共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
河流水力侵蚀物理模型表明基岩河道纵剖面在均衡状态时表现为平滑上凹的形态,其特征反映了构造、基岩抗侵蚀能力和气候的作用;然而自然界河道纵剖面多呈现以裂点为特征的不均衡形态,不均衡的剖面形态以及裂点的研究同样可以对外力作用的变化起到很好的指示作用。位于北祁连的走廊南山高海拔河道纵剖面普遍呈现不均衡形式且发育海拔较高的裂点。通过对裂点成因分析发现,这些裂点并不主要受控于岩性、气候、构造等因素,而反映了冰川作用遗留地形与河流地形的分界。这一结果说明在对河道纵剖面高海拔裂点进行分析时要考虑到古冰川遗留地形也会对现代河道纵剖面产生重要影响,为进一步认识和理解造山带地貌演化以及控制因素提供了思路。 相似文献
2.
天山北麓河流纵剖面与基岩侵蚀模型特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文提取分析天山北麓10条河流的纵剖面,通过函数拟合纵剖面形态特征,同时运用基岩侵蚀力模型来研究河流纵剖面形态的发育演化过程,来揭示河流纵剖面的发育与构造活动之间的内在关系.研究表明:天山北麓河流地貌地形发育阶段处于河流侵蚀作用强烈的前均衡状态时期.塔西河的纵剖面凹曲度最大,向东西两侧河流凹曲度依次降低,乌鲁木齐河与四棵树河凹曲度最小,河流的凹曲度(θ)和河道坡度(Ks)的数值分布规律与所对应构造部位晚更新世以来的抬升速率和地壳缩短速度相一致,排除时间、气候因素和基岩性质影响因素后.发现晚更新世以来天山北麓河流纵剖面形态变化主要受构造抬升作用的影响. 相似文献
3.
河流裂点形态特征蕴含了区域河流演化的历史信息，是认识区域地貌演化、构造运动、气候变化及人类活动潜在相互作用机制的切入点。以往裂点成因研究多选择在河流演化控制因素比较典型的地区，成因分析方法也相对单一。本文以河流演化环境复杂的大别山东南缘为研究区，基于标准陡峭指数、面积高程积分、坡度-面积双对数法和降水侵蚀力等探讨区域河流裂点形成原因。研究表明：(1)研究区5条河流干流纵剖面均处于不均衡状态，发育68个裂点。(2)研究区裂点发育受到构造活动、岩性、降水等多种因素影响。构造运动特别是郯庐断裂带等的断层活动是区域裂点发育的主导因素，共形成45个裂点，超过裂点总数量的65%。(3)研究区地貌演化受到构造运动影响，区域断层活动显著，并且构造运动活跃性存在差异，山地区域构造运动活跃性高于山前盆地，西南区域构造运动活跃性高于东北区域。本研究可为复杂区域河流演化研究提供借鉴，并从新的视角进一步了解大别山地区地貌演化过程。 相似文献
4.
为了揭示滇西纵向岭谷区河谷形态特征及其发育规律,采用1∶5万DEM图件,利用ARCG IS软件提取研究区41个河谷断面的有关基础数据,据此计算了河谷横断面的宽深比、半高宽深比、断面面积、凹度、不对称系数及河谷纵剖面特征的指标。结果表明,纵向岭谷区北部河谷横断面的宽深比很小,其宽深比在4~16间,但沿流向往南有明显增大的趋势,最大达到24。这是由于北部的构造抬升作用强从而引起该区更强列的河流下蚀作用的结果。河谷横断面的凹度显示大多数河谷属于"V"型谷,表明研究区的河流仍然以下切过程为主。谷宽不对称系数及谷面不对称系数揭示了研究区河谷横断面主要是左倾型河谷,即河谷断面上河道左部谷坡较缓,这是强势西南季风在河流左岸迎风坡形成强降水带和在河流右岸背风坡形成弱降水带的雨水差异侵蚀引起的。河谷纵剖面具有明显的下凹特性,凹度在1.40~1.65间。河道比降具有沿程变小的趋势,并遵循指数衰减关系,平均比降在1.22‰~1.85‰间。在纵向岭谷区北部,响应构造抬升作用的西强东弱的现状,河流主河道的比降具有从西向东变小的趋势。 相似文献
5.
长江源区河流的河网形态和辫状河型独具特色。基于SRTM3 DEM、Landsat 4-5 TM遥感影像和Google Earth卫星影像数据提取长江源区22条河流纵剖面,利用简单数学函数拟合纵剖面形态,并结合Hack剖面、凹曲指数及河长坡降SL指标等参数分析河流纵剖面的发育与构造活动之间的内在关系。研究表明:长江源区大部分河流纵剖面的最佳拟合形态为指数函数(R~2≥0.99),间接地说明该区域河流侵蚀作用较强。这22条支流的凹度值约为1.0,其中当曲的凹曲度最大,色吾曲最小,属于高凹曲度和极端凹曲度值。在各河流形态的统计结果中,三大源流Hack剖面均为曲线,沱沱河—通天河、当曲、楚玛尔河分别出现了8次、4次、3次宽窄交替的藕节状形态,其中宽谷段为辫状河段,窄段为峡谷限制段,标准河流坡降指数SL/K值介于2～10之间,表示河流发育处于微陡河段,地区构造活动较强。不考虑气候和基岩性质影响因素,可推测晚更新世以来新构造运动在长江源河流纵剖面演变中起主导作用。 相似文献
6.
滇西北三江河谷纵剖面的发育图式与演化规律 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
在地壳持续、匀速抬升继以长期稳定的构造条件下,均一流域河谷纵剖面形态是以河口或河源为原点的抛物线(h=Al~N)。抬升期,河流深切侵蚀,纵剖面为上凸抛物线型;稳定期,河流均衡调整,纵剖面为下凹抛物线形;其间过渡阶段,纵剖面为直线型。流域地貌随侵蚀循环而相应演化,最终形成准平原。滇西北金沙江、澜沧江、怒江流域接近理想假设条件,其河谷纵剖面的形态和演化符合上述的图式和规律。 相似文献
7.
构造地形指标的发展对于构造运动的量化研究具有重要意义。白龙江流域位于青藏高原与西秦岭造山带之间的过渡地带,对该流域地貌是否处于构造隆升与河流侵蚀的均衡状态,以及内部构造活动性的差异如何等问题尚缺乏细致研究。基于Arcgis9.3与ASTERGDEM数据,提取了白龙江流域32条支流的纵剖面,拟合其最佳函数形态,并利用基岩侵蚀模型提取了各个支流的标准化陡峭指数、凹曲度及拟合系数值,来揭示白龙江流域河流对构造运动的响应特征。结果表明:白龙江流域河流拟合函数以指数函数为主,河流大多发育处于侵蚀作用强烈阶段;中上游地区标准化河流陡峭指数值较下游地区偏大,凹曲度值和拟合系数中上游较下游值偏小,反映了白龙江流域中上游与下游构造活动强度的差异性;32条支流的凹曲度大部分小于均衡状态经验平均凹曲度值(0.49),表明白龙江流域地貌形态发育大部分还没有达到均衡阶段。 相似文献
8.
金沙江三堆子乌东德河段阶地研究 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
中更新世晚期,古金沙江曾在金坪子河段发生堵江,使得金坪子河段成为金沙江发育的局部侵蚀基准点,并影响着三堆子-乌东德河段的河流下切速率。金坪子、凹嘎、龙街和鱼鲊的平均下切速率分别为196~217、145~172、257~305、82~97 cm/ka。凹嘎河段和鱼鲊河段在河谷地貌形态和阶地堆积物形成年代上都有很大差异,其原因为金沙江河谷中存在着多级构造裂点或岩性裂点,两河段性质存在差异,所以该河段不宜做传统的阶地位相分析。金沙江三堆子-乌东德河段的阶地沉积物的重矿物种类较多,以磁铁矿、赤褐铁矿、绿帘石、石榴石为主,并含有稳定矿物锆石、金红石和白钛石,以及十字石、兰晶石等典型的变质矿物。 相似文献
9.
河流阶地形成过程及其驱动机制再研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
河流阶地的形成是在内因(河流内部动力变化)和外因(低频和高频气候变化、构造运动、基准面变化)共同作用下的结果。受单一气候变化制约的河流阶地发育模式可以解释由于沉积物通量和径流量变化引起的河流堆积-侵蚀过程,但它难以解释形成多级阶地的逐步(或间歇性)下切过程。多级阶地的形成可能同时受到构造抬升和周期性气候变化的制约。由于下切过程的滞后效应,侵蚀和冰川均衡抬升、河谷的侧向侵蚀过程等影响,山地的构造抬升与河谷的下切之间并非一种简单的线性关系,应当慎用河谷的下切速率来代表山地的抬升速率。 相似文献
10.
黄河下游河流纵剖面平行抬升的统计检验 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
河流纵剖面变化可视为随机过程,它既包括趋势成分,又包括周期成分和随机成分。以前用一时段内的纵剖面升降分布来判断是否具有趋势性平行抬升的方法存在问题。因为这种时段纵剖面升降分布所包含的随机成分很大,不能用以直接判断纵剖面的趋势变化特征。对黄河下游纵剖面的趋势变化比随机变化低两个数量级的情况,更是如此。获得纵剖面趋势变化特征信息的好方法是滑动平均。另外,还可以用统计学方法进行检验。如果纵剖面确为平行抬升;则应有下列结论成立:1)各断面多年平均水位升高值(或河床升高值)相等;2)任意两断面间的高程差都为常数。本文对此进行了统计检验,并得出了在一定的精度要求内,黄河下游河流纵剖面确有平行抬升的趋势的结论。 相似文献
11.
The kinematics and pattern of escarpment retreat across the rifted continental margin of SE Australia 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Rifted continental margins generally display an interior, low-relief, highly weathered upland area and a deeply incised, high-relief coastal area. The boundary between the two zones is commonly demarcated by an abrupt, seaward-facing escarpment. We investigate the rate and pattern of escarpment erosion and landscape evolution along the passive margin of south-east Australia, in the region of the New England Tableland. The process of rifting is shown to initiate an escarpment across which rivers flow, resulting in an escarpment that takes the form of dramatic, elongated gorges. Using a mass balance approach, we estimate the volume/unit length of continental material eroded seaward of the escarpment to be between 41 and 68 km2 , approximately an order of magnitude less than the 339 km2 of terrigenous sediments calculated to have been deposited offshore, but consistent with earlier denudation estimates based on apatite fission track data. On the bedrock rivers draining the New England Tableland region, the escarpment is manifested as a series of sharp knickpoints punctuating the river longitudinal profiles. The knickpoints are situated the same distance upstream along the different channels and uniform escarpment retreat rates on the order of 2 km Myr−1 are estimated, despite some differences in bedrock lithologies. Gorge head migration appears to be very important as a bedrock incision mechanism. Field observations indicate a coupling between escarpment retreat and knickpoint propagation, bedrock channel incision, and hillslope development. 相似文献
12.
Model parameterization through adjustment to field data is a crucial step in the modeling and the understanding of the drainage network response to tectonic or climatic perturbations. Using as a test case a data set of 18 knickpoints that materialize the migration of a 0.7-Ma-old erosion wave in the Ourthe catchment of northern Ardennes (western Europe), we explore the impact of various data fitting on the calibration of the stream power model of river incision, from which a simple knickpoint celerity equation is derived. Our results show that statistical least squares adjustments (or misfit functions) based either on the stream-wise distances between observed and modeled knickpoint positions at time t or on differences between observed and modeled time at the actual knickpoint locations yield significantly different values for the m and K parameters of the model. As there is no physical reason to prefer one of these approaches, an intermediate least-rectangles adjustment might at first glance appear as the best compromise. However, the statistics of the analysis of 200 sets of synthetic knickpoints generated in the Ourthe catchment indicate that the time-based adjustment is the most capable of getting close to the true parameter values. Moreover, this fitting method leads in all cases to an m value lower than that obtained from the classical distance adjustment (for example, 0.75 against 0.86 for the real case of the Ourthe catchment), corresponding to an increase in the non-linear character of the dependence of knickpoint celerity on discharge. 相似文献
13.
黄河下游水沙关系模型参数随河段距离变化规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对于多沙河流或河段,水沙关系模型多表示为考虑来水含沙量的幂律函数形式：Qs=KSuaQb,本质反映了河道的不平衡输沙规律,模型参数变化主要受到河道边界条件的影响。河段距离作为反映沿程空间尺度的一个重要指标,对模型系数K与指数a、b具有重要的影响。以黄河下游河道为研究对象,分析研究了模型系数K与指数a、b随河段距离的变化规律与计算方法,并用于黄河下游河道输沙沿程变化模拟。模型参数变化规律分析表明：指数a随河段距离的增大而减小,两者呈指数负相关关系;系数K随河段距离的增大而减小,且与指数a呈指数正相关关系;指数b随河段距离的增大而增大,且与指数a呈线性负相关关系,两者之和约为2.0。通过建立模型系数K与指数a、b随河段距离变化的计算表达式,构成了考虑来水含沙量的水沙关系模型的参数条件补充方程。对黄河下游河道输沙沿程变化模拟结果表明,黄河下游河道沿程含沙量的计算值与实测值变化趋势基本符合,确定性系数R2值可以达到0.96,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数NSE值在0.93以上,模拟效果良好。研究结果有助于深入认识考虑来水含沙量的水沙关系模型参数的物理意义与探索模型参数的确定方法。 相似文献
14.
Decoding temporal and spatial patterns of fault uplift using transient river long profiles 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Alexander C. Whittaker Mikaël Attal Patience A. Cowie Gregory E. Tucker Gerald Roberts 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):506-526
We present detailed observations of rivers crossing active normal faults in the Central Apennines, Italy, where excellent constraints exist on the temporal and spatial history of fault movement. We demonstrate that rivers with drainage areas > 10 km2 and crossing faults that have undergone an increase in throw rate within the last 1 My, have significant long-profile convexities. In contrast, channels that cross faults that have had a constant-slip rate for 3 My have concave-up profiles and have similar concavities and steepness indices to rivers that do not cross any active fault structures. This trend is consistent across the Central Apennines and cannot be explained by appeal to lithology or regional base level change. The data challenge the belief that active faulting must always be reflected in river profiles; instead, the long-profile convexities are best explained as a transient response of the river system to a change in tectonic uplift rate. Moreover, for these rivers we demonstrate that the height of the profile convexity, as measured from the fault, scales with the magnitude of the uplift rate increase on the fault; and we establish that this relationship holds for throw rate variation along strike for the same fault segment, as well as between faults. These findings are shown to be consistent with predictions of channel response to changing uplift rate rates using a detachment-limited fluvial erosion model, and they illustrate that analysis of the magnitude of profile convexities has considerable predictive potential for extracting tectonic information. We also demonstrate that the migration rate of the profile convexities varies from 1.5–10 mm/y, and is a function of the slip rate increase as well as the drainage area. This is consistent with n > 1 for the slope exponent in a classical detachment-limited stream-power erosion law, but could potentially be explained by incorporating an erosion threshold or an explicit role for sediment in enhancing erosion rates. Finally, we show that for rivers in extensional settings, where the response times to tectonic perturbation are long (in this case > 1 My), attempts to extract tectonic uplift rates from normalised steepness indices are likely to be flawed because topographic steady state has not yet been achieved. 相似文献
15.
基于数字高程模型（DEM）及地理信息系统（GIS）技术,系统提取和分析了中条山北麓河流坡降指标、河道陡峭指数及面积高程积分等河流地貌参数。研究表明：河流坡降指标、河道陡峭指数及面积高程积分在永济至解州一带表现出较高的值;综合分析岩性、降水及构造等因素可知,新构造运动是控制中条山北麓河流地貌发育的主要因素,自北向南总体表现出增强的趋势,在永济南活动最强。前人研究表明,中条山北麓断裂晚第四纪以来构造活跃,全新世以来仍有多次活动,但不同部位活动强度各异,解州段晚更新世晚期以来滑动速率相比韩阳段及夏县段高,极高值在出现在永济南一带。可见,基于河流地貌参数获得的中条山北麓新构造运动强弱与断裂晚第四纪以来的活动强弱一致。 相似文献
16.
太湖平原区河网结构变化对调蓄能力的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
城镇化快速发展导致河网水系萎缩,连通性受阻,河网调蓄能力降低,加大了区域洪灾风险和洪涝损失.基于1960s,1980s,2010s的1:5万地形图水系及三个控制站的水位数据,选取河网密度(Rd),水面率(WP),盒维数(D),水位Hurst指数(H),分析了近50年来太湖流域武澄锡虞地区的水系演变与河网调蓄能力变化;并借助代表性单元流域概念,以水位Hurst指数来表征河网调蓄能力,从河网调蓄的物理机理出发,探讨了河网调蓄与河网结构参数的关系.结果表明:① 受快速城镇化影响,1960s-2010s武澄锡虞地区河网密度,水面率及盒维数分别下降了18.87%,24.59%,7.60%,且1980s至2010s各水系指标的衰减率均高于1960s-1980s;② 1960-2010年,研究区年均及汛期的水位Hurst指数呈下降趋势,其所反映的河网调蓄能力与该地区河网水系各指标变化同步,这表明城镇化引起的河流水系衰减导致河网调蓄能力发生明显下降,非汛期水位Hurst指数先增加后降低,表现出一定的不确定性;③ 基于REW概念与水位Hurst指数值,初步构建了河网结构参数与调蓄能力的关系式,并对关系式进行了验证,基本可行,可在一定程度上揭示城镇化下水系变化对河网调蓄能力的影响,从而为评价平原水网区河网调蓄能力提供了一种相对简便的方法. 相似文献
17.
晚新生代以来,青藏高原北东向扩展,致使祁连山地区遭受了强烈的构造隆升,造就了祁连山地区复杂的构造格局和急剧变化的构造地貌,其典型水系流域地貌特征揭示了该地区的新构造活动和地貌演化过程。庄浪河流域位于祁连山东段,作为青藏高原北东向扩展的前缘地区,庄浪河流域的地貌参数对构造活动非常敏感,提取庄浪河流域的地貌信息,有助于揭示祁连山东段庄浪河流域地貌对构造活动的响应,及系统探讨该区地貌发育特征及其所蕴含的构造意义。庄浪河流域内及边缘发育有庄浪河断裂、天祝盆地南缘断裂、疙瘩沟隐伏断裂以及金强河-毛毛山-老虎山断裂。晚新生代以来,这些断裂仍在活动,并且控制着流域内的构造变形、山体隆升和河流水系地貌发育。本研究采用ALOS DEM 12.5 m数据,基于ArcGIS空间分析技术,通过高程条带剖面、河流坡降指标体系（K,SL,SL/K）和Hack剖面、面积-高程积分值（HI）和积分曲线（HC）等方法,对庄浪河流域地貌特征进行了初步分析。结果表明,庄浪河地区地形起伏由北西向南东递减,构造活动存在东西分异的规律;庄浪河流域内部K值、SL、SL/K、HI值西侧高于东侧,Hack剖面西侧相比东侧上凸更明显;H... 相似文献
18.
Thilo Wrona Alexander C. Whittaker Rebecca E. Bell Robert L. Gawthorpe Haakon Fossen Christopher A.-L. Jackson Marit Stokke Bauck 《Basin Research》2023,35(2):744-761
Our understanding of continental rifting is, in large parts, derived from the stratigraphic record. This record is, however, incomplete as it does not often capture the geomorphic and erosional signal of rifting. New 3D seismic reflection data reveal a Late Permian-Early Triassic landscape incised into the pre-rift basement of the northern North Sea. This landscape, which covers at least 542 km2, preserves a drainage system bound by two major tectonic faults. A quantitative geomorphic analysis of the drainage system reveals 68 catchments, with channel steepness and knickpoint analysis of catchment-hosted palaeo-rivers showing that the landscape preserved a >2 Myr long period of transient tectonics. We interpret that this landscape records a punctuated uplift of the footwall of a major rift-related normal fault (Vette Fault) at the onset of rifting. The landscape was preserved by a combination of relatively rapid subsidence in the hangingwall of a younger fault (Øygarden Fault) and burial by post-incision sediments. As such, we show how and why erosional landscapes are preserved in the stratigraphic record, and how they can help us understand the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of ancient continental rifts. 相似文献
19.
Rivers respond to a drop in their base level by incising the topography. The upstream propagation of an incision, as usually depicted by a knickpoint migration, is thought to depend on several parameters such as the drainage area, lithology, and the amplitude of the base level drop. We first investigate the case of the Messinian Salinity Crisis that was characterized by the extreme base level fall (1500 m) of the Mediterranean Sea at the end of the Miocene. The response of drainage areas of three orders of magnitude (103 to 106 km2) highlights the dominant role of the drainage area (with a square root relationship) in controlling the knickpoint migration after a base level fall. A compilation of mean rates of knickpoint propagation for time durations ranging from 102 to 107 years displays a similar relationship indicating that successive wave trains of knickpoint can migrate in a river: first, wave trains linked to the release of the alluvial cover and then, wave trains related to the bedrock incision, which correspond to the real time response of rivers. Wave trains with very low retreat rates (long lived knickpoints > 1 My) rather correspond to the response time of regional landscape. 相似文献