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黄土丘陵区堆积体边坡对上方来水的侵蚀响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明上方来水类型对工程堆积体高陡边坡下部冲刷侵蚀的定量影响,以神府高速公路沿线典型工程堆积体陡坡坡面(36°)为例,设计4种上方来水类型,通过野外放水冲刷试验分析了不同上方来水类型下堆积体坡面的径流侵蚀输沙过程.结果表明:①上方来水类型对堆积体坡面下部的产流影响较小,却干扰了坡面侵蚀产沙过程,造成土壤流失量增加;②径流深、单宽径流侵蚀力和水流功率均可以较好地预测堆积体边坡下部输沙模数的变化;③单宽径流侵蚀功率可以作为表征坡面尺度次径流事件中径流侵蚀力变化的指标.研究结果可为工程堆积体土壤侵蚀强度评价、侵蚀模型建立及新增水土流失防治提供参考. 相似文献
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青藏高原水力侵蚀定量研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
青藏高原生态环境脆弱,土壤侵蚀是严重的生态问题.定量监测和评价水力侵蚀是生态建设和水土保持规划的基础.为系统掌握青藏高原水力侵蚀定量研究现状,在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,系统整理了81篇相关文献.发现青藏高原定量评价方法包括基于坡面侵蚀模型、137Cs核素示踪法、径流小区和水文站观测3种类型,但总的来说研究明显不够.坡面侵蚀模型主要有美国修正通用土壤流失方程和中国土壤流失方程2种.基于修正通用土壤流失方程、中国土壤流失方程、137Cs核素示踪法、径流小区监测和水文站观测小流域得到的青藏高原土壤侵蚀模数分别为大于30、1～8、小于10、0～109和2～3 t/(hm2.a).经过分析发现,青藏高原土壤侵蚀定量研究存在4个方面的问题:模型计算中参数的选择存在问题,137Cs核素示踪法方面背景值不确定性太大,径流小区和小流域监测资料奇缺,没有全区评价结果.今后需要加强小区小流域自动化监测、137Cs背景值采样测试和综合评判以及137Cs核素示踪法土壤侵蚀测定.在这两项定量测定的基础上对全青藏高原土壤侵蚀进行定量评价,为水土保持规划和生态文明建设服务. 相似文献
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次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的演变过程和细沟的发生发展过程是土壤侵蚀规律研究中的重点和难点。利用REE示踪法,采取沿坡面垂直分层布设的新的试验方法,通过室内模拟降雨试验,对坡面侵蚀演变过程进行了探索性研究。结果表明:降雨初期坡面侵蚀以面蚀为主,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀加剧;随着降雨时间的延续,累积面蚀量和细沟侵蚀量逐渐增加,但后者的增加速率大于前者,面蚀占总侵蚀量的比率随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减,细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加;试验结束时细沟侵蚀量为面蚀量的2～4倍。本研究为定量区分和研究坡面侵蚀过程中面蚀和细沟侵蚀量,面蚀向细沟侵蚀的转变以及细沟侵蚀发生、发育提供了新的思路和解决途径。 相似文献
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降雨侵蚀力反应降雨引起的土壤侵蚀潜在能力,是水土保持研究中的主要指标之一。以露天煤矿排土场不同覆盖类型边坡为研究对象,分析了日降雨侵蚀力与边坡侵蚀的关系。结果表明,从控制坡面径流深来看,降雨侵蚀力的作用受到了乔灌草和灌草配置的显著影响,其产生的坡面径流仅为对照区的42.9%和52.6%。从控制坡面侵蚀量来看,三种植物配置措施都具有显著减少功能,土壤侵蚀量仅为对照区的2.3%~6.7%。降雨侵蚀力与边坡水土流失量存在线性正相关,其中坡面径流深对降雨侵蚀力的响应快于土壤侵蚀量。 相似文献
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西南喀斯特区土层浅薄、成土速率低等特点决定了其允许土壤流失量小,土壤一旦流失,极难恢复,土壤侵蚀及其造成的石漠化现象已成为制约该区可持续发展最严重的生态环境问题。文章首先明晰西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀特征,从坡面、小流域和区域三个尺度上系统概括西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀的相关研究进展。针对当前喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究野外径流小区、小流域及区域空间尺度数据缺少和相关研究模型限制性强等不足,建议从不同尺度深入研究喀斯特区土壤侵蚀发生发展规律及时空演化格局,并结合高新遥感、地球物理探测技术及模型,同步监测坡面—小流域—区域土壤流失,对土壤侵蚀进行定量评估,结合不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀特征构建系统性水土保持生态恢复治理模式和监测系统评价体系。 相似文献
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土壤侵蚀中的片蚀研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤侵蚀制约着社会、经济、环境的协调发展,危害极大,片蚀是坡面土壤侵蚀过程的第一阶段,又是土壤坡面水蚀过程中分布面积最大且最为复杂和独特的侵蚀类型.研究片蚀过程和机理对于深入揭示坡面水蚀机制,建立区域水蚀模型具有重要意义.归纳总结了国内外现有的片蚀研究现状,包括片蚀动力学过程与机理,雨滴动能、降雨强度、坡度、植被覆盖、土壤类型和地表粗糙度对片蚀的影响,坡面片蚀分离、搬运及其限制性过程,基于不同影响因子的坡面片蚀预测模型等,虽然学者从各个角度定性定量地研究了片蚀对不同影响因子的响应,但是研究仍存在一定的区域限制性,因此可进一步开展相关研究建立具有广泛应用性的片蚀预测模型.研究结果可为我国水土流失综合治理及生态文明建设提供科学依据. 相似文献
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根据农田坡面氮、磷流失的主要过程,建立了基于次降雨事件的坡面氮、磷迁移模型。模型采用改进的Green-Ampt方程和运动波方程计算下渗与坡面流,土壤侵蚀采用修改的欧洲土壤侵蚀模型计算,用考虑了侵蚀影响与扩散作用的迁移模型计算坡面氮、磷迁移过程,采用一维对流扩散方程计算氮、磷在土壤中的迁移过程。利用室内人工降雨资料对模型进行了率定及验证。结果表明,模型可以较好地模拟地表径流中氮、磷浓度,率定期与验证期模型效率系数均在0.89以上。根据坡地氮、磷流失机理,分析了降雨强度与地表坡度对坡面径流中氮、磷浓度的影响。 相似文献
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土壤侵蚀量预报模型研究进展 总被引：38，自引：0，他引：38
土壤侵蚀模型是定量评价水土资源发展动态、指导综合治理规划、评价治理方案和措施的技术工具。根据建模的手段和方法，土壤侵蚀量预报模型有经验模型和物理成因模型两大类。根据建模对象的不同，土壤侵蚀模型又有坡面土壤侵蚀模型和流域土壤侵蚀模型之分。主要从这4个方面入手，介绍了国内外土壤侵蚀量预报模型研究的主要成就，指出了现有模型的不足。在总结前人工作的基础上，提出了我国土壤侵蚀模型今后的发展方向。 相似文献
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崩岗是中国花岗岩地区危害最大的一种土壤侵蚀方式,坡面防护是崩岗侵蚀治理的重要措施。为研究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）技术在花岗岩崩岗侵蚀区冲刷防护中应用的可行性,以福建省崩岗最为发育的安溪县官桥镇花岗岩土质覆盖层为研究对象,进行降雨条件下微生物治理崩岗的模型试验研究。采用喷洒加固法对崩岗坡面进行处理,然后利用降雨模拟系统冲刷坡面,最后分析了MICP加固技术对泥沙产量及坡面侵蚀深度的影响。结果表明：与未加固边坡相比,MICP固化边坡泥沙产量由未加固的7648.43 g下降至266.61 g,较加固之前降低了96.51%;最大侵蚀深度由未加固的60 mm下降至除个别侵蚀坑外边坡表面基本未发生侵蚀。 相似文献
11.
Yu-Jia Chiu Kang-Tsung Chang Yi-Chin Chen Jiunn-Hsing Chao Hong-Yuan Lee 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(1):271-284
The formulation of watershed management strategies to protect water resources threatened by soil erosion and sedimentation requires a thorough understanding of sediment sources and factors that drive soil movement in the watershed. This paper describes a study of medium-term water-driven soil erosion rates in a mountainous watershed of the Shihmen Reservoir in Taiwan. A total of 60 sampling sites were selected along a hillslope. At each sampling site, the inventory 137Cs activity was determined and then calculated with the diffusion and migration model to derive soil erosion rates. The rates are one to two orders of magnitude lower than estimates using the Universal Soil Loss Equation, a soil erosion model often used in Taiwan. Results of multiple regression analysis indicate that the spatial variability of soil erosion rates is associated with the relative position of a sampling site to the nearest ridge and soil bulk densities (r 2 = 0.33, p < 0.01). Finally, the patterns of soil redistribution rates on the hillslope follow the 137Cs hillslope model as soil erosion increases in the downslope direction. No deposition site is found at footslope because soil deposition is swept away by regular flooding along the stream channel. This study is an important first step in using 137Cs as a tracer of soil redistribution in mountainous watersheds of Taiwan. 相似文献
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采用多坡段组合模型、人工模拟降雨实验研究了土壤侵蚀链垂直带水沙流空间分布变化特征。结果表明:愈向下坡方向的坡段产流量愈大,单位面积、单位时间的产流量按坡段排列为:谷坡>梁峁坡下部>梁峁坡中部>梁峁坡上部。雨强为29.7mm/h时,坡面上没有沟蚀发育;雨强为60.5mm/h时,细沟主要分布在梁峁坡下部和谷坡处;雨强为90 2mm/h时,各种侵蚀形态在坡面均有较好发育,细沟的出现部位一直伸展到梁峁坡中部和上部之间。由于上坡来水来沙的作用,梁峁坡的产沙量增大了20.2%～63.5%,谷坡的产沙量增大了42.9%～74.5%。 相似文献
13.
Catchment-scale soil erosion and sediment yield simulation using a spatially distributed erosion model 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Increasing rainfall intensity and frequency due to extreme climate change and haphazard land development are aggravating soil erosion problems in Korea. A quantitative estimate of the amount of sediment from the catchment is essential for soil and water conservation planning and management. Essential to catchment-scale soil erosion modeling is the ability to represent the fluvial transport system associated with the processes of detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles due to rainfall and surface flow. This study applied a spatially distributed hydrologic model of rainfall–runoff–sediment yield simulation for flood events due to typhoons and then assessed the impact of topographic and climatic factors on erosion and deposition at a catchment scale. Measured versus predicted values of runoff and sediment discharge were acceptable in terms of applied model performance measures despite underestimation of simulated sediment loads near peak concentrations. Erosion occurred widely throughout the catchment, whereas deposition appeared near the channel network grid cells with a short hillslope flow path distance and gentle slope; the critical values of both topographic factors, providing only deposition, were observed at 3.5 (km) (hillslope flow path distance) and 0.2 (m/m) (local slope), respectively. In addition, spatially heterogeneous rainfall intensity, dependent on Thiessen polygons, led to spatially distinct net-erosion patterns; erosion increased gradually as rainfall amount increased, whereas deposition responded irregularly to variations in rainfall. 相似文献
14.
Regulation of vegetation pattern on the hydrodynamic processes of erosion on hillslope in Loess Plateau,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 As vegetation are closely related to soil erosion, hydrodynamic parameter changes under various vegetation pattern conditions can be used as an important basis for the research of the soil erosion mechanism. Through upstream water inflow experiments conducted on a loess hillslope, how the vegetation pattern influences the hydrodynamic processes of sediment transport was analyzed. The results show that the placement of a grass strip on the lower upslope can effectively reduce runoff erosion by 69%, relying on the efficiency of regulated hydrodynamic process. The effective location of grass strip for hillslope alleviating erosion is on the lower part of the upslope, mainly due to the grass strip measure used to regulate the hydrodynamic system. As a result, the underlying surface runoff resistance is increased by 5 times, runoff shear stress is decreased by more than 90%, and runoff power decreased by over 92%. The measure greatly separates the scouring energy of surface runoff that acts on the slope soil. Therefore, the use of grass strips effectively decreases the energy of runoff flowing along the slope, eliminating soil erosion to a great extent and thereby achieving a better regulation of hydrodynamic processe. 相似文献
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Md. Rabiul Islam Wan Zurina Wan Jaafar Lai Sai Hin Normaniza Osman Moktar Aziz Mohd Din Fathiah Mohamed Zuki Prashant Srivastava Tanvir Islam Md. Ibrahim Adham 《Journal of Earth System Science》2018,127(4):50
A new method for obtaining the C factor (i.e., vegetation cover and management factor) of the RUSLE model is proposed. The method focuses on the derivation of the C factor based on the vegetation density to obtain a more reliable erosion prediction. Soil erosion that occurs on the hillslope along the highway is one of the major problems in Malaysia, which is exposed to a relatively high amount of annual rainfall due to the two different monsoon seasons. As vegetation cover is one of the important factors in the RUSLE model, a new method that accounts for a vegetation density is proposed in this study. A hillslope near the Guthrie Corridor Expressway (GCE), Malaysia, is chosen as an experimental site whereby eight square plots with the size of \(8\times 8\) and \(5\times 5\) m are set up. A vegetation density available on these plots is measured by analyzing the taken image followed by linking the C factor with the measured vegetation density using several established formulas. Finally, erosion prediction is computed based on the RUSLE model in the Geographical Information System (GIS) platform. The C factor obtained by the proposed method is compared with that of the soil erosion guideline Malaysia, thereby predicted erosion is determined by both the C values. Result shows that the C value from the proposed method varies from 0.0162 to 0.125, which is lower compared to the C value from the soil erosion guideline, i.e., 0.8. Meanwhile predicted erosion computed from the proposed C value is between 0.410 and \(3.925\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1 }\,\hbox {yr}^{-1}\) compared to 9.367 to \(34.496\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1}\,\hbox {yr}^{-1 }\) range based on the C value of 0.8. It can be concluded that the proposed method of obtaining a reasonable C value is acceptable as the computed predicted erosion is found to be classified as a very low zone, i.e. less than \(10\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1 }\,\hbox {yr}^{-1}\) whereas the predicted erosion based on the guideline has classified the study area as a low zone of erosion, i.e., between 10 and \(50\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1 }\,\hbox {yr}^{-1}\). 相似文献
16.
Soil pipes are considered to drain off water from a hillslope and play an important role in the subsurface runoff generation
process, thus reducing the slope failure susceptibility. However, soil pipes are also often detected on the collapsed slope
suggesting that they might act to induce slope instability. To examine how the soil pipes act on pore-water pressure generation
and on a slope failure processes, a numerical model was developed. The model was used to test the response of pore-water pressure
in a hillslope with soil pipes of different cross-sectional areas, lengths, distances from the impermeable bed, roughness,
and hillslope angles. The model was also tested to find the response of open soil pipe if blocked. The study reveals that
pipes reduce pore-water pressure (measured closed to bed) around its upstream end and increase around its downstream end if
compared with no pipe case. Pore-water pressure at downstream end is increased with increase in hillslope angle, pipe cross-sectional
area, pipe length, or depth of soil pipe. Soil pipe, even if it is ended within the hillslope, increases the total discharge
from hillslope. Location of rough soil also affects the discharge and pressure within the hillslope. If the less rough pipe
is close to the source of water, discharge from hillslope matrix is greater regardless of its downstream pipe roughness. Blockage
of small portion of open soil pipe increases the soil pressure around the region but not beyond the case if there is no soil
pipe. However, complete collapse of soil pipe from a point to all along the downstream end of hillslope increases the pore-water
pressure beyond the pressure if there were no soil pipes. Therefore, the position and type of soil pipe collapse might play
an important role in shallow landslide initiation. 相似文献
17.
区域土壤侵蚀定量研究的国内外进展 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
由于水土保持宏观决策的需要、土壤侵蚀学科自身的进步和全球变化研究的促进,过去的10多年来,国内外研究者对区域尺度土壤侵蚀研究给予了高度重视。已经开展的主要研究包括:全球和区域（包括国家尺度）土壤侵蚀调查、区域土壤侵蚀过程和尺度效应、区域土壤侵蚀因子和区域土壤侵蚀模型等。将区域土壤侵蚀作为现代陆地地表过程的一部分,充分考虑全球变化的影响,集成土壤侵蚀研究成果与遥感和GIS技术,开发分布式区域土壤侵蚀模型,成为区域土壤侵蚀定量评价研究的基本趋势。在对国内外区域土壤侵蚀定量评价研究评述的基础上,提出我国近期在区域土壤侵蚀方面研究的重点问题为：区域土壤侵蚀过程及其尺度效应的量化描述、区域土壤侵蚀模型开发、区域土壤侵蚀动态模拟与趋势预测、区域土壤侵蚀与全球变化关系研究和区域土壤侵蚀数据处理与管理方法。 相似文献
18.
Abdolreza Osouli Parham Safarian Bahri 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(5):2823-2838
Characterizing soil erosion and predicting levee erosion rates for various levee soils and storm conditions during floodwall overtopping events is necessary in designing levee-floodwall systems. In this study, a series of laboratory scaled levee-floodwall erosion tests were conducted to determine erosion characteristics of fine grained soils subject to overtopping from different floodwall heights with variable flow-rates. A decreasing rate of erosion was observed as a pool of water was generated in the created scour hole at the crest of the levee model. The erosion rates were also assessed using jet erosion test (JET) and erosion function apparatus (EFA) tests. The results of levee-floodwall overtopping along with soil geotechnical characteristics such as plasticity index, compaction level, and saturation level of the levee soils as well as hydraulic parameters such as water overtopping velocity were used to develop a levee-floodwall erosion rate prediction model. Then, the results of JET and EFA were integrated to develop another prediction model for levee-floodwall erosion rate estimation. Consequently, the prediction models were evaluated by conducting additional tests and comparing the prediction results with the actual measured erosion rates. 相似文献
19.
The main goal of this study was to assess the prediction reliability, the quantitative differences and the spatial variations of the Morgan––Morgan–Finney (MMF) and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) erosion prediction models along the 442-km-long and 44-m-wide Right-of-Way of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan oil and South Caucasus gas pipelines. USLE performed better than MMF erosion model by the accurate prediction of 61% of erosion occurrences. Paired-samples T-test with p-value less than 0.05 and bivariate correlation with the Pearson's correlation coefficient equal to 0.23 showed that the predictions of these two models were significantly different. MMF model revealed more clustered patterns of predicted critical erosion classes with a soil loss of more than 10 ton/ha/year in particular ranges of pipelines rather than USLE model with the widespread spatial distribution. The average coefficients of variation of predicted soil loss rates by these models and the number of accurately predicted erosion occurrences within the geomorphometric elements of terrain, vegetation cover and landuse categories were larger in the USLE model. This supported the hypothesis that larger spatial variations of erosion prediction models can contribute to the better soil loss prediction performance and reliability of erosion prediction models. 相似文献
20.
Modelling of hillslope runoff processes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The present study is aimed at modelling hillslope flows with emphasis on subsurface stormflows that involve macropores. The
physical processes connected with the runoff process on a hillslope are identified. The components which are considered in
modelling the hillslope flow are the nature of flows in the macropore and micropore domains, the spatial and temporal characteristics
of the macropore network, the interaction between the domains, and the initiation of flow in the macropores. Both Horton and
Dunne's variable source area generation mechanisms are explicitly incorporated in the model. The dominant physical processes
governing hillslope runoff are conceptualized in terms of parameters which are derived from the physical properties of the
soil, the nature of macropores, and hillslope geometry. The conceptualization of the model is then used to examine infiltration
and runoff production. This helps to compute the development of the groundwater table, runoff hydrograph, and soil moisture
profile.
Received: 5 October 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997 相似文献