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1.
乌鲁木齐仓房沟第四纪晚期的孢粉组合及其意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
一、概述 仓房沟位于乌鲁木齐市西南郊,地处博格达复背斜的西端边缘和天山北麓山前拗陷带南侧,地貌上属前山带向冲洪积平原的过渡地带。仓房沟本身为乌鲁木齐河中游的一条支流(图1)。 由于新生代造山运动的影响,这个地区的二叠系基岩受到强烈的侵蚀,形成了一条近西南-东北向的沟谷。第四纪中期,沟谷中开始沉积了厚层沉积物。其后,由于本区 相似文献
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桥沟小流域位于子洲县周家圪崂乡东部,系黄河四级支流,面积19km^2。桥沟主沟长5．75km,坡降12．8％,沟谷切深100m左右。流域内地貌为黄土梁峁及沟壑,出露地层主要有侏罗系砂泥岩、新近系（原为第三系）红土和第四系黄土。黄土层中下部含地下水,在黄土与基岩接触带,多有下降泉溢出。从地层岩性上看,第四系黄土分布广,厚度大,结构松散,遇水易解体。岩土侵蚀环境地质类型有三：一是降雨对谷坡面的面状冲刷一坡面侵蚀;二是地表径流对谷底的侧蚀一沟谷侵蚀,三是滑塌对谷坡坡体的破坏一重力侵蚀。三种侵重力蚀的防治措施各有侧重点,对于坡面侵蚀的防治措施主要是退耕还林种草,改造微地貌;对于沟谷及重力侵蚀的防治措施主要是沟道坝系建设,即在重力侵蚀及沟谷侵蚀发育区下游,修建淤地坝,从而抬高侵蚀基准,减少重力侵蚀的发生。 相似文献
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分别叙述了永嘉县坡面泥石流和沟谷泥石流的发育分布特征,并分别对其成因进行了分析。阐述了泥石流的形成条件和影响因素,初步分析了坡面泥石流的形成过程及沟谷泥石流的形成方式和侵蚀特征。 相似文献
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以延安市子长县阎家沟滑坡为例,分析了沟谷型滑坡的发育特征和复活机理,认为沟谷型黄土滑坡再次产生失稳破坏的根本原因是水流不断冲刷侵蚀滑坡体,使滑坡前缘产生新的临空面,提出了基于"侧挡+排水"的整治措施,实现了低成本的沟谷型黄土滑坡的整治。 相似文献
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浙东南山丘区泥石流爆发的临界雨量分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
首先对浙东南山区泥石流的形成条件（物源、地形和降水条件）进行了研究。随后研究了本区泥石流的基本特征：在形成方式上,以谷坡或沟源地带的土动力启动方式为主;在侵蚀特征方面,主要有面蚀作用和沟谷侵蚀作用;堆积特征方面,在宏观上当规模较大时可形成堆积扇,规模较小时往往以停积于中下游沟道为主;微观上,主要表现为堆积物质结构杂乱,个别具有期次性。对本区泥石流临界雨量组合进行分析,认为采用基于区域临界雨量组合的泥石流预警预报方法较为合理。利用研究区内4次群发泥石流时的降雨特征值确定了本区泥石流爆发的临界雨量组合,并将其应用于研究区泥石流的临灾预警,分为以下步骤：①收集实时降雨资料;②绘制实时雨量组合曲线;③泥石流灾害预警;④泥石流临界雨量基准的修正。 相似文献
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广饶潜山是东营凹陷南缘一个典型下古生界古风化壳型潜山,含油气规模较大,但油气富集规律复杂。结合勘探实践,本文利用大量钻测井、岩石矿物及油气测试资料阐明了广饶潜山差异性侵蚀特征及其对油气富集规律控制作用。岩性组合差异及内幕断裂带导致岩体结构弱化,从而下古生界呈现差异性侵蚀。高泥质含量岩性组合单元的差异侵蚀易形成粘土充填沟谷,对油气沿古风化壳侧向运移具有良好遮挡作用;沿内幕断裂带差异侵蚀的沟谷对油气侧向运移没有区域遮挡能力,但明显控制多个潜山带的油气独立富集。下古生界差异侵蚀与油气富集规律密切相关,这对该领域研究具有很好的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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北京北山泥石流的分布受构造控制，呈北东方向展布。其分布在时间上和空间上均有一定的规律可寻。一条泥石流沟谷的形成从开始到结束，概括分为形成、位移和堆积。区内泥石流的形成主要有三种形式：以水力侵蚀为主，以坡面侵蚀为主和以沟源崩、滑塌形式触发沟床物质活动而形成的泥石流。 相似文献
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Levee morphology and sedimentology along the lower Tuross River, south-eastern Australia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Levees on the lower Tuross River in south-eastern Australia reflect a complex interplay between depositional and erosional processes. Stream power, conditioned primarily by valley width, is the key determinant of levee morphology and sedimentology in this confined valley setting. Three styles of levee are described. The Rewlee levee is functionally linked to a flood channel in narrow valley settings (< 250 m). These levees contain a diverse facies assemblage characterized by various scales of erosion surfaces. Vertical accretion on levees has produced conditions under which stream power values exceed the threshold for catastrophic floodplain stripping. The levee at the Mortfield site is associated with less confined settings (valley width 500–600 m), which present lower flood stage and stream power conditions. This levee hosts a wide range of facies, but erosion surfaces are seldom observed. In the more open valley setting at the Central site (valley width 700–1000 m), levees comprise uniform, fine-grained deposits, which grade to pronounced distal floodplains with backswamps. As levees reflect a combination of within-channel and overbank processes, both depositional and erosional, these geomorphic features influence the character and sedimentology of adjacent landforms and the associated alluvial architecture of the basin. 相似文献
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The Frome near Stroud is an unusual example of a Cotswold stream that flows west, against regional topographic and geological dips. As a result, a deeply incised and irregularly indented valley has been carved through a succession of Jurassic strata of varying competencies and permeabilities. The landscape has been modified by intense, locally variable periglacial erosion during Devensian times, resulting in a number of characteristic landforms including landslip, valley bulging, and limestone cambering. This study assesses the importance of spring and river discharge upon the sculpting of such a unique landscape. An extensive discharge survey of 67 hillside springs has revealed two well defined springlines that form at stratigraphical interfaces. Groundwater issues in greater abundance from the lower, Inferior Oolite, aquifer; discharge here is more regular throughout the year. Groundwater flow is a function of the regional SE strata dip, and of the heavily fissured character of the limestone, which provides rapid preferential flow pathways. Discharge of the River Frome was measured at four localities and cannot be explained by a simple model using upstream drainage area, as the channel can run completely dry over limestone in summer. The position of the springs has influenced the development of a line of settlements along the valley sides, as well as the proliferation of industry in the valley floor, with mills sited at points of high stream power. Geology affects valley shape, width, and orientation; the structure of the jointed limestone aquifer guides spring discharge and the orientation of many dry valleys. 相似文献
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László Ódor Richard B Wanty István Horváth Ubul Fügedi 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,65(1):47-60
Regional geochemical baseline values have been established for Hungary by the use of low-density stream-sediment surveys of flood-plain deposits of large drainage basins and of the fine fraction of stream sediments. The baseline values and anomaly thresholds thus produced helped to evaluate the importance of high toxic element concentrations found in soils in a valley downstream of a polymetallic vein-type base-metal mine. Erosion of the mine dumps and flotation dump, losses of metals during filtering, storage and transportation, human neglects, and operational breakdowns, have all contributed to the contamination of a small catchment basin in a procession of releases of solid waste. The sulfide-rich waste material weathers to a yellow color; this layer of `yellow sand' blankets a narrow strip of the floodplain of Toka Creek in the valley near the town of Gyöngyösoroszi. Contamination was spread out in the valley by floods. Metals present in the yellow sand include Pb, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Sb. Exposure of the local population to these metals may occur through inhalation of airborne particulates or by ingestion of these metals that are taken up by crops grown in the valley. To evaluate the areal extent and depth of the contamination, active stream sediment, flood-plain deposits, lake or reservoir sediments, soils, and surface water were sampled along the erosion pathways downstream of the mine and dumps. The flood-plain profile was sampled in detail to see the vertical distribution of elements and to relate the metal concentrations to the sedimentation and contamination histories of the flood plain. Downward migration of mobile Zn and Cd from the contaminated upper layers under supergene conditions is observed, while vertical migration of Pb, As, Hg and Sb appears to be insignificant. Soil profiles of 137Cs which originated from above-ground atomic bomb tests and the Chernobyl accident, provide good evidence that the upper 30–40 cm of the flood-plain sections, which includes the yellow sand contamination, were deposited in the last 30–40 years. 相似文献
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ADRIAN M. HALL NEIL F. GLASSER 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2003,32(1):191-207
The Cairngorm Mountain area of Scotland is a classic example of a landscape of selective linear glacial erosion, with sharp contrasts in the intensity of glacial erosion between the deeply incised troughs and valleys and the undulating high plateau. This article examines the Quaternary development of Glen Avon, a 200 m deep glacial trough set within the high plateau of the mountains. Evidence concerning the aggregate basal thermal regimes of the topographically controlled ice streams that formerly developed in this area is reconstructed from the geomorphological record, including bedforms indicative of wet-based, sliding ice and of dry-based ice frozen to its bed. This mapping indicates that basal sliding was not confined exclusively to the troughs but extended towards valley heads and on to parts of the plateau adjacent to troughs. The extent of basal sliding appears to have been greatest beneath pre-Late Devensian ice sheets. Basal ice temperatures are modelled under steady-state conditions for the last ice sheet at c. 18 ka BP. Basal thermal regimes are predicted using a reconstruction of the preglacial relief and for the current topography of the area. Convergent flow of ice through the preglacial valley system appears to have been sufficient to induce basal melting and therefore to initiate valley deepening. This effect is enhanced when the model is run across the present topography. Comparison of results of the geomorphological mapping and the modelling reveals significant differences between the actual and predicted extent of basal sliding outside the main ice stream. The overall conclusion is that many ice streams in mountainous terrain are inherited from the locations of preglacial valleys, which serve to accelerate ice flow and promote frictional heating beneath ice sheets. 相似文献
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黄河的形成与演化对于认识我国宏观地貌格局的形成、青藏高原及黄土高原的区域构造活动历史、华北平原及黄渤海陆架的形成和演化等问题具有重要意义。目前对黄河演化历史的研究主要集中在龙羊峡以下的河段,对于黄河源段的关注较少。文章基于黄河源地区河谷地貌的实地考察,并利用SRTM1-DEM数据,分析了黄河源段干流及支流河谷橫剖面的地貌特征,并与该区典型的冰川谷和兰州附近黄河的河谷横剖面进行了对比。结果表明:黄河源地区的河谷规模巨大,并呈现出谷底开阔、河床窄小、阶地不明显、谷坡陡立、河谷横剖面左右对称的U型谷特征。这些特征与该区冰蚀谷的特征相似,但与兰州段黄河成型河谷的特征相差甚远,且其河谷规模更大。我们推断,黄河源地区的河谷可能主要为冰期时的冰蚀作用所塑造,而非单纯的流水侵蚀形成。由于冰蚀作用的存在,该区早期的河流阶地可能被随后冰期的冰蚀作用所破坏,当前基于黄河源地区现存河流阶地年代的研究很可能低估了该区水系的发育历史。此外,反复的冰川进退也可能导致黄河源水系自上而下贯通,而非溯源侵蚀形成。 相似文献
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《Geodinamica Acta》1999,12(2):57-70
An analysis of the functioning of the valley slope/ stream system is carried out in the catchment area of the Tortue, a hilly, sandy region, east of Le Mans. The swift restructuring of plots is responsible for two types of morphogenesis: Chronic erosion accounts for the slow transfer of sediments towards the lower part of plots and slopes. The overland flow caused by the restructuring of surface soil erodes some 150 to 200 kg ha−1 during the month following sowing. But the limited amount of deposits (the Royeau brook carries away less than 50 kg ha−1 per month) proves the existence of numerous relays. Catastrophic erosion, triggered by storm showers tailing on dry soils with sparse vegetation led, in 1988 and 1990, to extensive gullying and longitudinal transportation that modified stream dynamics. Taken away partly from the stocks accumulated through chronic erosion, the sand flow progresses slowly downstream with the floods. 相似文献
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The Ganga Plain is one of the most densely populated regions of the world due to its fertile soil and availability of water. The rivers of this plain are the lifeline for millions of people of this vast alluvial plain. All rivers of this plain are characterized by narrow channel confined within wide valley. Continuously increasing pressure of population on this plain has led to the intensification of settlement even into the valley of the river. This unplanned expansion has enhanced the damage due to flooding during high-discharge period and lateral erosion during low-discharge period. Flooding and lateral erosion are identified as fluvial hazards in the Ghaghara River area. Extensive studies have been carried out on flooding, but not much attention has been paid to the phenomenon of lateral erosion. However, it has been observed that lateral erosion is an independent fluvial hazard that operates during low-discharge period. Low degree of compaction due to the presence of sandy and silty facies in the river valley deposits, mass movement, palaeocurrent pattern, and fractures initiates and enhances the lateral erosion. The present paper deals with the fluvial hazards in the Ghaghara River area. 相似文献
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The morphology of the Alpine and adjacent landscapes is directly related to glacial erosion and associated sediment transport.
Here we report the effects of glacio-hydrologic erosion on bedrock topography in the Swiss Plateau. Specifically, we identify
the presence of subsurface valleys beneath the city of Bern and discuss their genesis. Stratigraphic investigations of more
than 4,000 borehole data within a 430 km2-large area reveal the presence of a network of >200 m-deep and 1,000 m-wide valleys. They are flat floored with steep sided
walls and are filled by Quaternary glacial deposits. The central valley beneath Bern is straight and oriented towards the
NNW, with valley flanks more than 20° steep. The valley bottom has an irregular undulating profile along the thalweg, with
differences between sills and hollows higher than 50–100 m over a reach of 4 km length. Approximately 500 m high bedrock highlands
flank the valley network. The highlands are dissected by up to 80 m-deep and 500 m-broad hanging valleys that currently drain
away from the axis of the main valley. We interpret the valleys beneath the city of Bern to be a tunnel valley network which
originated from subglacial erosion by melt water. The highland valleys served as proglacial meltwater paths and are hanging
with respect to the trunk system, indicating that these incipient highland systems as well as the main gorge beneath Bern
formed by glacial melt water under pressure. 相似文献
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松辽盆地盆西斜坡白垩系姚家组下切谷充填结构 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
白垩纪青山口组沉积末期至姚家组沉积初期,松辽盆地发生了湖平面大幅度下降,湖区大规模萎缩,形成了SSQq-qn和SSQy-n之间的二级层序界面.这一时期,西部斜坡普遍暴露,缺失了三级层序SQqn4和SQy1地层,并在齐齐哈尔古水系的作用下在西部斜坡的北部形成了下切谷.下切谷长约70km,宽约20km,呈NW-SE延伸.在SQy23层序水进域,下切谷逐渐被充填.下切谷发育区SQy23水进域的地层厚度明显高于相邻区域,在沉积走向上的高地层厚度梯度带反映了下切谷的边界.下切谷充填序列具有多期旋回性特征,一个完整的短期充填旋回的底界为侵蚀面,侵蚀面之上依次发育泥砾岩、具交错层理含陆源砾石和泥砾中-细粒砂岩、具波纹层理粉砂质泥岩和泥岩.充填下切谷的不同短期旋回的砂体在空间上具有叠瓦状结构.在倾向剖面上,砂体沿下切谷底界面逐层叠置超覆,向盆地方向分叉并尖灭在泥岩中,反映了河-湖共同作用.在横剖面上,砂体呈透镜状错叠.早期的砂体主要发育于相对深谷部位,相对高部位以泥质充填为主,后期的砂体不受原始深谷限制.在SQy23最大湖泛期,下切谷内以泥质充填为主. 相似文献
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选择青海共和盆地多石在沟河道中6道新月形沙丘链作为研究对象,采用Trimble4700DGPS与常规测量手段,结合野外风沙观测与自动气象站数据,初步观测分析了2006年多石在沟河道沙丘在不同季节的形态变化过程,计算出2006年风季前比雨季后多石在沟河道沙丘体积减小了548.3m3,风积量为2351m3,流水的蚀平量为2899m3,2006年风水两相营力对河道沙丘的侵蚀贡献率约为45%∶55%,流水的搬运作用强于风力的堆积作用。但从较长的时间尺度来看,研究区的风力侵蚀作用强于流水侵蚀作用,河道沙丘不断增大。多石在沟河道沙丘是一个典型的风水交互作用系统,河道成为风力与流水交互作用的"中转站",在风水的交替作用下,沉积物由风积环境进入流水环境中。 相似文献