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1.
Mountain Protection Forests against Natural Hazards and Risks: New French Developments by Integrating Forests in Risk Zoning 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Forests can play a very significant role in protection against natural hazards and risks in mountain lands, especially against erosion and rockfalls. This paper first assesses knowledge concerning the capacity of forests to control natural hazards, with emphasis placed on forest location in catchments or slopes. Zoning aspects are then presented; based on the use of GIS, they allow determining priorities for forestry operations (cuts and biological engineering), in view to setting up an 'optimal management' of mountain forest ecosystems. Finally, an explanation is given of how the results of research are used for the management and planning of mountain ecosystems, illustrated by an example of researcher-practitioner transfer in France. Zoning, prevention, display and regular aspects are developed. On the basis of the experience and knowledge presented here, recommendations are proposed to better take into account the role of mountain forests in the control of natural hazards and risks. It is necessary to have an adapted legislative and economic framework, define priority forest intervention zones and determine an adapted sylviculture. 相似文献
2.
Cindy Q. Tang 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2010,4(1):22-32
This paper integrates studies on the natural subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLFs) and secondary succession
of the forests and plantations in Yunnan, to provide a basis for evaluating the sustainability of the forests in the mountain
ecosystems of Yunnan, China. The EBLFs include mid-montane moist, monsoon, and semi-humid categories. The monsoon EBLF yielded
the highest indices of the Shannon-Wiener H, Equitability J, Simpson D and Fisher’s alpha, followed by the mid-montane moist
EBLF, then by the semi-humid forest. Since human uses have varied widely, the plant communities ranged from pioneer deciduous
broad-leaved and/or pioneer coniferous stands to late-successional evergreen broad-leaved stands. The secondary succession
pathways were from pioneer deciduous stands of Alnus accompanied by stands of pioneer coniferous Pinus and Keteleeria, through broad-leaved and coniferous mixed stands, to late-successional evergreen broad-leaved forests of Cyclobalanopsis and Castanopsis. In Yunnan, the EBLF is commonly replaced by plantations of exotic fast-growing Eucalyptus to produce industrial wood, oil, pulp and fuel. The result has been reduced plant diversity, and great loss of soil nutrients
by erosion and runoff, as compared to the EBLF. Seventy-six plant species in the area have been ranked as critically endangered,
endangered, or vulnerable. Their condition is seen as largely attributable to habitat loss or degradation. A clear understanding
of ecological features and succession pathways of the EBLF can lead to more effective conservation and management of these
fragile forests and the mountain ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
岩溶山区土壤耕作侵蚀研究——以重庆市中梁山为例 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
在岩溶山区采用示踪法证实了锄耕会引起耕作侵蚀。实验结果表明: 岩溶山区单次耕作土壤的最大位移距离为1m 左右;土壤平均位移距离0. 2053～0. 2982m,土壤位移量为42. 364～ 61. 534kg /m;耕作侵蚀速率为141. 21～ 205. 11t /hm2 ,平均侵蚀速率为162. 85t /hm2 ;它们都受坡度的影响,而且在相同坡体长度下,都随地块坡度的增加而递增。地块面积较小、坡体较短,地块破碎是岩溶山区土壤耕作侵蚀严重的重要原因。本文还结合岩溶山区特殊的自然环境条件,提出了加强岩溶山区土壤耕作侵蚀研究的必要性和重要意义。 相似文献
4.
黑河流域山区植被生态水文功能的研究 总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16
依据土壤-植被-大气系统的结构特性,从林冠层、苔藓-枯枝落叶层、土壤层剖面结构分析了黑河流域山区水源涵养林在水文过程中的作用.观测试验表明,林冠截留大气降水的32.7%,使到达林地的水分相对减少而养分增加,而林冠遮荫使林内土壤蒸发仅为林外草地的34.2%.苔藓-枯枝落叶层疏松多孔,最大持水量可达12.5mm水层深,加上表层较高的体积含水量和较小的水分变差系数,使其在涵蓄一部分大气降水的同时具有良好的保水性能.林地土壤具有良好的渗透性和涵蓄大气降水的能力,从而减少了地表径流量.森林的蒸散发使林区空气湿度高于周边地区17%,形成山区独特的森林小气候,从而进一步影响着山区的水文过程. 相似文献
5.
宇宙成因核素~(10)Be揭示的北祁连山侵蚀速率特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山脉侵蚀速率的大小和时空分布信息是研究山脉构造—气候相互作用和地貌演化的关键切入点,其大小是受气候还是构造控制争论已久。宇宙成因核素10Be方法为从千年至万年尺度上定量研究流域平均侵蚀速率提供了一种先进和快捷的技术手段,为揭示侵蚀速率与现代气候和构造地貌因子的关系并进行相关分析提供了基础。利用该方法对北祁连山近现代侵蚀速率进行了研究。所采集的9个流域现代河沙样品,结合前人数据进行共同分析,结果显示该区侵蚀速率的变化范围为18.7~833 mm/ka,北祁连山中段的侵蚀速率约为323 mm/ka,该区侵蚀速率与降雨量没有明显的对应关系,但与流域平均坡度呈现很好的非线性关系,揭示坡度是该区侵蚀速率的最主要控制因素。通过对比北祁连山地表平均侵蚀速率和该区域的断层垂直滑动速率发现整体上该区域地表侵蚀速率要低于祁连山北缘断层的垂直滑动速率,反映了北祁连山正处于地形抬升和生长的过程之中。 相似文献
6.
喀斯特和岩溶科学术语源于欧洲和中国对同一客观实体（碳酸盐岩地形）的认知历史和差异性定位。中国岩溶研究从聚焦岩溶系统溶蚀动力的解构性工程属性和资源利用研究转向全面融合岩溶动力、岩溶生物地球化学、岩溶生态系统生产力的岩溶系统建构属性研究。在服务社会经济发展需要中,中国岩溶研究发现和深化了岩溶系统“解构”和“建构”的矛盾运动机制,而人类活动影响着这对矛盾运动的时空尺度和效应,并将其转化为包括岩溶石漠化治理的区域资源环境管理和可持续发展的理论和技术。深度研究控制小流域岩溶生态系统解构的侵蚀基准面自然演化与人为影响的规律和制约岩溶生态系统建构的植被演替（生物群落生产力提高）间的矛盾对立运动规律,将有助于岩溶山水田林湖草生态共同体建设,服务可持续发展和应对全球变化。 相似文献
7.
River networks in mountain ranges owe their existence to the competing effects of tectonic uplift and climate-controlled erosion. However, paradoxically, the universal geometric properties of river networks are independent of both tectonics and climate. Currently, this paradox has still not been resolved. Here we propose a solution that consists in considering that the geometry of river networks is established on the lowland margins of incipient uplifts, and is quenched into the erosion zone as the mountain belts widen with time. In our model, the geometry of river networks simply reflects the downward coalescence of alluvial rivers on un-dissected surfaces outside of mountain belts, and is therefore independent of erosion processes. To cite this article: S. Castelltort, G. Simpson, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
8.
C. G. A. Harrison 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(2):431-447
The first objective of this work was to obtain values for the rates at which continental erosion can smooth out or remove the topographic expression produced by orogeny. The dominant part is played by mechanical erosion, which acts most strongly in regions of large topographic expression. Chemical erosion depends strongly on precipitation or runoff in individual river drainage basins, but because most continents have very similar average rainfall, chemical erosion is fairly uniform for continental sized areas, and will succeed in planing down all continents to a level peneplain if given enough time. The exception to this rule is Australia, which has a very low chemical erosion rate because of its dryness. The time constants for mechanical and chemical erosion so obtained vary between about 30 and 300 My depending on the continent and the assumptions made. Mountain building occurs throughout the geological time-scale, but at a non-uniform rate. Although there will not be a balance between erosion and mountain building over a short time-scale, due to the non-uniform rate of mountain building, the long-term situation must be that the two phenomena should balance out. It is shown that the freeboard of continents will respond to the long-term balance between mountain building and erosion. An expression has been derived for the average continental elevation in which the rate of mountain building depends on the rate of radiogenic heat production within the earth. It is shown that relatively small changes in average elevation above sea level of a few hundred metres are predicted to have occurred since the beginning of the Proterozoic. As mountain building is predicted to decrease on average with time, because of the reduction in internal heat generation, and as erosion is dependent on the average elevation, this average elevation will decrease slowly through time, the opposite of what some workers have predicted. A more complicated model of mountain building is then investigated, in which one component of mountain building has a sinusoidal signal. The oscillations in average elevation depend on the period of the sinusoid, being smaller for shorter periods. Finally, an average continental elevation is derived using a list of real orogenic events. Although this list of orogenies is incomplete, there is some indication that the actual continental elevation as seen in the flooding history of the continents is similar to that derived in this paper. 相似文献
9.
贵州思南石林目前正建设成为思南乌江喀斯特国家地质公园长坝石林景区。本文通过石林的形态特征对比研究及区域地质环境的调查,分析了石林的景观资源特征,并探讨了石林的形成条件和发育演化过程,结果表明:（1）思南石林属溶洼边坡型石林,石林形态多样、个体高大且象形景观众多,加之石林生态环境良好,风光秀美,具有较高的观赏、科研和科普及开发价值。（2）思南石林以质纯层厚的下二叠统深色泥晶灰岩为主,并处于南东-北西构造应力带上,利于较高大石林的形成和保存;地貌上,石林发育在喀斯特单面山与溶蚀洼地之间的斜坡上,不同地貌部位的水动力条件导致石林形态和分布的差异;气候上,思南地区自新第三纪以来以热带、亚热带温湿气候为主,为石林的形成提供了充足的外营力条件;此外,来自碎屑岩区的外源水侵蚀和下伏碎屑岩的隔水顶托作用为大面积石林的形成提供了很好的水环境条件。（3）石林形成过程可归纳为海侵沉积、抬升剥蚀、构造变形、土下溶蚀和地表塑造5个阶段;其中地表塑造阶段是石林的成景时期,依据有关侵蚀数据计算得出石林成景时代约为30.04~45.06 ka,即晚更新世中晚期。 相似文献
10.
Anjan Patel 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(6):1631-1639
Mountain erosion mapping is one of the important aspects for monitoring environmental degradation. Global climate change coupled with human activities is eroding the mountain regions of the world at an alarming rate. The various types of erosion can be classified as water erosion, aeolian erosion, glaciered erosion, gravity erosion and man-made erosion. Tectonic activity also plays a major role towards mountain erosion. Soil erosion along with debris flow and rock falling not only causes loss of human life and property, but also affects the climatic condition of the mountain regions. Mountain erosion mitigation and protection methods include wire mesh fencing with inclusion of brush layers and brush mats on fascines, constructing check dams and slope benches and application of bioengineering works such as plantation and vegetation growth. This study consists of the global scenario with some of the state-of-the-art methods for mitigation and mappings of mountain erosion. The erosion in mountainous regions can be controlled with the help of suitable vegetation and plant growth, with installation of special bioengineered materials. However, public awareness is also considered as an important factor. Moreover, it is found that mapping the rate of erosion greatly helps to make proper action plan against the erosion process. 相似文献
11.
Nigel J. R. Allan Dr. 《GeoJournal》1992,27(1):5-11
The celebrated 1972 Stockholm environmental conference focused attention on the condition of the world's environment. A twenty year retrospective summary is provided by the introduction and specialty papers on all facets of mountain society and habitat relationships. Theories, models and paradigms that guided mountain research are critically examined. Specific attention is given to the application of the ecology paradigm. Contemporary discoveries and developments about resource management in mountains are elucidated. Assessments of the mountain environment, including wildlife habitat, tourism and recreation, forests, hazards, deforestation, food plant biodiversity, risk and hazard, are provided by the specialty articles. These papers were prepared for the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. 相似文献
12.
Acta Geochimica - To quantify water erosion rates and annual soil loss in mountainous areas, two different empirical models were used to estimate the effects of soil erosion in a small mountain... 相似文献
13.
山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体,山水林田湖草的系统治理观是水土流失治理与生态修复的重要指导思想。水土流失的发生、发展和变化是一个复杂的系统,有其自身规律,水土保持是一门多学科交叉学科,有其科学性与不可替代性,防治水土流失应坚持系统思维,整体施策,系统和综合是水土保持学科建立和事业发展的生命力所在。水土流失在中国广泛分布并长期存在,而且治理程度及年治理进度较低,极不适应生态文明时代人民对美好生活的需求。要充分发挥大自然的自我修复能力,辅助于重点治理,以小促大,大面积、快速恢复植被,降低水土流失强度。将水资源保护、水环境整治、面源污染防治、农村污水及垃圾处理、村容村貌人居环境整治等融为一体,以系统治理观大力推进生态清洁小流域建设。采取系统、全面的措施,重视山地经果林开发土地的水土流失治理与生态保护。对工业化、城镇化、农业现代化过程中的人为扰动破坏区,全过程、全方位落实水土保持措施,促进经济社会的高质量发展。 相似文献
14.
地表剥蚀、下地壳流变与造山作用研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩石圈的流变特性研究已经成为固体地球科学研究中的重要领域,是地球科学新理论、新观点的重要渊源。最近的研究表明,下地壳普遍存在的韧性流是造山作用的重要制约因素。在下地壳物质层流变作用机制的调节下,地表剥蚀作用并不仅仅是传统意义上地表夷平的因素,它还能打破地壳动力学和热力学平衡,引起地壳内物质和结构的重置,进而促成山脉的加剧隆升;地表剥蚀作用的强度既受控于造山带的抬升,也受制于地球外圈层(大气圈、水圈、生物圈)。以天山山脉和喜马拉雅山山脉的隆起、喜马拉雅山山脉的变质作用以及相关的构造活动为例,说明在造山过程中,尽管传统意义上的造山作用与地球内部动力过程,即构造作用有密切联系,但是与构造运动的时空尺度不同,地表剥蚀作用也能够在相对较小的时空尺度内,通过影响和控制造山带下地壳的韧性流动,成为地壳抬升和造山带构造演化的重要动力因素。对地壳的流变特性和变质变形研究是当前地球系统科学研究的一个重要切入点。 相似文献
15.
Pandi Zdruli Christos G. Karydas Klarent Dedaj Ilir Salillari Florjana Cela Sherif Lushaj Panos Panagos 《Earth Science Informatics》2016,9(4):481-495
Some recent land use changes in Albania, such as deforestation, cropland abandonment, and urban sprawl, have caused serious increase of erosion risk. The main objective of this study was to map erosion risk in Korçe region and assess the degree at which every land use is concerned. The G2 erosion model was applied, which can provide erosion maps and statistical figures at month-time intervals using input from free European and global geodatabases. The mapping results in Korçe region were derived at a 30-m cell size, which is an innovation for G2. Autumn-winter months were found to be the most erosive, with average erosion rates reaching the maximum in November and December, i.e. 2.62 and 2.36 t/ha, respectively, while the annual rate was estimated at 10.25 t/ha/yr. Natural grasslands, shurblands, mixed forests, and vineyards showed to exhibit the highest mean erosion rates, while shrublands, broad-leaved forests and natural grasslands were found to be the most extended land covers risky for non-sustainable erosion rates (i.e. >10 t/ha/yr). A detailed examination of the detected hot spots is now necessary by the competent authorities, in order to apply appropriate, site-specific conservation measures. Notably, use of SPOT VGT data did not prevent the maps from having extended gaps due to cloudiness. Sentinel-2 time series, freely available by the European Space Agency (ESA), have the potential to improve spatiotemporal coverage of V-factor, thus further empowering the G2 model, in the near future. 相似文献
16.
黄山在印支-早燕山陆内造山之后,由于岩石圈的加厚,重力失稳,燕山晚期(早白垩世中晚期)发生岩石圈拆沉、岩石圈减薄,软流圈上涌,后造山伸展发育,地表浅部伸展、断陷盆地发育。早白垩世中期主要发育中酸性的岩浆活动;规模较小,多呈近东西向展布;早白垩世晚期,由于拆沉作用的加强,大规模的岩浆活动发育,以酸性花岗岩为主,规模大,多为岩基状,同时地表浅部断陷盆地内火山喷溢活动发育。区域构造应力场研究成果表明:发育于燕山晚期-早喜马拉雅期的伸展作用所计算的应力场特征则明显的表现为NW-SE的伸展,应力场主要表现为σ1NW-SE的伸展,σ2和σ3近于水平,为典型的伸展应力场;喜马拉雅运动使黄山不断抬升,同时经受风化剥蚀,在第四纪期间,新构造运动使黄山地区发生三次幅度不等的抬升,尤其是距今约200万年的更新世初期,影响了黄山山体更为急剧的上升和沿节理或断裂发育的沟谷强烈侵蚀下切,形成了高逾千米、翘首云天的花岗岩峰林。 相似文献
17.
18.
玉龙雪山位于青藏高原东南缘,它以其独特的地貌特征而引人关注。其顶部为一古残留面,在30×20km2范围内海拔>5000m的山峰达18座,高出其周围地区平均海拔近1000m。在分析该区地质地貌特征基础上,我们根据岩石圈弹性挠曲地壳均衡理论,以较保守的残留面海拔4250m为当时金沙江下切玉龙雪山的基准面,结果表明:由于虎跳峡中大规模物质剥蚀而引起玉龙雪山地壳均衡反弹,导致山体隆升了468m,这完全是侵蚀作用对于玉龙雪山隆升的贡献。而玉龙雪山与周围地区的剩余地势高差,主要由正断层等构造作用造成。因此,玉龙雪山的隆升是侵蚀与构造作用共同控制的结果。该区最大量地壳均衡反弹的触发机制是5.02.5M a期间玉龙雪山东西两侧正断层的发生。另一方面,作为玉龙雪山的南东延伸部分——点苍山（4122m）在5.02.5M a同样也发生了构造伸展,但是没有遭受大规模的河流侵蚀作用,因此其海拔相对要低很多。这进一步说明地壳均衡反弹导致了玉龙雪山隆升,并加大了玉龙雪山与点苍山在原有基础上的地势高差。 相似文献
19.
Muzamil Ahmad Rather J Satish Kumar Majid Farooq Humayan Rashid 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(3):59
Soil erosion, a serious environmental problem, is a global challenge. Once a portion of a fertile soil is lost, it is very difficult to replace it, and this leads to decrease in crop production, damage to drainage networks, and siltation of dams and reservoirs. Human practices like intensive agriculture, overgrazing, and deforestation have intensified the rate of soil erosion all over the world. The Jhelum basin which forms the north-western part of the complex mountain system Himalayas is not only highly vulnerable to natural hazards like earthquakes, landslides, and floods but is also highly susceptible to soil erosion. There is an immediate need to device strategies to reduce adverse impacts of soil erosion and to conserve natural resources like soil, water, and forests by means of proper watershed management programs in the Himalayan region. The present study is carried out for eight upper watersheds of Jhelum basin, an area which are facing serious issues like boulder extraction, deforestation, and unplanned urbanization. The present work demonstrates the use of morphometry, land use, and slope coupled with the multicriteria analytical (MCA) framework to estimate the soil erosion susceptibility of these watersheds using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques. The present study revealed that out of eight upper watersheds, Arapal, Lidder, and Bringi fall in high priority and need immediate attention and measures to reduce soil erosion in the area. Sandran, Rembiara, and Romshii fall in medium priority. Kuthar and Vishav fall in the low-priority category and are least susceptible to soil erosion. 相似文献