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1.
Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
2.
Zhang Zonghu 《GeoJournal》1991,24(2):195-200
The soil erosion processes in the Loess Plateau may be divided into three types: namely, waterflow erosion; gravitational erosion; wind erosion. The waterflow erosion is most widely distributed and is the main erosion action in the Loess Plateau. The main factors dominating the occurrence and development of the soil erosion in the Loess Plateau are: 1. rainfall; 2. topography; 3. vegetation; 4. soil character. The energy of erosion action depends upon the rainfall and topography, but erodiblity depends upon the vegetation and soil properties. The degree of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau changes with variations of interaction of erosion and anti-erosion measures. 相似文献
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Comprehensive analysis of relationship between vegetation attributes and soil erosion on hillslopes in the Loess Plateau of China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In soil and water conservation research, vegetation is considered to be a primary factor affecting soil erosion. Many studies focus on the relationship between soil erosion and a given attribute of vegetation. Few studies have attempted a comprehensive analysis of vegetation attributes. Thus, the aim of this study is to explain the relationship between vegetation and soil erosion in detail. We studied 104 vegetation plots and 104 soil samples in the Yangjuangou catchment, Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, China. According to a correlation analysis of the vegetation attributes and soil 137Cs inventories, vegetation cover exerts a positive effect on soil erosion. In addition, vegetation aggregation increases with increasing soil loss. During this period of study, plant diversity can have different relationships with soil erosion according to the vegetation pattern. When vegetation distribution is relatively homogeneous, plant cover decreases with increasing diversity, and the soil loss increases. When vegetation pattern distributes between homogeneous and heterogeneous, the relationship between vegetation diversity and soil erosion is not obvious. When vegetation distribution is in a heterogeneous pattern, cover increases with increasing diversity, and soil loss decreases. 相似文献
4.
Frequent occurrence of landslides in the Chinese Loess Plateau has been influenced by the changes of water conditions. This paper, based on in-situ water scouring experiments under various slope gradients, cross-sectional discharge shapes and flow quantities, analyzed the rill flow information characteristics on a loess slope and its driving factors for anti-scourability of the loess stratum. The results show that the critical erosion slope gradient for the loess stratum (Q3) is about 24° and the mean erosion rate under half-round cross-sectional discharge is smaller than that under rectangular discharge. The relationship between flow quantity and mean erosion rate is linear and is positively correlated. Mechanical subsurface erosion was the primary condition responsible for water scouring on loess slopes because of stronger runoff channels such as vertical joints and large amounts of macro void caused by plants and animals. Loess anti-scourability is a significant issue to advance the research for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China. 相似文献
5.
黄土高原近两千年来土地利用和环境的变迁 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在220～1368A.D.期间内累计有859年,全部黄土高原在非汉族的管辖之下;而其余289年,该地区的某些部分依然被非汉族所控制。非汉族进入黄土高原以后,土壤侵蚀速度随放牧地的扩张而减小。在隋朝和唐朝期间(581～907A.D.),黄土高原的生态环境较当今温暖湿润,植被更为繁茂,林地约占整个黄土高原面积的25%。在明朝和清朝期间(1368～1911A.D.),黄土高原的大部分森林被破坏,土壤侵蚀速度随自然植被损毁而增大 相似文献
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黄土高原土壤侵蚀(水蚀)多尺度过程与水土保持研究进展 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
从产生土壤侵蚀机理出发, 分别阐述了黄土高原地区的坡面、 沟谷、 小流域、 流域尺度上的土壤侵蚀(水蚀)研究现状与取得的进展.结合平凉城南侧泾河一级支沟的纸坊沟小流域治理实践和调查, 总结黄土高原地区水土流失治理和水保措施实施的经验及其存在的不足. 建议未来的研究向着"规划性"、 "综合性"、 "量化尺度性"、 "弱化尺度性"模型的研究方向发展, 这对提高地区水土保持质量、 改善水土流失治理现状、 实现水保效益最大化目标具有重要意义. 相似文献
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黄土高原地区的土壤侵蚀具有水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀相伴发生的特点,在大多数针对黄土高原的侵蚀模型研究中未考虑重力侵蚀的影响,使得模型的模拟精度较差。针对黄土高原的侵蚀特点,采用量化影响重力侵蚀发生的主要因素,确定重力侵蚀发生的具体沟道栅格单元的方法,从而考虑了重力侵蚀对产输沙过程的影响。所建立的分布式土壤侵蚀模型以逐网格汇流的水文模型为基础,采用逐网格侵蚀输沙的模拟方式,能够模拟上方来水来沙对侵蚀输沙的影响。经小理河流域实测资料验证,模型具有一定的计算精度。 相似文献
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土壤水分是黄土高原关键带水循环、地下水补给和植被恢复的关键因素。为揭示黄土高原关键带黄土整个剖面的土壤水分空间变化特征,通过土芯钻探的方式获取了黄土高原关键带5个典型样点（杨凌、长武、富县、安塞和神木）从地表到基岩的土壤水分样品,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法分析了剖面土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及空间结构。结果表明:黄土高原关键带剖面土壤水分从南往北,土壤平均含水量由高变低;5个样点的土壤水分均为中等变异,随着深度由40 m增加到200 m,土壤水分变异性变弱,且样点之间的土壤含水量差异降低;地统计学分析表明样点的半方差函数能被理论模型较好地拟合（杨凌除外）,指数模型能够描述大部分样点深剖面的空间变异结构。相关结果有助于了解黄土高原深层土壤水分状况及分布规律,对于黄土高原土壤水资源估算和区域植被恢复具有重要价值。 相似文献
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Evaluation of soil loss change after Grain for Green Project in the Loss Plateau: a case study of Yulin,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Soil erosion is one of the serious and urgent issues in the Loss Plateau of China. Chinese government has implemented Grain for Green Project to restore the ecological environment since 1999. In order to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of erosion and sediment yield before and after Grain for Green Project in the Loss Plateau, annual soil loss of Yulin from 2000 to 2013 is estimated by Chinese Water Erosion on Hillslope Prediction Model in conjunction with Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. This model has the characteristics of a simple algorithm and can be applied to predict erosion in the Loss Plateau. The result shows that vegetation cover increased significantly after Grain for Green Project, and the annual average value of NDVI increased from 0.20 to 0.33. The spatiotemporal variations of soil erosion are largely related to rainfall erosion distribution, slope, and land use type. The overall soil erosion categories in the south region are higher than those of the northwest. Mid slopes and valleys are the major topographic contributors to soil erosion. With the growth of slope gradient, soil erosion significantly increased. The soil loss has a decreasing tendency after Grain for Green Project. Although the rainfall of 2002 and 2013 is similar, the soil loss decreased from 5192.86 to 3598.94 t/(km2 a), decreasing by 30.33%. It is also expressed that soil loss appears a reducing trend in the same degree of slope and elevation in 2002, 2007, and 2013. Under the simulation of the maximum and the minimum rainfall, soil erosion amount in 2013 decreased by 29.16 and 30.88%. The study proved that GFG has already achieved conservation of water and soil. The results indicate that the vegetation restoration as part of the Grain for Green Project on the Loss Plateau is effective. 相似文献
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Soil erosion is a serious environmental and production problem in China. In particular, natural conditions and human impact have made the Chinese Loess Plateau particularly prone to intense soil erosion area. To decrease the risk on environmental impacts, there is an increasing demand for sound, and readily applicable techniques for soil conservation planning in this area. This work aims at the assessment of soil erosion and its spatial distribution in hilly Loess Plateau watershed (northwestern China) with a surface area of approximately 416.31 km2. This study was conducted at the Caijiamiao watershed to determine the erosion hazard in the area and target locations for appropriate initiation of conservation measures using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). The erosion factors of RUSLE were collected and processed through a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach. The soil erosion parameters were evaluated in different ways: The R-factor map was developed from the rainfall data, the K-factor map was obtained from the soil map, the C-factor map was generated based on Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image and spectral mixture analysis, and a digital elevation model with a spatial resolution of 25 m was derived from topographic map at the scale of 1:50,000 to develop the LS-factor map. Support practice P factor was from terraces that exist on slopes where crops are grown. By integrating the six-factor maps in GIS through pixel-based computing, the spatial distribution of soil loss in the study area was obtained by the RUSLE model. The results showed that spatial average soil erosion at the watershed was 78.78 ton ha?1 year?1 in 2002 and 70.58 ton ha?1 year?1 in 2010, while the estimated sediment yield was found to be 327.96 × 104 and 293.85 × 104 ton, respectively. Soil erosion is serious, respectively, from 15 to 35 of slope degree, elevation area from 1,126 to 1,395 m, in the particular area of soil and water loss prevention. As far as land use is concerned, soil losses are highest in barren land and those in waste grassland areas are second. The results of the study provide useful information for decision maker and planners to take appropriate land management measures in the area. It thus indicates the RUSLE–GIS model is a useful tool for evaluating and mapping soil erosion quantitatively and spatially at a river watershed scale on a cell basis in Chinese Loess Plateau and for planning of conservation practices. 相似文献
15.
Assessment of the effects of vegetation on soil erosion risk by water: a case of study of the Batta watershed in Tunisia 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Mohamed Kefi Kunihiko Yoshino Yudi Setiawan Khemaies Zayani Mohamed Boufaroua 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(3):707-719
Soil erosion by water is a serious environmental problem which affects particularly the agriculture of developing countries.
Due to specific factors, such as high rainfall intensity, steep slopes and vegetation scarcity, Tunisia is prone to soil erosion.
Taking this into account, the main objective of this study was to estimate the soil erosion risk in the Batta watershed in
Tunisia using qualitative and quantitative erosion model with remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS).
Moreover, a developed method that deals with evaluating the impact of vegetation on soil erosion by water is also applied.
This method used multi-temporal satellite images with seasonal variability and the transformed soil adjusted vegetation index
(TSAVI) which is appropriate in arid and semi-arid areas. For both erosion models, the results show that a large area of the
Batta watershed is seriously affected by erosion. This potentially high risk is due especially to severe slopes, poor vegetation
coverage and high soil erodibility in this watershed. Furthermore, the use of multi-temporal satellite images and vegetation
index show that the effect of vegetation is a significant factor to protect the soil against erosion. The risk is especially
serious in the summer season, but it decreases with the growth of vegetation cover in spring. Erosion model, combined with
a GIS and remote sensing, is an adequate method to evaluate the soil erosion risk by water. The findings can be used by decision
makers as a guideline to plan appropriate strategies for soil and water conservation practices. 相似文献
16.
Gully slope is one of the most active areas of soil erosion in small watershed of the Chinese Loess hilly–gully region. Although its soil erosion has been effectively controlled with the implementation of the “Grain-for-Green Program” in this region, the soil water storage and distribution have been also impacted. In particular, unreasonable revegetation model has aggravated the water shortage, which may in turn threaten the health of ecosystems. However, yet little is known about the effect mechanism of vegetation on soil water in the gully slope. In this study, we examined the relationship between two revegetation modes, including afforestation (i.e. black locust forest) and natural revegetation (i.e. the grassland), and soil water in a depth of 0–120 cm of the gully slope, during the rainy season. The results showed that the effect of the vegetation to the soil water was smaller than that of the precipitation. Furthermore, the response of soil water to the environmental factors was higher in afforestation vegetation due to its lower soil water content, resulting in higher space dependence for soil water, compared to the natural revegetation. The lower soil water content of the black locust forest was mainly caused by its higher recession rate, not its supply. The soil water was deficient for a long time, caused by afforestation, with a shallower formation depth of the dried soil layer and stronger desiccation degree. However, this deficient could not be effectively relieved until in wet year. In comparison with the ridge slope, the effect of vegetation to soil water in gully slope was stronger, with greater water consumption in afforestation vegetation and the higher water storage in natural revegetation. From the aspect of water resources conservation on the water scale, the natural revegetation was the optimal revegetation mode in the gully slope of the loess hilly region.
相似文献17.
根据陇东黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域——南小河沟流域1954—2014年实测降雨产沙资料,应用降雨侵蚀力偏差系数法研究不同土地利用类型及空间尺度下侵蚀产沙的雨量阈值、雨强阈值及复合阈值标准,并通过对比分析确定了最优降雨阈值标准。结果表明:① 对于林地和草地坡面小区,其雨量阈值标准平均值（21.0 mm）较裸地（8.7 mm）和农地（9.7 mm）坡面小区分别提高了141%和116%,植被措施能够显著提高降雨阈值标准。② 杨家沟林地小流域的雨量阈值标准为16.5 mm,低于布设在该流域的林地坡面小区,同时对比董庄沟草地小流域及其坡面和全坡面小区的雨量阈值标准,其大小亦为:草地坡面尺度 > 草地全坡面尺度 > 草地小流域尺度,由此可见,降雨阈值标准会随着空间尺度增大而减小。③ 降雨阈值标准综合评价结果表明,各样点最优降雨阈值标准均为P≥a或I30≥b这一复合因子标准,而在降雨单因子阈值标准中,对于农耕地和裸地坡面小区,宜采用最大30 min雨强（I30）标准;对于经过水土流失治理的下垫面,宜采用雨量（P）标准。该研究可为区域土壤侵蚀预报提供参考。 相似文献
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黄土堆积松散、湿陷性强且极易被侵蚀的特性导致滑坡、泥石流、水土流失等地质灾害在黄土高原频发。为了缓解当今黄土地区土壤侵蚀,减少地质灾害的发生,本文利用聚丙烯酸钠混合剂对甘肃董志塬重塑黄土进行固化改良。通过室内崩解试验、渗透试验、水流冲蚀试验和三轴压缩试验等手段分析了不同配比下固化黄土的特性差异。结果显示,在经聚丙烯酸钠混合剂固化后,土体抗剪切破坏和水稳性能随着配比的提高而增大。当土体经聚丙烯酸钠混合剂浓度为3.5%的试剂固化后,固化效果趋于最佳,相比未加固土抗崩解和抗冲蚀性能均大幅提高,7次干湿循环后崩解率仅为1.15%,土体剪切破坏时的主应力差在100kPa、200kPa、300kPa围压下分别提高25.29%、28.23%、22.48%,渗透系数降低217.41倍。结合三轴试验数据、粒径级配和场发射扫描电镜从微观结构进行现象和机理解释,聚丙烯酸钠混合剂可将土粒包裹黏接,使土体中细小颗粒团聚在一起,从而改变土体粒径级配,促使土体黏聚力及内摩擦角增大,增强土体抗剪切性能,提高土体水稳性。聚丙烯酸钠混合剂对黄土的固化改良效果良好,将为缓解黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀,防灾减灾提供新方法。 相似文献
19.
基于水土保持的流域生态环境需水研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
针对现有生态环境需水量的计算主要基于现状而导致其实用性不足的特点,提出了根据流域或区域对生态环境功能的需求来确定其生态建设规模并计算其生态环境需水量的思想。以位于黄土高原的安塞纸坊沟流域为例,针对该流域以水土流失为首要生态环境问题的特点,在已有的土壤侵蚀与土地利用结构关系研究的基础上,基于水土保持目标确定土地利用结构,进而计算出该流域的生态环境需水量,并对不同土地利用情景以及不同水土保持目标进行了对比分析。研究表明,综合考虑水土保持效益与生态环境用水代价,纸坊沟流域以允许土壤流失量1 000 t/(km2·a)为目标为宜,此时该流域生态环境需水量约为1.77×106 m3,占该流域年降水总量的39.0%。通过与基于生态系统现状的计算结果相比较,说明提出的思想更为合理。 相似文献
20.
为掌握黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分的时空分异特征及其影响因素,在黄土高原布设一条南北方向样带（N=86）,动态监测0~5 m剖面土壤含水率。采用经典统计学方法分析了土壤蓄水量的分布规律、变异特征及影响因素。结果表明:不同土层土壤水分均呈中等程度变异,并由南向北递减,样带0~5 m剖面平均土壤蓄水量为735 mm;随着土层深度的增加,土壤水分在空间上的变异增强,而在时间上的变异减弱,表明深层土壤水分具有较强的时间稳定性特征。干燥度、黏粒、归一化植被指数和坡度是影响区域土壤水分空间分布的主要因素,可作为一定置信水平上预测区域土壤水分空间分布状况的预测变量。 相似文献