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1.
This paper discusses the impacts of population growth and economic development on maize diversity in highland Guatemala. In the context of this discussion, economic development specifically refers to the recent expansion of the non-traditional agricultural exports (NTAEs). Population growth and economic development (i.e. NTAEs) are linked because as land has become scarce in highland Guatemala, due to the poor distribution of land resources and rapid population growth over the past 50 years, many farmers have turned to non-traditional economic strategies such as new crops that produce more income per unit of land. These new crops have improved the economic conditions of many farming families, but it has come at a cost regarding the maintenance of local maize varieties and household food security. 相似文献
2.
How do ideas of place support the development of racialized identities in times of terror violence? We situate this paper in the “deep” south via the shooting of 9 black churchgoers by a white supremacist. We explore how the community mobilized after the massacre, and in what ways it relied on ideas of place. While many claimed that the community exemplified resilience, we demonstrate a process of re-racialization. We analyzed local media to document place framing. This frame was recirculated in reporting of residents’ expressions about the tragedy. We conducted interviews with community leaders to deepen our understanding. We find that while place played a powerful role in the resilience narrative, the resilience was ultimately one of a city of whiteness. We advance several points: (1) whiteness adapts in times of terror; (2) place is important in the security studies; and (3) place also plays a role in attenuating fear. 相似文献
3.
Michele Lobo 《Geographical review》2016,106(2):163-173
When fear and anxiety circulate in public spaces of diverse western cities, heightened surveillance can provide a sense of safety and comfort. These measures of surveillance that target bodies that are ‘out of place’, however, are limited in animating public spaces. This paper focuses on Darwin, a small but rapidly growing north Australian city where the visibility of Aboriginal people from Greater Darwin/regional communities and migrant newcomers from countries in Africa, South Asia and the Middle East often circulates fear and anxiety and deadens public spaces. I argue that playful events or spontaneous multisensory encounters of humans, non‐humans and material things, however, have the potential to animate these public spaces. The paper focuses on these events in a Drop‐in open‐air café‐community garden‐Op shop in a culturally diverse northern suburb of Darwin. It suggests that the vibrancy of matter and the vitality of non‐human forms of life can inform how we co‐inhabit cities of difference and unsettle policies of social cohesion that focus on integration into a dominant white majority culture. 相似文献
4.
Crime is both a factual and perceptual component of the urban landscape, seemingly both a societal pathology and the consequence of economic disparity between social groups. Crime has a spatial structure that can be revealed by mapping. Urban crime has a spatial multiplier effect that changes the values and perceptions of how people see urban space, and which jeopardizes the quality of life of a city's inhabitants. In this research we examine the question of whether the geography of actual criminal acts is echoed by peoples' perceptions of crime, what might be termed their “spaces of fear”. We ask how the fear of crime is associated with reported urban crime. Urban crime incidents have been increasing in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We assembled crime information about Viçosa from two sources: first, crime as reported to the police and second, crime as perceived by city residents and measured by surveys and interviews. Reported criminal acts reveal a clustered geography, focusing particularly on the Downtown area, where there is a concentration of urban wealth and potential victims are more numerous. Offenses against property were focused on Downtown, while offenses against the person were located mostly in peripheral areas. The widespread feeling of insecurity in the city's neighborhoods, reflecting the fear of becoming a victim of violence and crime, was common throughout the city. Results confirmed the conclusion of past studies showing that the fear of violence and crime are not directly related to increasing numbers of criminal reports. Sites with higher incidence of crimes are not places with higher levels of fear. Rather than being geographically explainable “spaces of fear”, the spatial distribution of the fear of violence and crime appears to be unrelated in Viçosa, and neither is clustered or dispersed in any measurable way. 相似文献
5.
中国能源供给安全综合评价及障碍因素分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
作为能源生产和消费大国,中国的能源供给安全问题一直备受关注,甚至有一些别有用心的国际机构大肆宣扬“中国能源威胁论”。针对中国能源供给存在的实际突出问题,开展能源供给安全综合评价研究,有助于深刻认识中国能源供给安全形势,找出中国能源供给安全的主要影响因子和强化政策保障。从能源供给安全的概念出发,构建中国能源供给安全综合评价指标体系,基于集对分析方法构建能源供给安全评估模型,借鉴指标评价标准模型建立指标评价标准值,运用熵值法确定各评价指标的权重,对近年来中国能源供给安全的等级、演变特征及主要影响因素进行了深入分析。研究结果表明：2000-2008 年中国能源供给安全评价等级为III,2009 年和2011 年上升为I 级,2010 年为II 级。中国能源供给安全指数与最优评价集I 的联系度由2000 年的-0.46 增至2011 年的0.23,呈波动上升趋势。中国能源供给安全影响因素分析显示,能源产品价格指数和能源加工转换效率是第一位的影响因素,在各年份的出现频率达到91.67%,其次为可再生能源所占比重和储采比,出现频率达到83.33%。 相似文献
6.
Ayona Datta 《Urban geography》2016,37(3):323-342
In this paper I argue for an expansion of the horizons of urban geography through a notion of the intimate city. I focus on the slum as a space where the violence of an exclusionary city is woven into its intimate material and social conditions, but where this violence is also domesticated and rendered as part of the everyday. I illustrate through three stories of intimate lives of slum women that everyday life in the slum requires the production of (1) an urban subject who shows agency not by resisting but by living with intimate violence; (2) an urban subjectivity involved in acquiring knowledge of one’s bodily terrain in order to limit this violence; and (3) an urban citizenship that argues for a “right to intimacy” as a way to claim a right to the city. This paper calls for a recasting of the public/private divide in urban geography in order to understand how violence circulates through and contravenes the boundaries of public/private, city/slum, tradition/modernity. 相似文献
7.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):144-164
This paper gathers potent visual images of one city, Los Angeles (L.A.), by examining three contemporary films— L.A. Story (1991), Boyz N the Hood (1991), and Grand Canyon (1991). It argues that popular culture, and in particular popular film, is an integral part of the portrayal of the cultural landscape. This paper primarily uses the assorted visual images of the urban landscape in considering how this one city has been recently depicted. The three films reveal a city shaped by rapid changes in urban America, depicting Los Angeles as an urban area composed of a fragmented landscape divided into many geographies: L.A. as a realm of simulations and void of consequences; L.A. as a city under siege, a place of epidemic violence and fear; L.A. as a place obsessed with security and control; L.A. as an increasingly ambiguous and chaotic place. Far from concluding that cities have become so fragmented that they are ageographic, these films reveal various geographies that are rooted in economic, political, and cultural contexts. Attention to the “restlessness” of cities and the postmodern focus on the instability and chaotic nature of urban experience actually challenge geographers to uncover the multitude of geographies of place. Interpreting the many geographies of Los Angeles shows that film can reveal a uniquely visual catalog of human experience of place, supplementing the ways in which we decipher place image and representation. This paper suggests that film is one way by which previously marginalized groups, such as blacks, can disseminate ideas from the margins and provide alternative experiencesof place. Geographers should add film to the cache of qualitative data that constructs an urban experience through images and representation, widening the discussion of what is place 相似文献
8.
Investigating the Spatiotemporal Links Between Disorder,Crime, and the Fear of Crime 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
While links between social and physical disorder, crime, and the fear of crime have long been areas of research interest, few studies have looked at these links from a spatiotemporal viewpoint. This is somewhat surprising, as many of the factors associated with disorder, crime, and fear are known to vary over time and space. This paper uses GISystems to investigate potential spatiotemporal links between these areas in Wollongong, New South Wales, with specific focus on links between graffiti and the fear of crime. The results reveal that the distribution of fear of crime varies considerably over time and is often spatially coincident with concentrations of disorder. Graffiti was found to be one of the most prevalent types of physical disorder. The results are discussed in the context of the “broken windows” thesis and strategic intervention at the community level. 相似文献
9.
Chayanika Saxena 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2023,44(2):322-338
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has prompted researchers to rethink their fieldwork. My doctoral fieldwork plans, which involved conducting ethnographic research amongst Afghan refugees and migrants in New Delhi and Kolkata, were upended because of the recurring waves of the pandemic and the lockdowns/curfews that were imposed in their wake (2020−2022). Locked out of my field, my inability to conduct my research as planned amounted to a failure that could not be redeemed, especially because of time constraints. Using autoethnographic vignettes of my encounters in the lead up to the eventual suspension of in-situ fieldwork, I critically reflect on how I approached and felt towards failures in/of field and how these encounters speak back to the discourse on failure in academia. In doing so, this article advocates for the need to revisit failures simply for what they are, without necessarily demanding and/or (self) expecting that we recast them as stepping stones towards success. By challenging the neo-liberal desire to re-present failures in a productive light, I argue we can make greater room for more supportive discussions around failures without committing ourselves to the task of having to find triumph in (every) adversity. 相似文献
10.
Aidan Mosselson 《Urban geography》2019,40(1):16-36
This paper examines the tactics, underpinning logics and forms of legitimacy through which urban security is produced and maintained in a volatile urban environment. I argue that urban security relies on subtle, mundane practices, in addition to the use of force. Drawing on original empirical research carried out in inner-city Johannesburg, the article makes a novel contribution by combining literature from policing and security studies with work on gentrification, ambient power and the privatization of public space. Overall, the article aims to emphasize the ways in which social and spatial realities shape security and policing practices, and broaden our understanding of the rationales, logics and meanings of urban security, particularly in volatile, conflictual urban spaces (mostly, but not exclusively) in the Global South. 相似文献
11.
Therese Kenna 《The Australian geographer》2010,41(4):431-446
Part of a broader trend towards all-inclusive master planned developments, gated residential estates are an intensely private form of residential development with a degree of securitisation. Gated residential estates have been the topic of intense debate in urban planning and policy circles and the target of fierce criticism for potential exclusionary outcomes as fearful residents lock themselves away from the ills of wider urban society. Crime, a fear of crime and the need for security dominate discussions and understandings of gated residential developments in Australia without much empirical validation. This paper poses two key research questions: does fear of crime and need for increased security drive residents towards gated estates; and what are the lived experiences of security, gates and crime once residing within a gated estate? Based on in-depth research in Macquarie Links (one of Sydney's largest gated estates) this paper offers insights into the lived dimensions of gated estates. The paper explores the attractions and realities of security services and infrastructure, private control over the residential environment and the importance placed by the residents on the ability to protect the nature of their neighbourhood and to protect themselves from any ‘unwanted’ activities or groups. The discussion in this paper demonstrates that for the residents in the study, residing in a secure residential neighbourhood is less about the role and place of physical security and security services, and more to do with protection afforded by the private governance structure of the neighbourhood. 相似文献
12.
Mainstream,Inclusionary, and Convivial Places: Locating Encounters Between People with and Without Intellectual Disabilities 
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下载免费PDF全文 Convivial encounters, where strangers experience temporary shared identification with each other, are valorised in recent literature for their transformative potential. For people with intellectual disabilities, encounters with strangers are an important aspect of social inclusion, and opportunities to become recognised and known within their communities. This paper considers the question of what places are most conducive for convivial encounters between people with and without disabilities. The paper draws on findings from a study conducted in the State of Victoria, Australia, that involved ethnographic observations of encounters between people with and without intellectual disabilities, as well as a survey and face‐to‐face interviews with people with intellectual disabilities, their support workers and neighbours. The discussion is framed around two broad categories of place, mainstream and specialist, which have the potential to be inclusive and convivial. 相似文献
13.
Tariq Jazeel 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2007,28(3):287-299
This paper responds to recent postcolonial geographical scholarship that sets forth transformative agendas in order to create more cosmopolitan theoretical projects within the discipline. For many geographers the challenges they face are located within not only their own disciplinary parameters, but also those of other specific research communities within which their work situates them. By bringing geography and area studies into productive conversation, this paper explores the tensions between negotiating one's academic voice, position and responsibility within geography as well as within a specific area studies community. More specifically, as a UK-based geographer I reflect on some of my own fairly unremarkable, yet extremely awkward, encounters during the course of scholarly praxis in Sri Lanka in order to raise questions over the spatialities of responsibility and political engagement in such academic praxis. I seek to theorize the chasms that open in such awkward encounters between notionally situated 'local' and 'foreign' scholars respectively and, in particular, develop ways of engaging and reorienting those chasms in ways that might enable the production of theoretically rich, yet richly contextualized postcolonial knowledges committed to the site of one's scholarly praxis – not just to the advancement of a more cosmopolitan theoretical project within geography. 相似文献
14.
在耕地总面积持续减少的背景下,提高土地生产率无疑是保障中国粮食安全的长期出路,而要提高土地生产率则需要科学地认识土地生产率的时空差异及其演变规律。本文选取作为中国粮食主产区之一的河北省为研究区域,以省内136个县（市）为基本空间单元,分析当前区域土地生产率的空间差异,并运用偏相关分析和主成分分析的方法探讨这一差异的主要影响因素。研究结果表明,当前区域土地生产率的空间差异不是由单一影响因素决定,而是受到地形条件和生产要素投入等自然因素和社会经济因素共同作用的结果,并且不同土地生产率水平地区内的主导影响因素明显不同,从而为如何提高区域土地生产率提供了科学依据。 相似文献
15.
Juanita Sundberg 《Geographical review》1998,88(3):388-412
ABSTRACT. Political dimensions of conservation abound. The biosphere-reserve model, however, depoliticizes the landscape by neglecting politics as a shaper of ecologies. To illustrate this process of depoliticization, I examine discourses about environmental degradation, power structures engaged in implementing conservation measures, and emerging landscapes in the Maya Biosphere Reserve. Conservationist discourses hold migrant farmers responsible for deforestation and land degradation in the Petén, to the neglect of wider socioeconomic conditions that perpetuate poverty in Guatemala. Sociospatial consequences include misdirected projects and landscapes that reflect the goals of nongovernmental organizations, not local people's needs and aspirations. 相似文献
16.
利用北京社会调查、法律文书、兴趣点、路网、定位数据,发现盗窃及暴力犯罪密度对犯罪恐惧感并无显著关联或影响偏弱,犯罪活动与犯罪恐惧感存在“匹配且具高安全性”“匹配且具高危险性”“不匹配且比主观感知更危险”“不匹配且比主观感知更安全”等类型。脆弱人群更易高估安全风险;防卫空间及街道眼理论分别适用于解释客观犯罪和主观感知,高密度、混合型、密路网的可渗透环境容易产生比主观感知更危险的情形;物理与社会失序、居住不稳定性会产生比主观感知更安全的情形;高人员流动性及高地位社区的居民则易低估安全风险;出入管控和环境维护能起到减犯罪、降恐惧的双重作用。 相似文献
17.
基于多源数据的乡村功能空间特征及其权衡协同关系度量 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本研究基于土地利用、兴趣点、社会经济统计等数据,从乡镇尺度揭示了北京生态涵养区经济发展、农产品生产、社会保障、生态服务、旅游休闲以及综合功能的空间特征,并运用Spearman秩相关分析、生产可能性边界（PPF）、权衡强度指数等定量探讨了多功能间的权衡-协同关系及其权衡程度。结果表明：① 经济发展、社会保障和休闲旅游功能的空间格局相似;生态服务功能与经济发展、社会保障和农产品生产功能的空间格局基本相逆。② 经济发展与农产品生产/社会保障功能为显著协同关系;经济发展/农产品生产/社会保障与生态服务功能为显著权衡关系。③ 按照“‘权衡强度越小,功能间共生发展’‘权衡强度越大,最多发展一种功能’”的思路,以追求乡村功能组合的综合效益最大化为目标,将生态涵养区划分为I（4种功能共生）、II（3种功能共生）、III（2种功能共生）和IV（单一功能发展）4种类型区。研究结果将为区域乡村振兴规划编制提供参考,为乡村功能协同发展路径设计提供技术支撑。 相似文献
18.
青藏高原城镇化发展的特殊思路与绿色发展路径 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
青藏高原城镇化肩负着捍卫国家安全屏障与护卫国家生态安全屏障及“亚洲水塔”的特殊使命,对守护好世界上最后一方净土、确保“地球第三极”同全国一道基本实现现代化、让青藏高原各族人民生活更幸福、使青藏高原生态安全屏障更牢固、使国家安全屏障更坚固都发挥着不可替代的重要作用。本文详细论述了青藏高原新型城镇化与内地截然不同的特殊驱动过程、特殊发展道路、特殊发展目标、特殊发展格局、绿色发展模式与路径,认为青藏高原城镇化是一个在高寒缺氧环境下,由单一投资拉动、游客带动、服务驱动、对口支援等特殊驱动形成的低度开发型、文化传承型、守土固边型、护卫水塔型、小聚大散型、社会包容型、生态富民型城镇化过程。未来发展思路是：以守土固边为先导,保障国家安全,快稳有度,确保边境和农村地区有足量人口,到2035年高原常住人口将达到1600万人,城镇化率宜为52.5%左右,将长期稳定在城镇化发展的中期阶段,全面提升城镇化发展质量;以绿色发展为主导,不断提高生态产品和生态服务能力及水平,突出特色,彰显民风,弘扬文化,住在镇里,牧在乡里,就近就地镇民化,建设高原美丽城市与城镇;以小聚大散为布局原则,聚散有度,在散聚中形成由“三圈四带多节点”构成“星星点灯”式固边型城镇空间格局,突出“三圈”（西宁都市圈、拉萨城市圈和柴达木城镇圈）、“四带”（青藏铁路沿线城镇带、川藏铁路沿线城镇带、唐蕃古道沿线城镇带、边境地区固边城镇带）和“多节点”（多个重要城市节点和重要固边城镇）的集聚效应;以通道建设为保障,超前建设青藏高铁等基础设施,筑牢国家安全保障线,加快引进“新基建”上高原,建设高原智慧城市;加快边境城市土地制度改革,建设边境土地改革试验特区,以国土安全为重,在国家重大战略布局和国土空间规划中优先考虑边境城市。 相似文献
19.
Linda Malam 《The Australian geographer》2004,35(2):177-183
In this paper, I reflect on the impact that my embodiment and the sexed subject positions that I took up at various moments in the field had on my research on cross-cultural sexual encounters between Thai men and tourist women. I explore the negotiation of sexed subjectivity and positionality and the implications that these negotiations had for research ethics in the project. The issue of research ethics is bound up in the conceptualisation of power relationships between researcher and researched. Here I argue that power is not necessarily already distributed between researcher and researched; rather, that power can shift in different contexts. 相似文献
20.
Michael J.G. Parnwell 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1998,19(2):212-231
This paper seeks to articulate recent debates on globalisation and critical security with the process and local impact of international tourism development in Thailand and Myanmar (Burma). It argues that, although tourism is an important manifestation of the globalisation phenomenon, its impact on host societies is very much dependent upon the influence of local institutions and actors. Hence, the enquiry will focus principally upon the "global-local interface". The impact of tourism is viewed within the "new security" framework which involves broadening the notion of security beyond its traditional focus on military issues and inter-state relations into such realms as economic, environmental and societal security with a strong emphasis on sub-national situations. Using empirical examples of forced labour and human rights in Myanmar, the HIV/AIDS crisis and societal insecurity in Thailand and Myanmar, and the environmental impact of golf tourism in Thailand and elsewhere, the paper attempts to show how the perceived macro-level benefits of active tourism promotion are frequently traded off against significant, and occasionally severe, negative local security impacts. How such a situation occurs will be the principal focus of this investigation. 相似文献