm in the Chengde area (Pei et al., 2011, Tectonophysics, 510, 370–380). Our analyses demonstrate that the paleomagnetic directions obtained from each sampled area were strongly biased by paleosecular variation (PSV), but the PSV can be averaged out by combining all the virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) from the Tiaojishan Fm in the region. The mean pole at 69.6°N/203.0°E (A95 = 5.6°) passes a reversal test and regional tilting test at 95% confidence and is thus considered as a primary paleomagnetic record. This newly determined pole of the Tiaojishan Fm is consistent with available Late Jurassic poles from red-beds in the southern part of the NCB, but they are incompatible with coeval poles of Siberia and the reference pole of Eurasia, indicating that convergence between Siberia and the NCB had not yet ended by ~ 155 Ma. Our calculation shows a ~ 1600-km latitudinal plate movement and crustal shortening between the Siberia and NCB after ~ 155 Ma. In addition, no significant vertical axis rotation was found either between our sampled areas or between the Yanshan Belt and the major part of the NCB after ~ 155 Ma. 相似文献
6.
In 2011, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported that the coastal population of the US that lives within 50 miles of the shoreline exceeded 50 % for the first time in history in spite of a high level of exposure to hurricanes and related flooding. Hurricane Andrew (1992), Mitch (1998), Ivan (2004), Katrina (2005), and Sandy (2012) are recent reminders of both the financial and human toll that result from hurricanes. Generally, hurricanes bring with them torrential rains and storm surges which enable destructive flooding inland and at the coastal (land–sea) interface and cause extensive and severe damages to residential structures and fatalities. An improved understanding of hurricanes and its interactive effects on the built environment will significantly reduce structural and non-structural damage and loss of life. This paper presents the method and results of a study that focused on application of a hybrid loss model which combines structural and non-structural damage vulnerabilities to quantify the damage and subsequent loss as a result of hurricanes, but particularly the extension to the community level. The methodology presented in this paper will help enable designers and/or planners to assess the change in anticipated losses at the community level as a result of one or more mitigation strategies as well as provide insight into land use planning. 相似文献
7.
P.J. Hattingh 《Tectonophysics》1986,124(3-4)
Palaeomagnetic data were acquired from eighteen sampling sites situated in the main zone of the eastern Bushveld Complex, Transvaal, South Africa. Specimens were subjected to alternating field and thermal demagnetization. Two mean magnetization directions, which are approximately antipodal, were found. One direction represents subzone B of the main zone in the eastern Bushveld Complex and yields a palaeomagnetic pole at
. The second direction represents subzone C of the main zone in the eastern Bushveld Complex with virtual geomagnetic pole at
. The positions of these poles on the apparent polar wander path (APW) for Africa indicate that the critical zone had acquired its remanent magnetization before the main zone. Fold tests prove that the main zone in the eastern Bushveld Complex had acquired its remanent magnetization with the igneous layering in a horizontal position. 相似文献
8.
Merging our data with those of Robins and Chiodoni [Robins, B., Chiodoni, F., 2007. Poles apart: A discussion of the « Geochemistry of cumulates from the Bjerkreim–Sokndal layered intrusion (S. Norway). Part I: Constraints from major elements on the mechanism of cumulate formation and on the jotunite liquid line of descent ». Lithos doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.03.007], we examine the major-element compositions of 135 samples of so-called phi-C cumulates of the Bjerkreim–Sokndal layered intrusion. We show the limits of the TiO2/MgO ratio vs. Al2O3 diagram in order to ascertain the proportions of cumulus minerals (ilmenite and orthopyroxene) in the ilmenite leuconorite mafic pole. We also discard anomalous samples as we did in the previous paper. The rest of the samples (124 phi-C, i.e. 92% of the whole population) are then used to confirm the existence of plagioclase and mafic poles. It is shown that the mafic pole is indeed a mixture of ilmenite and orthopyroxene, not induced by “spurious correlation”. 相似文献
9.
Jean L. Roy 《Precambrian Research》1983,19(4):319-348
More than half of the approximately 650 paleopoles reported from all Precambrian cratons have been obtained from North America. The observations have spurred a proliferation of apparent polar wander paths to support different hypotheses for the tectonic evolution of the continent. Many of the reasons for this development can be traced to the inadequacy of the data base with its average of only 1.6 poles 10 Ma?1 (as compared to 7 poles 10?1 Ma for the last 300 Ma). Even when it is assumed that a ·primary’ pole has been derived from each rock unit sampled, the total number of ·primary’ poles (excluding the 900–1200 Ma interval) yields an average of only 0.4 pole 10 Ma?1. An inspection of the data base shows a non-systematic sampling of a non-continuous (fragmented) paleomagnetic record with gaps as large as tens and even hundreds of Ma. More importantly, a search through the literature reveals that very few poles have an age known to better than 50 Ma and for many poles the age bracket could be as large as a few hundreds of Ma. This is partly owing to the fact that radiometric and paleomagnetic sites rarely originate from the same localities. It is shown that this limited data base with all its deficiencies and uncertainties cannot be used to support certain hypotheses, or for the drawing of a meaningful apparent polar path for the whole of the Precambrian. It appears that, because of the enormous time scale, Precambrian paleomagnetism should rather be directed towards the construction of segments of polar paths such as those in the 900–1200 Ma interval. Comparison of well dated contemporaneous segments from different parts (or structural provinces) could be used most effectively to delineate relative movements, if any, and reconstruct the mosaic of the past continent for certain time intervals. One of the recent developments of Precambrian paleomagnetism has been to show that the apparent pole did not remain constrained to the equatorial region, but made several excursions into high latitudes. 相似文献
10.
A paleomagnetic study of Late Mesozoic dolente dykes and sills and Paleozoic sediments from Spitsbergen, the main island of the Svalbard Archipelago, gives the position of the pole in the Late Mesozoic and Paleozoic as distinct from the corresponding poles of Europe and North America. The Paleozoic pole is to the south of corresponding poles for Europe and North America. The data suggest that Svalbard has moved independently of Europe and North America at least in the Late Mesozoic, and thus might behave as a microplate or block. 相似文献
11.
Ending groundwater overdraft in hydrologic-economic systems 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Groundwater overdraft occurs when extraction exceeds both natural and induced aquifer recharge over long periods. While ultimately
unsustainable and invariably having detrimental effects, overdrafting aquifers is common and may be temporarily beneficial
within a long-term water management strategy. Once a region chooses to end overdrafting, water management must change if increased
water scarcity is to be avoided. Integrated water-management models allow aquifers and overdraft to be analyzed as part of
a regional water-supply system. Incorporating economics into the model establishes a framework for evaluating the costs and
effects of groundwater management actions on the entire system. This economic-engineering approach is applied in a case study
of the Tulare Basin in California, USA, where previous economic studies showed optimal pumping depths have been reached. A
hydro-economic optimization model is used to study the economic effects and water management actions that accompany ending
overdraft. Results show that when overdraft is prohibited, groundwater banking using conjunctive-use infrastructure built
between 1990 and 2005 largely annuls the cost of not overdrafting. The integrated economic-engineering approach quantifies
effects of groundwater policies on complex regional water-resource systems and suggests promising strategies for reducing
the economic costs of ending aquifer overexploitation. 相似文献
12.
How hurricane attributes determine the extent of environmental effects: Multiple hurricanes and different coastal systems 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The most recent spate of hurricanes to strike the United States and Caribbean (1989 to the present) has occurred when many
of the affected areas had long-term water quality and biological data collection efforts ongoing, as well as special follow-up
studies. These data have allowed researchers to obtain a much clearer picture of how individual characteristics of hurricanes
interact with human land use to lead to various types and degrees of environmental effects. Common deleterious water quality
effects associated with hurricanes include excessive nutrient loading, algal blooms, elevated biochemical oxygen demand and
subsequent hypoxia and anoxia, fish and invertebrate kills, aquatic animal displacements, large scale releases of chemical
pollutants and debris from damaged human structures, exacerbated spread of exotic species and pathogens, and pollution of
water with fecal microbial pathogens. These and other effects may or may not occur, or occur to varying degrees, depending
upon individual hurricane characteristics including category, point of landfall, wind speed, amount of rainfall, and path
after landfall. Landfall in a populous area, a post-landfall trajectory upriver toward a headwater region, passage along a
floodplain containing pollution sources (such as wastewater treatment plants, concentrated animal feeding operations, and
septic systems), and intensity sufficient to damage power generation will all lead to increased environmental damage. We suggest
a number of recommendations for post-hurricane water sampling parameters and techniques, and provide several management-oriented
recommendations for better coastal and floodplain land use aimed at lessening the water quality effects of hurricanes. 相似文献
13.
A. V. Shatsillo N. B. Kuznetsov V. E. Pavlov M. A. Fedonkin N. S. Priyatkina S. G. Serov S. V. Rudko 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2015,465(2):1211-1214
New paleomagnetic and magnetostratigraphic data are presented for the stratotype of the Upper Riphean Lopata Formation (Teya River, Yenisei Ridge). The paleomagnetic pole calculated is significantly distinct from the Phanerozoic and Riphean poles of the Siberian Platform and is similar to the Late Vendian–Early Cambrian poles of the Madagascar Group. The stratigraphic range studied is characterized by an anomalously high frequency of geomagnetic inversions (15 zones of magnetic polarity), which is comparable with the inversion frequency of the Late Vendian sections of Baltica. These data, along with previous paleontological findings, indicate an age of the Lopata Formation of 555–540 Ma. 相似文献
14.
The evolutionary history of the Pacific Ocean is reconstructed back to 60 m.y. B.P. based on the Hawaiian Island chain and Emperor seamounts, which join at an elbow to form the Hawaiian hotspot trace on the Pacific plate. This trace can be interpreted as a series of two rotations of the Pacific plate about the Hawaiian hotspot, presently located beneath Hawaii. Utilizing a pair of rotation poles in accordance with previously proposed models, the evolution can be described by the following:
- 1. (1) a rotation of 0.8°/m.y. about the Emperor pole of 17°N and 107°W from 60 to 42 m.y. B.P., and
- 2. (2) a rotation of 0.89°/m.y. about the Hawaiian pole of 69°N and 68°W from 42 m.y. B.P. to present.
- 1. (1) the hotspot trace must continually pass through the hotspot,
- 2. (2) the elbow must reach the hotspot at 42 m.y. B.P,
- 3. (3) transform faults must lie on observed fracture zones,
- 4. (4) the first contact between the North American and Pacific plates must occur at about 30 m.y. B.P., and
- 5. (5) the motion between the North American and Pacific plates has been right-lateral from 30 m.y. B.P. to present.
15.
总结了估算强夯置换深度的现有方法及其存在的问题，提出了置换深度估算的拟静力分析模型。并且根据收集的若干工程实例，对模型的特定参数进行了拟合并对所得结果进行了初步验证。 相似文献
16.
17.
Simultaneous Integration of Pressure, Water Cut,1 and 4-D Seismic Data In Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A geostatistically-based inverse technique, the sequential-self calibration (SSC) method, is used to update reservoir models so that they match observed pressure, water cut and time-lapse water saturation derived from 4-D seismic. Within the SSC, a steady-state genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to search the optimal master point locations, as well as the associated optimal permeability perturbations at the master locations. GA provides significant flexibility for SSC to parameterize master point locations, as well as to integrate different types of dynamic data because it does not require sensitivity coefficients. We show that the coupled SSC/GA method is very robust. Integrating dynamic data can significantly improve the characterization of reservoir heterogeneity with reduced uncertainty. Particularly, it can efficiently identify important large-scale spatial variation patterns (e.g., well connectivity, near well averages, high flow channels and low flow barriers) embedded in the reservoir heterogeneity. Using dynamic data, however, could be difficult to reproduce the permeability values on the cell-by-cell basis for the entire model. This reveals the important evidence that dynamic data carry information about large-scale spatial variation features, while they may be not sufficient to resolve the individual local values for the entire model. Through multiple realization analysis, the large-scale spatial features carried by the dynamic data can be extracted and represented by the ensemble mean model. Furthermore, the region informed by the dynamic data can be identified as the area with significant reduced variances in the ensemble variance model. Within this region, the cell-by-cell correlation between the true and updated permeability values can be significantly improved by integrating the dynamic data. 相似文献
18.
C. Klootwijk 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(5):513-549
Structural, magnetic and gravity trends of the southern New England Orogen (SNEO) indicate four oroclinal structures, none conclusively confirmed paleomagnetically. Curved structures of the Tamworth Belt (TB)—a continental forearc exposed across six tectono-stratigraphic blocks with interlinked Carboniferous stratigraphies and extensive ignimbritic rocks known to retain primary magnetisations despite prevalent overprinting—are prospective to oroclinal testing through comparison of Carboniferous pole paths for individual blocks. Pole paths (a) have been established for the Rocky Creek and Werrie blocks (northwestern/western TB), (b) are described herein for the Rouchel Block (southwestern TB), and (c) are forthcoming for the Gresford and Myall blocks (southern/southeastern TB). The Rouchel path derives from detailed paleomagnetic, rock magnetic and magnetic fabric studies. Thermal, alternating field and liquid nitrogen demagnetisations show a low-temperature overprint, attributed to late Oligocene weathering, and high-temperature (HT) primary and overprint components in both magnetite and hematite carriers, showing slight, systematic, directional differences with hematite providing the better cleaned site poles. Seven primary mean-site poles of Tournaisian and mainly Visean age and three overprint poles show six positive fold tests, five at 95% or higher confidence levels. Two dispersed groupings of intermediate (IT) and HT overprint site poles of Permian and Permo-Triassic age are attributed to early and late phases in oroclinal evolution of the SNEO. HT and IT/HT overprint site poles of mid-Carboniferous age are attributed to Variscan Australia–Asia convergence. Individual pole paths for the Rocky Creek, Werrie and Rouchel blocks show no noticeable rotation between them, indicating primary curvature for the southwestern TB. Their integrated SNEO pole path establishes a reference frame for determining rotations of the southern and southeastern TB. 相似文献
19.
D.H. Rousell 《Tectonophysics》1981,77(3-4)
Poles to microscopic planar elements measured in two mutually perpendicular thin sections, and projected to a stereoscope plane parallel to one of them, give rise to a local area of two-fold overlap. Prior to contouring each pole must be assigned new values according to the relationship
where x = new value of poles in the area of overlap, 2x = new value of poles in the area without overlap, N = mtotal number of poles, O = number of poles in the area of overlap and W = number of poles in the area without overlap. 相似文献
20.
Pole figures of anorthosite mylonite (An 65) from San Juan Bautista, California, were determined with neutron diffraction using a 23 position sensitive detector. This novel technique enables us to deconvolute the complex diffraction spectrum of this triclinic mineral into fifteen separate peaks hkl which are measured simultaneously. All pole figures display strong preferred orientation with complicated triclinic distributions from which it appears that (001) poles are concentrated normal to the schistosity plane of the specimen. The triclinic mineral is well suited to discuss some fundamental issues of texture representation. If crystals are measured individually (e.g., on the U-stage), positive and negative ends of directions can be unequivocally identified and the whole sphere, rather than a hemisphere, is necessary to represent the distribution of positive axes. This is illustrated for a plagioclase-rich amphibolite from Ornö Huvud, Sweden. 相似文献