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1.
The Yaoan vein-type gold deposit is located in the Ailaoshan-Jinshajiang alkaline intrusive belt, Yunnan Province, China, and is associated both in time and space with 33.5±1.0-Ma-old alkaline intrusions. The gold mineralization is associated with potassic wall-rock alteration. The REE distribution patterns of secondary K-feldspar are generally similar to those of the igneous perthite but with about seven times higher total REE abundances. The alteration is ascribed to a high-REE magmatic fluid derived from the Yaoan alkaline intrusive suite. The hydrothermal Yaoan gold deposit formed during two gold-bearing stages, i.e. a sulfide (pyrite) stage and a sulfide-oxide stage (pyrite-specularite). The REE abundance of early stage I pyrite is relatively high with strong enrichment in LREE, (La/Yb)n of 40–290, generally positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.86–1.55), and REE patterns very similar to those of secondary feldspar. In contrast, the later stage II pyrite has much lower REE concentrations and lower (La/Yb)n of 5.5–11.8, Eu/Eu* of 0.49–0.76, and flat chondrite-normalized spidergram patterns. The stage I pyrite has 34S in the range of –2.2 to +3.2, and overlaps with regionally distributed pyrite in least-altered syenite porphyry. In contrast, stage II pyrite has much higher 34S values between +7.8 and +16.5. Carbon isotope data for four samples from stage II revealed 13C (PDB) values between –6 and –8. These stable isotope and REE data suggest that magmatic fluids of the alkaline intrusions caused both potassic alteration and stage I sulfide mineralization. The system evolved from stage I to stage II mineralization by influx of meteoric fluids with relatively heavier sulfur, although calcite carbon isotope data suggest that the CO2 remained dominantly of magmatic origin.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann  相似文献   

2.
The Ixtahuacan Sb-W deposits are hosted by upper Pennsylvanian to Permian metasedimentary rocks of the central Cordillera of Guatemala. The deposits consist of gold-bearing arsenopyrite, stibnite and scheelite. Arsenopyrite and scheelite are early in the paragenesis, occurring as disseminations in pyritiferous black shale/sandstone and in argillaceous limestone, respectively. Some stibnite is disseminated, but the bulk of the stibnite occurs as massive stratabound lenses in black shales and in quartz-ankerite veins and breccias, locally containing scheelite.Microthermometric measurements on fluid inclusions in quartz and scheelite point to a low temperature (160–190°C) and low to moderate salinity (5–15 wt% NaCl eq.) aqueous ore fluid. Abundant vapour-rich inclusions suggest that the fluid boiled. Carbon dioxide was produced locally as a result of interaction of the aqueous fluid with the argillaceous limestone. Bulk leaching experiments and SEM-EDS analyses of decrepitated fluid inclusion residues indicate that the ore-bearing solution was NaCl-dominated. The 18O values of quartz, ankerite and scheelite from mineralized veins range from 19.7 to 20.5, 18.1 to 20.0 and 7.0 to 8.4 respectively. The average temperature calculated from quartz-scheelite oxygen isotopic fractionation is 170°C. The oxygen isotopic composition of the fluid, interpreted to have been in equilibrium with these minerals, ranged from 5.7 to 7.6, and is considered to represent an evolved meteoric water. Diagenetic or syngenetic pyrite has a sulphur isotopic composition of 0.5±0.3 which is consistent with bacterial reduction of sulphate. The 34S values of arsenopyrite and stibnite range from –2.8 to 2.0 and –2.7 to –2.3 respectively, and are though to reflect sulphur derived from pyrite.The Ixtahuacan deposits are interpreted to have formed at low temperature (<200°C) and a depth of a few hundred metres from a low fO2 (10–49–10–57), high pH (7–8) fluid. Arsenic was probably transported as arsenious acid, antimony and gold as thio-complexes and tungsten as the complex HWO 4 – .A model is proposed in which a meteoric fluid, heated by a felsic intrusion at depth, was focused to shallow levels along faults. The interaction of the fluid with pyritiferous beds caused the deposition of arsenopyrite as a result of sulphidation and/or decreasing fO2; gold probably co-precipitated with As or was adsorbed onto the arsenopyrite. The precipitation of stibnite was caused by boiling. Scheelite deposited in response to the increase in Ca2+ activity which accompanied interaction of the ore fluid with the argillaceous limestones.  相似文献   

3.
Pyrometasomatic lead-zinc ore deposits of the Kamioka mine occur in the Hida metamorphic complex of central Japan. The pyrometasomatic ore deposition was followed by small scale hydrothermal ore deposition. Flaky graphite characteristically occurs in skarn, ores and in the surrounding crystalline limestone. 13C values of graphite in the skarn and the ores are close to those of graphites in the crystalline limestone. Graphite in the skarn and ores is considered to be remains of graphite in the crystalline limestone which was replaced by the skarn and the ores. At the pyrometasomatic stage, the oxygen fugacity of fluid would control the carbon isotopic composition of calcite precipitated. On the assumption that graphite played a role of oxygen buffer, the oxygen fugacity of the fluid was estimated to be from 10–31,4 to 10–301 bars at 350 °C and total pressure of 1,000 bars. The predominant carbon species in the fluid would be carbon dioxide. The 13C value of total carbon in fluid was estimated to be –3.6±1.7 (PDB) for the Tochibora and Maruyama deposits of the Kamioka mine, and the oxygen fugacity in the fluid was probably constant during the pyrometasomatic stage. It is likely that an important source of carbon was the carbon remained after the decarbonation of crystalline limestone. Oxygen isotopic studies on calcite of pyrometasomatic and hydrothermal stages revealed that meteoric water was an important source for most of the oxygen in fluid of both stages.  相似文献   

4.
The Fortuna oxidized gold skarn deposit is located in the northern part of the Nambija gold district, southern Ecuador. It has been subdivided into four mineralized sites, covering a distance of 1 km, which are named from north to south: Cuerpo 3, Mine 1, Mine 2, and Southern Sector. Massive skarn bodies occur in K–Na metasomatized volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Triassic Piuntza unit. They appear to result from selective replacement of volcaniclastic rocks. Very minor presence of bioclast relicts suggests the presence of subordinate limestone. Endoskarn type alteration with development of Na-rich plagioclase, K-feldspar, epidote, actinolite, anhedral pyroxene, and titanite affects a quartz–diorite porphyritic intrusion which crops out below the skarn bodies in Mine 2 and the Southern Sector. Endoskarn alteration in the intrusion grades into a K-feldspar ± biotite ± magnetite assemblage (K-alteration), suggesting that skarn formation is directly related to the quartz–diorite porphyritic intrusion, the latter being probably emplaced between 141 and 146 Ma. The massive skarn bodies were subdivided into a dominant brown garnet skarn, a distal green pyroxene–epidote skarn, and two quartz-rich varieties, a blue-green garnet skarn and light green pyroxene–garnet skarn, which occur as patches and small bodies within the former skarn types. The proximal massive brown garnet skarn zone is centered on two 060° trending faults in Mine 2, where the highest gold grades (5–10 g/t) were observed. It grades into a distal green pyroxene–epidote skarn zone to the North (Cuerpo 3). Granditic garnet shows iron enrichment from the proximal to the distal zone. Diopsidic pyroxene exhibits iron and manganese enrichment from proximal to distal zones. The retrograde stage is weakly developed and consists mainly of mineral phases filling centimeter-wide veins, vugs, and interstices between garnet and pyroxene grains. The main filling mineral is quartz, followed by K-feldspar, epidote, calcite, and chlorite, with minor sericite, apatite, titanite, hematite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and gold. Metal and sulfur contents are low at Fortuna, and the highest gold grades coincide with high hematite abundance, which suggests that retrograde stage and gold deposition took place under oxidizing conditions. Fluid inclusions from pyroxene indicate precipitation from high temperature—high to moderate salinity fluids (400 to 460°C and 54- to 13-wt% eq. NaCl), which result probably from boiling of a moderately saline (∼8-wt% eq. NaCl) magmatic fluid. Later cooler (180 to 475°C) and moderate to low saline fluids (1- to 20-wt% eq. NaCl) were trapped in garnet, epidote, and quartz, and are interpreted to be responsible for gold deposition. Chlorite analysis indicates temperature of formation between 300 and 340°C in accordance with fluid inclusion data. It appears, thus, that gold was transported as chloride complexes under oxidizing conditions and was deposited at temperatures around 300°C when transport of chloride complexes as gold carriers is not efficient.  相似文献   

5.
Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions were determined for calcites from the Green Tuff formations of Miocene age in Japan. Values of 18O from 24 calcites in altered rocks from 5 districts range from –2 to +16SMOW, in most cases from 0 to +8SMOW. The low 18O values rule out the possibility of their low-temperature origin or any significant contribution of magmatic fluid in the calcite precipitation. These values, coupled with their mineral assemblages, suggest that the calcites formed from meteoric hydrothermal solutions which caused propylitic alteration after the submarine strata became emergent.Values of 13C from the calcites show a wide variation from –17 to 0PDB. Calcites from different districts have different ranges of 13C values, indicating that there was no homogeneous reservoir of carbon at the time the calcite formed, and that the carbon had local sources. Carbon isotopic compositions of calcite within ore deposits in the Green Tuff formations range from –19 to 0PDB, similar to those of calcite in the altered rocks in the same district, suggesting that the carbon in ore calcites was likely supplied from the surrounding rocks through activity of meteoric hydrothermal solutions.  相似文献   

6.
Mo mineralization within the Galway Granite at Mace Head and Murvey, Connemara, western Ireland, has many features of classic porphyry Mo deposits including a chemically evolved I-type granite host, associated K- and Si-rich alteration, quartz vein(Mace Head) and granite-hosted (Murvey) molybdenite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and magnetite mineralization and a gangue assemblage which includes quartz, muscovite and K-feldspar. Most fluid inclusions in quartz veins homogenize in the range 100–350°C and have a salinity of 1–13 eq. wt.% NaCl. They display Th-salinity covariation consistent with a hypothesis of dilution of magmatic water by influx of meteoric water. CO2-bearing inclusions in an intensely mineralized vein at Mace Head provide an estimated minimum trapping temperature and pressure for the mineralizing fluid of 355°C and 1.2 kb and are interpreted to represent a H2O-CO2 fluid, weakly enriched in Mo, produced in a magma chamber by decompression-activated unmixing from a dense Mo-bearing NaCl-H2O-CO2 fluid. 34S values of most sulphides range from c. 0 at Murvey to 3–4 at Mace Head and are consistent with a magmatic origin. Most quartz vein samples have 18O of 9–10.3 and were precipitated from a hydrothermal fluid with 18O of 4.6–6.7. Some have 18O of 6–7 and reflect introduction of meteoric water along vein margins. Quartz-muscovite oxygen isotope geothermometry combined with fluid inclusion data indicate precipitation of mineralized veins in the temperature range 360–450°C and between 1 and 2 kb. Whole rock granite samples display a clear 18O-D trend towards the composition of Connemara meteoric waters. The mineralization is interpreted as having been produced by highlyfractionated granite magma; meteoric water interaction postdates the main mineralizing event. The differences between the Mace Head and Murvey mineralizations reflect trapping of migrating mineralizing fluid in structural traps at Mace Head and precipitation of mineralization in the granite itself at Murvey.  相似文献   

7.
In the eastern, external part of the Grenvillian Belt in SW Sweden, five formations of granitic rocks were found in the basement of the Dalslandian Supracrustal Group. The granitic rocks have been strongly recrystallized but have preserved most of their granitic texture in the process. Most magmatic crystals have been pseudomorphed by metamorphic minerals: quartz, albite, chlorite, biotite, white mica, epidote, titanite, hematite, pyrite and carbonate. Two of the formations have subsequently been affected by a cataclastic deformation and at present consist of mylogneisses. 18O whole-rock values for the granitic rocks vary from +3.0 to +11.1. Quartz-apatite, quartz-zircon and quartz-titanite pairs show 18O/16O fractionations corresponding to equilibrium temperatures of 550–700° C, which are believed to reflect in the main continued closed-system isotopic exchange at high temperatures following solidification. In contrast highly positive 18O/16O fractionations for quartz-K-feldspar, quartz-biotite, quartz-chlorite and quartz-sericite pairs in some granitic samples indicate that these rocks have exchanged oxygen with heated, meteoric, H2O dominated fluids. Other granitic samples, however, show virtually undisturbed magmatic 18O/16O fractionation values for the same mineral pairs, even though these rocks are equally altered.It is concluded that all granitic rock units recrystallized under greenschist facies conditions during the infiltration of fluids under the influence of hydrothermal convection systems set up by the intrusion of the granitic plutons. The fluids probably had a range of 18O values from ca. -14 to ca. +10, indicating the mixing of distinct fluid reservoirs, one of meteoric origin and the others of magmatic and/or metamorphic origin. The temperature of alteration is estimated at 450–500° C.Estimation of pre-alteration 18O whole rock values for the five granitic units suggests that three units should be assigned a dominantly S-type origin, where as the other two units may partly or wholly have an I-type origin.  相似文献   

8.
The 620 M.y.-old in Hihaou (In Zize) magmatic complex located at the north-western boundary of the Archaean In Ouzzal block (western Ahaggar), is composed of massive alkaline rhyo-ignimbrites and rhyolitic domes, which are intruded by a granophyric and granitic body. The whole is preserved in a cauldron structure. Extrusive rocks are strongly 18O-depleted, with -values as low as –1.5/SMOW, while granophyres are less depleted (minimum -18O value=+2.0/SMOW. The granite has values around + 6/SMOW. D/H compositions are rather low, with D–90 to –110/SMOW. Isotopic zoning of quartz phenocrysts, 18O/16O fractionation among coexisting phases, and heterogeneity of the whole-rock -18O values, suggest that the volcanic rocks have interacted with meteoric water after the eruption. Several mechanisms of isotopic alteration are discussed. The hydrothermal alteration does not seem to have been controlled by the granitic intrusion, but rather seems to have followed the deposition of thick pyroclastic deposits on permeable arkosic sandstones and fluvio-glacial conglomerates. Pervasive circulation of water through the cooling volcanic deposits could have produced the observed 18O depletion.  相似文献   

9.
Summary Crystallization temperatures of the oceanic carbonatites of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, have been determined from oxygen isotope fractionations between calcite, silicate minerals (feldspar, pyroxene, biotite, and zircon) and magnetite. The measured fractionations have been interpreted in the light of late stage interactions with meteoric and/or magmatic water. Cathodoluminescence characteristics were investigated for the carbonatite minerals in order to determine the extent of alteration and to select unaltered samples. Oxygen isotope fractionations of minerals of unaltered samples yield crystallization temperatures between 450 and 960°C (average 710°C). The highest temperature is obtained from pyroxene–calcite pairs. The above range is in agreement with other carbonatite thermometric studies.This is the first study that provides oxygen isotope data coupled with a CL study on carbonatite-related zircon. The CL pictures revealed that the zircon is broken and altered in the carbonatites and in associated syenites. Regarding geological field evidences of syenite–carbonatite relationship and the close agreement of published zircon U/Pb and whole rock and biotite K/Ar and Ar–Ar age data, the most probable process is early zircon crystallization from the syenite magma and late-stage reworking during magma evolution and carbonatite segregation. The oxygen isotope fractionations between zircon and other carbonatite minerals (calcite and pyroxene) support the assumption that the zircon would correspond to the early crystallization of syenite–carbonatite magmas.  相似文献   

10.
A highly faulted and fractured rock mass has developed at the intersection of the Alpine and Hope faults, two major active faults in the South Island, New Zealand. The Alpine Fault is an oblique dextral reverse fault at the late Cenozoic-Recent Pacific-Australian plate boundary. The Hope Fault is a strike-slip fault parallel to the plate convergence vector. Hydrothermal fluids driven by the active tectonic processes have passed through the fractured rock mass, causing localised rock alteration and vein formation. Mylonites in the Alpine Fault zone are crosscut by cm-scale veins of quartz and/or ankerite with minor sulphides, with cemented breccias in dilational jogs. Breccia clasts and immediate (cm-scale) host rocks have been variably impregnated with carbonates and quartz. This generation of veins, breccias and altered rocks is post-dated by cataclasite and fault gouge zones which have been cemented by calcite, illite, smectite and chamosite. Ankerite and calcite have 18O between +10 and +30, and 13C between 0 and –8. These minerals are inferred to have formed from water with variable components of both meteoric and crustally exchanged fluid. Rock alteration associated with ankerite–quartz veins has added arsenic (up to 200 ppm As), strontium, and some Y to the rocks. Host-rock mylonites (<2 ppm As) have been depleted in arsenic compared to their precursors (5–15 ppm As). This depletion of arsenic in the middle crust provides the source for arsenic in shallower-level vein systems.Editorial handling: N. White  相似文献   

11.
Late Hercynian U-bearing carbonate veins within the metamorphic complex of La Lauzière are characterized by two parageneses. The first is dominated by dolomite or ankerite and the second by calcite and pitchblende. Fluids trapped in the dolomites and ankerites at 350–400° C are saline waters (20 to 15 wt % eq. NaCl) with D –34 to –49. In the calcite they are less saline (17 to 8 wt % eq. NaCl) and trapped at 300–350° C with D –50 to –65. All fluids contain trace N2, CO2 and probably CH4. The carbonates have 13C –8 to –14. and derived their carbon from organic matter. Evolution of the physico-chemical conditions from dolomite (ankerite) to calcite deposition was progressive.H and O-isotope studies indicate the involvement of two externally derived fluids during vein development. A D-rich ( –35) low fO2, saline fluid is interpreted to have come from underlying sediments and entered the hotter overlying metamorphic slab and mixed with more oxidizing and less saline U bearing meteoric waters during regional uplift. This evidence for a sedimentary formation water source for the deep fluid implies that the metamorphic complex overthrusted sedimentary formations during the Late-Hercynian.  相似文献   

12.
The Portovelo epithermal vein-system in southwestern Ecuador has produced more than 120 tons of gold and about 250 tons of silver. The veins result from hydrothermal processes close to a Miocene volcano which produced an andesitic to dacitic sequence followed by collapse and post-collapse rhyolitec activity which generated most of the alteration and mineralization. Three main structural segments are defined by NW-trending strike-slip faults, which show later stages of vertical movement. These faults are responsible for development of an extensive N-S dilatational jog within andesitic rocks, which acted as the main host to ore-deposition. A large-scale propylitic aureole surrounds a quartz-chloritesericite-adularia core, centered on the rhyolites, within a system of collapse-related ring-structures. A quartz-chlorite-sericite-adularia-calcite assemblage is the most common wall-rock alteration close to the veins. The size (4 × 15 km) and vertical range (1400 m) of the vein-system is exceptional. Alteration, textures and mineral assemblage, including a quartz-calcite gangue, sulfides, abundant sulfosalts and free gold (electrum), are quite typical of an adularia-sericite epithermal deposit. Spatially, the mineralization is arranged in three zones. In addition, three successive stages can be distinguished. The bulk of economic mineralization was deposited during the second stage, in association with a clear quartz and calcite gangue.Tm-ice and Tm-clath data of fluid inclusions in the clear quartz indicate a high salinity ( 10.5 eq. wt% NaCI). The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in the gangue minerals and in the altered host-rocks vary between 180° and 310°C. Quartz 18O-values from hydrothermally altered wall-rocks reflect the original isotopic values of the latter. These values show a narrower range in vein quartz (O18 between +7.7 and +11.57 SMOW). In addition, theO18 values of the vein quartz increase systematically with decreasing homogenization temperature. This suggests that quartz was in equilibrium with a large reservoir of water of constant18O/16O composition at decreasing equilibrium temperatures. The estimated isotopic composition of the fluids from which milky quartz and calcite of the main mineralization stage precipitated, lies around –1 % SMOW. This value indicates a meteoric rather than a magmatic origin of the ambient fluid. Clear quartz of the second stage seems to have formed from a fluid with a 18O of +3 SMOW. This higher value can be due to a more intense water-rock interaction or to mixing of meteoric with magmatic water.  相似文献   

13.
Summary The stable isotope geochemistry of native gold-bearing quartz veins contained within low-grade metasedimentary strata in the central Canadian Rocky Mountains, British Columbia is examined. The data augment previous geological and geochemical studies.Vein pyrite 34S values cluster between + 14.2 and + 16.3 (CDT). Coeval galenas exhibit 34S values between + 11.4 and 13.3. Pyrite-galena geothermometry reveals a mean temperature of mineralization of 300 ± 43°C. Comparison of 34S values for the vein pyrites, with values for pyrite porphyroblasts in country rocks suggests that vein sulfur was probably derived from the host rocks.18O(SMOW) values of host quartzites and pelites cluster between + 12.0 and + 13.5, and + 9.5 and + 10.5, respectively. Auriferous vein quartz exhibits 18O values between + 13.0 and + 15.0. Veins were likely deposited from fluids undergoing post-peak metamorphic cooling.Vein inclusion fluids exhibit values between –105 and –124 (SMOW). Combined O-H-isotope data are most compatible with a source fluid involving chemically- and isotopically-evolved meteoric waters.The critical role of H-isotope data in the evaluation of source fluids for such mesothermal gold lodes is stressed. The paucity of H-isotope data pertaining to the study of lode gold deposits in similar low-grade metasedimentary domains suggests that the involvement of meteoric waters may at times be overlooked.
Der Ursprung metamorphogener Gold-Ganglagerstätten: Bedeutung stabiler Isotopendaten aus den zentralen Rocky Mountains, Kanada
Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Untersuchung der Geochemie stabiler Isotope goldführender Quarzgänge in schwach metamorphen Sedimenten der zentralen Rocky Mountains in Britisch Kolumbien, Kanada. Die Resultate ergänzen früher publizierte geologische und geochemische Daten.Die 34S-Werte von Gang-Pyrit liegen zwischen + 14.2 und + 16.3 (CDT); gleichzeitig gebildeter Bleiglanz hat 34S-Werte von + 11.4 bis + 13.3. Die Isotopengeothermo metrie des Pyrits und Bleiglanzes ergibt eine mittlere Mineralisationstemperatur von 300°C + 43° für diese beiden Minerale. Vergleiche der 8345-Werte des Gang-Pyrits mit denen von Pyrit-Porphyroblasten des Nebengesteins lassen für die Gang-Pyrite eine Herkunft des Schwefels aus dem Nebengestein als wahrscheinlich erscheinen.Die 18O-Werte von Quarziten und Peliten, die als Nebengesteine auftreten, streuen von + 12.0 bis + 13.5 (SMOW), beziehungweise von +9.5 bis + 10.5 Quarz goldführender Gänge hat 18O-Werte, die zwischen + 13.0 und + 15.0 (SMOW) liegen. Er wurde als Gangfüllung wahrscheinlich bei sinkenden Temperaturen aus post metamorphen wäßrigen Lösungen abgesetzt.Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse von Gangmineralien zeigen D-Werte von -105 bis -124 (SMOW). Die H-O-Isotope sind deshalb ein Hinweis dafür, daß als mineralisierende Lösungen isotopisch veränderte meteorische Wässer in Betracht zu ziehen sind. Bei der Deutung der Herkunft der mineralisierenden wäßrigen Lösungen von mesothermalen Goldgängen muß die Kenntnis der H-Isotope als kritisch betrachtet werden. Die Seltenheit mit der H-Isotopendaten dieses Lagerstättentyps in der Literatur diskutiert werden, dürfte ein wesentlicher Grund dafür sein, daß die Rolle meteorischer Wässer bei der Genese mesothermaler, in Metasedimenten liegender Goldgänge, vielfach übersehen wurde.

With 4 Figures  相似文献   

14.
Mesothermal gold mineralization at the Samdong mine (5.5–13.5 g/ton Au), Youngdong mining district, is situated in massive quartz veins up to 1.2 m wide which fill fault fractures within upper amphibolite to epidote-amphibolite facies, Precambrian-banded biotite gneiss. The veins are mineralogically simple, consisting of iron- and base-metal sulfides and electrum, and are associated with weak hydrothermal alteration zones (<0.5 m wide) characterized by silicification and sericitization. Fluid inclusion data and equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation of mineral assemblages indicate that the quartz veins were formed at temperatures between 425 and 190°C from relatively dilute aqueous fluids (4.5–13.8 wt. % equiv NaCl) containing variable amounts of CO2 and CH4. Evidence of fluid unmixing (CO2 effervescence) during the early vein formation indicates approximate pressures of 1.3–1.9 kbars, corresponding to minimum depths of 5–7 km under a purely lithostatic pressure regime. Gold deposition occurred mainly at temperatures between 345 and 240 °C, likely due to decreases in sulfur activity accompanying fluid unmixing. The 34S values of sulfide minerals (-3.0 to 5.3 ), and the measured and calculated O-H isotope compositions of ore fluids (18O = 5.7 to 7.6; = –74 to –80) indicate that mesothermal gold mineralization at the Samdong mine may have formed from dominantly magmatic hydrothermal fluids, possibly related to intrusion of the nearby ilmenite-series, Kimcheon Granite of Late Jurassic age.  相似文献   

15.
REE (rare-earth-element) and Th mineralization at the Rodeo de Los Molles deposit occurs within an elliptical body of hydrothermally altered rocks (fenite) located in a biotite monzogranite of the Las Chacras batholith. Ore assemblages are found as isolated patches of intergrown britholite, allanite, apatite, bastnaesite, fluorite, sphene, quartz, and aegirine-augite, as well as nodules of uranothorite and late-stage veins of calcite, fluorite, and bastnaesite. Composition-volume computations suggest that the fenite was produced by alteration of the biotite monzogranite by addition of K and Na, and loss of Ca and Sr. Petrographic evaluations indicate that microcline and plagioclase have been replaced by perthite, and biotite was converted to aggregates of clinochlore, anatase, kaolinite, and hematite. Relict biotite is characterized by lower Fe/(Fe+Mg) and Ti values with progressive alteration. Fluorine-rich phlogopite is present in mineralized areas, but textural evidence suggests that it was not produced via biotite alteration. Mass-balance constraints also show that Ca and Mg in ore zones may result from redistribution, rather than their being a result of external derivation. The 18O values of quartz (8.6–11.1) and feldspar (7.8–10.6) suggest that feldspar continued to exchange oxygen isotopes with a fluid to lower temperatures than did quartz. Feldspars equilibrated with a fluid of 18O8 at a fluid/rock ratio less than 1. The 18O values of quartz and aegirine-augite that crystallized during REE mineralization also suggest equilibration with a fluid of 18O8. The D values of biotite (-83 to-120) are relatively low for igneous rocks and are thought to have resulted from exsolution of a D-enriched magmatic vapor. The D values of both mineralized and barren fenites are consistent with equilibration with fluid of magmatic origin. Meteoric water was involved in the production of calcite and clinochlore alteration, and late-stage calcite-fluorite-bastnaesite veins. The 13C values of calcite and bastnaesite (-7.8 to-13.5%) suggest that carbon was derived by leaching of carbon from igneous and/or enclosing metamorphic rock types, and that a majority of carbon ultimately was derived from sedimentary organic meterial.  相似文献   

16.
The Tallberg deposit is situated in the Skellefte District in northern Sweden. It is a Palaeoproterozoic equivalent of Phanerozoic poryphyry-type deposits. The mineralization is situated within the Jörn granitoid complex and is associated with intrusive quartz-feldspar porphyries. The granitoids are coeval with mainly felsic volcanic rocks hosting several massive sulphide deposits. The alteration is generally of a mixed phyllic-propylitic type, but areas or zones associated with high gold grades exhibit phyllic alteration. Ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, magnetite, and trace amounts of molybdenite. In this stable isotope study, quartz, sericite, and chlorite from the alteration zones were sampled. The magmatic quartz has a 18O composition of + 6.2 to +6.7 whereas the quartz in the hydrothermal alteration zones have values ranging from +7.5 to +10.6. The calculated temperatures for this fractionation range from 430° to 520°C. The sericites have 18O ranging from +4.6 to +8.2 (average +6.6) and D -31 to -54 (average -41). Chlorites range from 18O +4.2 to +7.7 and D from –34 to –44. The range of 34S of 11 pyrite samples is +3.8 to +5.5 with an average of +4.6 ± 0.5, suggesting a relatively homogeneous sulphur source, probably of magmatic origin. Modelling waters in equilibrium with the minerals indicates early magmatic fluids with 18O of 6.5. This fluid mixed with a low 18O and high D fluid, which is tentatively identified as seawater. The 18O signature of sericite and chlorite also indicates significant water-rock exchange, explaining the positive 18O values for the waters in equilibrium with the hydrated minerals.  相似文献   

17.
Garnet-pyroxene skarns were formed 90 m.y. B.P. in the Osgood Mountains at or near contacts of grandiorite with calcareous rocks of the Cambrian Preble Formation. The metasomatic replacement followed contact metamorphic recrystallization of the Preble. The sources, temperature, and variation in H2O/CO2 ratios of the metasomatic fluid are interpreted from 269 analyses of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur isotopes in whole rocks, minerals and inclusion fluids.Skarns formed in three mineralogical stages. Oxygen isotope data indicate that temperatures during the crystallization of garnet, pyroxene and wollastonite (Stage I) were least 550 ° C, and that the metasomatic fluid had an 0.035 in the massive skarns, and 0.12 in vein skarns up to 3 cm thick. Pore fluids in isotopic equilibrium with garnet in calc-silicate metamorphic rocks, on the other hand, had 0.15.The metasomatic fluids of Stage I were derived primarily from the crystallizing magma. The isotopic composition of magmatic water was 18O =+9.0, D= –30 to –45. Oxygen isotope temperatures of greater than 620 ° C were determined for the granodiorite. Isotopic and chemical equilibria between mineral surfaces and the metasomatic fluid were approached simultaneously in parts of the skarn several meters or more apart, while isotopic and chemical disequilibria (i.e. zoning) have been preserved between 20 to 40 m-thick zones in grandite garnet. More Fe-, or andradite-rich garnet crystallized in more H2O-rich C-O-H fluids ( 0.01) than present with grossularite-rich garnet ( 0.035).Stage II was marked by the replacement of garnet and pyroxene by quartz, amphibole, plagioclase, epidote, magnetite, and calcite. Many of the replacement reactions took place over a relatively narrow range in temperature (480–550 ° C), as indicated by 18O fractionations between quartz and amphibole. Meteoric water comprised 20 to 50% of the metasomatic fluid during Stage II.Calcite was formed along with pyrite, minor pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite during Stage III, although the crystallization of pyrite and calcite had begun earlier, during Stages I and II, respectively. Carbon and sulfur isotope compositions of calcite and pyrite indicate a magmatic source for most of the C and S in the metasomatic fluids of Stage III. By the end of Stage III, meteoric water constituted as much as 100% of the metasomatic fluid. Minerals from grandiorite and skarn do not show large depletions in 18O because the oxygen isotope composition of the metasomatic fluid was buffered by the calcareous wall rocks and the grandiorite.Meteoric water in the vicinity of the Osgood Mountains during the Late Crectaceous (18Ocale. –14.0, D = – 107) was slightly enriched in 18O and D relative to present-day meteoric water (18O = 15.9, D = – 117)  相似文献   

18.
The Jurassic (approximately 145 Ma) Nambija oxidized gold skarns are hosted by the Triassic volcanosedimentary Piuntza unit in the sub-Andean zone of southeastern Ecuador. The skarns consist dominantly of granditic garnet (Ad20–98) with subordinate pyroxene (Di46–92Hd17–42Jo0–19) and epidote and are spatially associated with porphyritic quartz-diorite to granodiorite intrusions. Endoskarn is developed at the intrusion margins and grades inwards into a potassic alteration zone. Exoskarn has an outer K- and Na-enriched zone in the volcanosedimentary unit. Gold mineralization is associated with the weakly developed retrograde alteration of the exoskarn and occurs mainly in sulfide-poor vugs and milky quartz veins and veinlets in association with hematite. Fluid inclusion data for the main part of the prograde stage indicate the coexistence of high-temperature (500°C to >600°C), high-salinity (up to 65 wt.% eq. NaCl), and moderate- to low-salinity aqueous-carbonic fluids interpreted to have been trapped at pressures around 100–120 MPa, corresponding to about 4-km depth. Lower-temperature (510–300°C) and moderate- to low-salinity (23–2 wt.% eq. NaCl) aqueous fluids are recorded in garnet and epidote of the end of the prograde stage. The microthermometric data (Th from 513°C to 318°C and salinity from 1.0 to 23 wt.% eq. NaCl) and δ18O values between 6.2‰ and 11.5‰ for gold-bearing milky quartz from the retrograde stage suggest that the ore-forming fluid was dominantly magmatic. Pressures during the early retrograde stage were in the range of 50–100 MPa, in line with the evidence for CO2 effervescence and probable local boiling. The dominance of magmatic low-saline to moderately saline oxidizing fluids during the retrograde stage is consistent with the depth of the skarn system, which could have delayed the ingression of external fluids until relatively low temperatures were reached. The resulting low water-to-rock ratios explain the weak retrograde alteration and the compositional variability of chlorite, essentially controlled by host rock compositions. Gold was precipitated at this stage as a result of cooling and pH increase related to CO2 effervescence, which both result in destabilization of gold-bearing chloride complexes. Significant ingression of external fluids took place after gold deposition only, as recorded by δ18O values of 0.4‰ to 6.2‰ for fluids depositing quartz (below 350°C) in sulfide-rich barren veins. Low-temperature (<300°C) meteoric fluids (δ18Owater between −10.0‰ and −2.0‰) are responsible for the precipitation of late comb quartz and calcite in cavities and veins and indicate mixing with cooler fluids of higher salinities (about 100°C and 25 wt.% eq. NaCl). The latter are similar to low-temperature fluids (202–74.5°C) with δ18O values of −0.5‰ to 3.1‰ and salinities in the range of 21.1 to 17.3 wt.% eq. CaCl2, trapped in calcite of late veins and interpreted as basinal brines. Nambija represents a deep equivalent of the oxidized gold skarn class, the presence of CO2 in the fluids being partly a consequence of the relatively deep setting at about 4-km depth. As in other Au-bearing skarn deposits, not only the prograde stage but also the gold-precipitating retrograde stage is dominated by fluids of magmatic origin.  相似文献   

19.
The Precipitation of carbonate cements in the Pobitite Kamani area (Lower Eocene) began during early diagenesis of sediments. There is evidence, however, that calcite is still forming today.The negative 13C values to –29.2 suggest that the carbonate formed during degradation of 12C-enriched organic matter (perhaps partly from oxidation of methane). The 18O values of –0.9 to –1.6 reflect the marine origin of the early diagenetic carbonate cements. Most of the carbonates, however, formed during late diagenesis (at approximately 1300 m burial depth) and/or recently (after uplift) from percolating groundwaters. These carbonates have an isotopic composition characteristic of carbonates which precipitated from meteoric waters under normal sedimentary temperatures in isotopic equilibrium with 12C-enriched soil carbon dioxide.  相似文献   

20.
The pre-Cenozoic geology at Candelaria, Nevada comprises four main lithologic units: the basement consists of Ordovician cherts of the Palmetto complex; this is overlain unconformably by Permo-Triassic marine clastic sediments (Diablo and Candelaria Formations); these are structurally overlain by a serpentinitehosted tectonic mélange (Pickhandle/Golconda allochthon); all these units are cut by three Mesozoic felsic dike systems. Bulk-mineable silver-base metal ores occur as stratabound sheets of vein stockwork/disseminated sulphide mineralisation within structurally favourable zones along the base of the Pickhandle allochthon (i.e. Pickhandle thrust and overlying ultramafics/mafics) and within the fissile, calcareous and phosphatic black shales at the base of the Candelaria Formation (lower Candelaria shear). The most prominent felsic dike system — a suite of Early Jurassic granodiorite porphyries — exhibits close spatial, alteration and geochemical associations with the silver mineralisation. Disseminated pyrites from the bulk-mineable ores exhibit a 34S range from — 0.3 to + 12.1 (mean 34S = +6.4 ± 3.5, 1, n = 17) and two sphalerites have 34S of + 5.9 and + 8.7 These data support a felsic magmatic source for sulphur in the ores, consistent with their proximal position in relation to the porphyries. However, a minor contribution of sulphur from diagenetic pyrite in the host Candelaria sediments (mean 34S = — 14.0) cannot be ruled out. Sulphur in late, localised barite veins ( 34S = + 17.3 and + 17.7) probably originated from a sedimentary/seawater source, in the form of bedded barite within the Palmetto basement ( 34S = + 18.9). Quartz veins from the ores have mean 18O = + 15.9 ± 0.8 (1, n = 10), which is consistent, over the best estimate temperature range of the mineralisation (360°–460°C), with deposition from 18O-enriched magmatic-hydrothermal fluids (calculated 18O fluid = + 9.4 to + 13.9). Such enrichment probably occurred through isotopic exchange with the basement cherts during fluid ascent from a source pluton. Whole rock data for a propylitised porphyry ( 18O = + 14.2, D = — 65) support a magmatic fluid source. However, D results for fluid inclusions from several vein samples (mean = — 108 ± 14, 1, n = 6) and for other dike and sediment whole rocks (mean = — 110 ± 13, 1, n = 5) reveal the influence of meteoric waters. The timing of meteoric fluid incursion is unresolved, but possibilities include late-mineralisation groundwater flooding during cooling of the Early Jurassic progenitor porphyry system and/or meteoric fluid circulation driven by Late Cretaceous plutonism.  相似文献   

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