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1.
Application of a portable spectrophotometric analysis system for measurement of nitrite in seawater is described in this work. The spectral analysis system (SEAS) used for observations of the primary nitrite maximum (PNM) has an operational depth of 500 m and is capable of fully autonomous data acquisition and analysis. The liquid core waveguides (LCWs) used as optical cells in SEAS allow for optical pathlengths as long as 5 m and provide subnanomolar detection limits for a variety of analytes. The 1-m waveguide used in the present study had an internal volume of 0.52 cm3 and provided NO2− measurement precisions and detection limits on the order of 1.2 and 2.5 nM. The time required for a complete in situ analysis, approximately 3–5 min, allows acquisition of detailed profiles on time scales commensurate with the duration of typical hydrocast operations. NO2− profiles in the Gulf of Mexico showed very sharp gradients over a 5–10-m depth range and a primary nitrite maximum between 100 and 130 m. A shoulder was often observed approximately 10 m below the primary maximum, with relatively slowly decreasing NO2− concentrations at increasing depth.  相似文献   

2.
Vertical changes in abundance, biomass and community structure of copepods down to 3000 m depth were studied at a single station of the Aleutian Basin of the Bering Sea (53°28′N, 177°00′W, depth 3779 m) on the 14th June 2006. Both abundance and biomass of copepods were greatest near the surface layer and decreased with increase in depth. Abundance and biomass of copepods integrated over 0–3000 m were 1,390,000 inds. m?2 and 5056 mg C m?2, respectively. Copepod carcasses occurred throughout the layer, and the carcass:living specimen ratio was the greatest in the oxygen minimum layer (750–100 m, the ratio was 2.3). A total of 72 calanoid copepod species belonging to 34 genera and 15 families occurred in the 0–3000 m water column (Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida and Poecilostomatoida were not identified to species level). Cluster analysis separated calanoid copepod communities into 5 groups (A–E). Each group was separated by depth, and the depth range of each group was at 0–75 m (A), 75–500 m (B), 500–750 m (C), 750–1500 m (D) and 1500–3000 m (E). Copepods were divided into four types based on the feeding pattern: suspension feeders, suspension feeders in diapause, detritivores and carnivores. In terms of abundance the most dominant group was suspension feeders (mainly Cyclopoida) in the epipelagic zone, and detritivores (mainly Poecilostomatoida) were dominant in the meso- and bathypelagic zones. In terms of biomass, suspension feeders in diapause (calanoid copepods Neocalanus spp. and Eucalanus bungii) were the major component (ca. 10–45%), especially in the 250–3000 m depth. These results are compared with the previous studies in the same region and that down to greater depths in the worldwide oceans.  相似文献   

3.
The vertical distribution of 55 species of copepods at levels 0–100 m, 100–250 m, 250–500 m, over 21 hours on 20–21 September 1967 at a station 39 km east of Kaikoura (central east coast), New Zealand, is reported, and changes in the night : day biomass ratio at the three depth levels are discussed.

Most copepod species counted showed diurnal vertical migratory movements generally similar to those recorded by other workers, but differences between sexes were noted. Modifications to the usual diurnal migratory pattern were observed and are thought to be caused by the animal's physiological state or by changes in the environment.

In the surface 250 m, the night : day biomass ratio was >2 but at 250–500 m it was <1.  相似文献   

4.
Although the organization patterns of fauna in the deep sea have been broadly documented, most studies have focused on the megafauna. Bivalves represent about 10% of the deep-sea macrobenthic fauna, being the third taxon in abundance after polychaetes and peracarid crustaceans. This study, based on a large data set, examined the bathymetric distribution, patterns of zonation and diversity–depth trends of bivalves from the Porcupine Seabight and adjacent Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic). A total of 131,334 individuals belonging to 76 species were collected between 500 and 4866 m. Most of the species showed broad depth ranges with some ranges extending over more than 3000 m. Furthermore, many species overlapped in their depth distributions. Patterns of zonation were not very strong and faunal change was gradual. Nevertheless, four bathymetric discontinuities, more or less clearly delimited, occurred at about 750, 1900, 2900 and 4100 m. These boundaries indicated five faunistic zones: (1) a zone above ∼750 m marking the change from shelf species to bathyal species; (2) a zone from ∼750 to 1900 m that corresponds to the upper and mid-bathyal zones taken together; (3) a lower bathyal zone from ∼1900 to 2900 m; (4) a transition zone from ∼2900 to 4100 m where the bathyal fauna meets and overlaps with the abyssal fauna and (5) a truly abyssal zone from approximately 4100–4900 m (the lower depth limit of this study), characterized by the presence of abyssal species with restricted depth ranges and a few specimens of some bathyal species with very broad distributions. The ∼4100 m boundary marked the lower limit of distribution of many bathyal species. There was a pattern of increasing diversity downslope from ∼500 to 1600 m, followed by a decrease to minimum values at about 2700 m. This drop in diversity was followed by an increase up to maximum values at ∼4100 m and then again, a fall to ∼4900 m (the lower depth limit in this study).  相似文献   

5.
The deep sea has been shown to exhibit strong depth zonation in species composition and abundance. Examination of these patterns can offer ecological insight into how organisms adapt and respond to changing environmental parameters that co-occur with depth. Here we provide the first tropical study on bathymetric zonation and other depth-related trends (size, abundance, and species richness) spanning shelf to abyssal depths of scavenging megafauna. Baited time-lapse free-vehicle cameras were used to examine the deep-sea benthic and demersal scavenging communities of the Hawaiian Islands, an area for which the biology and ecology have remained poorly studied below 2000 m. Twenty-two deployments ranging in depth from 250 to 4783 m yielded 37 taxa attracted to bait, including the first known occurrence of the family Zoarcidae in the Hawaiian Islands. Cluster analysis of Bray–Curtis similarity of species peak abundance (nmax) revealed four main faunal zones (250–500, 1000, 1500–3000, and ?4000 m) with significant separation (ANOSIM, global R=0.907, p=0.001) between designated depth groups. A major faunal break was identified at the 500–1000 m transition where species turnover was greatest, coinciding with the location of the local oxygen minimum zone. Dominance in species assemblage shifted from decapod crustaceans to teleosts moving from shallow to deeper faunal zones. Significant size differences in total length with depth were found for two of the four fish species examined. A logarithmic decline was observed in scavenger relative abundance with depth. Evidence of interaction between scavenging species was also noted between Synaphobranchus affinis and Neolithodes sp. (competition) and Histiobranchus sp. and aristeid shrimp (predation), suggesting that interactions between scavengers could influence indices of abundance generated from baited camera data.  相似文献   

6.
Sea floor morphology plays an important role in many scientific disciplines such as ecology, hydrology and sedimentology since geomorphic features can act as physical controls for e.g. species distribution, oceanographically flow-path estimations or sedimentation processes. In this study, we provide a terrain analysis of the Weddell Sea based on the 500 m × 500 m resolution bathymetry data provided by the mapping project IBCSO. Seventeen seabed classes are recognized at the sea floor based on a fine and broad scale Benthic Positioning Index calculation highlighting the diversity of the glacially carved shelf. Beside the morphology, slope, aspect, terrain rugosity and hillshade were calculated and supplied to the data archive PANGAEA. Applying zonal statistics to the geomorphic features identified unambiguously the shelf edge of the Weddell Sea with a width of 45–70 km and a mean depth of about 1200 m ranging from 270 m to 4300 m. A complex morphology of troughs, flat ridges, pinnacles, steep slopes, seamounts, outcrops, and narrow ridges, structures with approx. 5–7 km width, build an approx. 40–70 km long swath along the shelf edge. The study shows where scarps and depressions control the connection between shelf and abyssal and where high and low declination within the scarps e.g. occur. For evaluation purpose, 428 grain size samples were added to the seabed class map. The mean values of mud, sand and gravel of those samples falling into a single seabed class was calculated, respectively, and assigned to a sediment texture class according to a common sediment classification scheme.  相似文献   

7.
The zoogeography of marine Bryozoa around South Africa was investigated using published distribution records, museum catalogues, and an examination of previously unworked bryozoan material in (mostly) museum collections. Although a total of 276 valid species are recognised, it was not possible to unambiguously assess geographic patterns of diversity. At all depth zones examined (shore and inner-shelf, 0–30 m; mid- and outer-shelf, 31–350 m; bathyal, >500 m), there was a clear geographic structure to communities that mirrored established regional patterns of biogeography. Too few samples were collected from the shelf edge (351–500 m) and they were consequently excluded from zoogeographic analysis. Communities on the shore and inner-shelf and on the mid- and outer-shelf were more similar to each other than they were to bathyal communities, and the pronounced structure in bathyal communities suggests heterogeneity in the deep sea around South Africa.  相似文献   

8.
Concentrations of the trace elements Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni were measured in shallow vertical profiles (maximum depth 500 m) off the Scotian Shelf in the western North Atlantic. The distributions of the trace elements show variations with depth, the most consistent of which are for Fe and Zn. A minimum concentration near the surface followed by an increase with depth is attributed to in situ mechanisms.  相似文献   

9.
The Malta‐Comino Channel (Maltese islands, central Mediterranean), supports extensive meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica that in some places extend to a depth of around 43 m, which is rare for this seagrass. To assess spatial and temporal variation in the state of the deeper parts of the P. oceanica meadow with time, data on the structural characteristics of the seagrass meadow at its lower bathymetric limit were collected during the summers of 2001, 2003 and 2004 from four stations (two stations within each of two sites) located at a similar depth, over a spatial extent of 500 m. Shoot density was estimated in situ, while data on plant architecture (number of leaves, mean leaf length, and epiphyte load) were successfully obtained using an underwater photographic technique that was specifically designed to avoid destructive sampling of the seagrass. Results indicated that P. oceanica shoot density was lower than that recorded from the same meadow during a study undertaken in 1995; the observed decrease was attributed to the activities of an offshore aquaculture farm that operated during the period 1995–2000 in the vicinity of the meadow. ANOVA indicated significant spatial and temporal variations in meadow structural attributes at both sites during the 3‐year study; for example, shoot density values increased overall with time at site A; a indication of potential recovery of the meadow following cessation of the aquaculture operations. Lower shoot density values recorded from site B (compared with site A) were attributed to higher epiphyte loads on the seagrass, relative to those at site A. The findings, which include new data on the structural characteristics of P. oceanica occurring at depths >40 m, are discussed with reference to the use of the non‐destructive photographic technique to monitor the state of health of deep water seagrass meadows.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Spatial and temporal characteristics of the water masses and the dispersion of the suspended particulate matter were investigated using current meter, hydrographic and nephelometric observations, gathered during the ECOFER experiment (1989–1991) in the Cap-Ferret Canyon on the Aquitanian margin of the Bay of Biscay. While characteristics of the deep water masses were stable from one year to another, large hydrographic change in the upper 500 m related to winter renewal induced by poleward advection of warm and saline water along the continental slope. The slope circulation and seasonal eddy activity appear as important dynamical mechanisms that control the entrainment and the dispersion of the suspended particulate matter from the neritic domain to the deep ocean. A predominantly northward along-slope current with occasional reversal characterizes this circulation. The nephelometric structures also showed seasonal changes in the overall suspended particulate matter content, but recurrent features, such as the presence of intermediate nepheloid layers at the shelf-break depth and various depths along the slope (∼500, 1000 and 2000 m), were observed. These nepheloid layers extended off the slope to about 10–30 km, but especially laterally along the slope. Their presence indicated that suspended particulate matter exchanges between the shelf and the slope occurred mainly in the head of the canyon and along the southern open slope. The intermediate nepheloid layers around 500 m depth detached from the slope particularly in regions where the bottom slope is close to critical for the M2 internal tide.  相似文献   

12.
An array consisting of ocean bottom seismometer and on-bottom hydrophones, was used to conduct a seismic experiment on 0.4 Ma crust east of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Seismic sources were large (>50 kg) explosive charges detonated by SUS devices set to explode at 1829 or 2438 m nominal depth. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the compressional wave velocity and attenuation structures of the uppermost 500 m depth. The relative positions of shots and receivers were originally determined by treating each shot-receiver pair independently, via raytracing of various water waves. Due to the reflection of some of these water waves by the rough bottom, significant scatter resulted, preventing a determination of a physically realizable velocity-depth function. A new method is described that co-locates shot and receiver positions, including receiver depths consistent withseabeam bathymetry, using only the water waves that do not interact with the bottom. Several potential pitfalls are outlined using this method. A stable solution could only be achieved by discarding shots located well outside the array. The water path corrections were applied to the refracted arrivals, again using theseabeam bathymetry. The joint inversion location procedure, along with the use of precise gridded bathymetry, reduced the travel time scatter to a level whereby a velocity-depth function could be determined. The results, using only the hydrophone data, indicate an initial velocity at the seafloor of 2.7 km s-1 with gradients from 4.6 s-1 slowly decreasing to 4.1 s-1 at 679 m depth. This velocity is similar to others conducted over very young oceanic crust, and can be interpreted as being due to a high porosity at the surface, due to cracks, fissures, and open pores, which rapidly diminish with depth.  相似文献   

13.
Measured time series were generated by small omnidirectional explosive sources in a shallow water area. A bottom-mounted hydrophone recorded sound signals that propagated over a sloping bottom. The time series in the 250-500 Hz band were analyzed with a broad-band adiabatic normal mode approach. The measured waveforms contain numerous bottom interacting multipaths that are complicated by the subbottom structure that contains high-velocity layers near the water-sediment interface. Several of the details of the geoacoustic structure and the depth of the water column at the receiver are inferred from comparisons of the measured data to simulated time series. The sensitivity of broad-band matched-field ambiguity surfaces in the range-depth plane for a single receiver to selected waveguide parameters is examined. A consistent analysis is made where the simulated time series are compared to the measured time series along with the single-receiver matched-field localization solutions for ranges out to 5 km. In this range interval, it was found that the peak cross-correlation between the measured and simulated time series varied between 0.84 and 0.69. The difference between the GPS range and the range obtained from the matched-field solution varied from 0 to 63 m. The geoacoustic structure obtained in the analysis consists of an 8-m low-velocity sediment layer over an 8-m high-velocity layer followed by a higher velocity, infinite half-space  相似文献   

14.
Measurements of the density of deep pelagic bioluminescent zooplankton (BL) were made with the Intensified Silicon Intensifier Target (ISIT) profiler in the Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Ionian Seas and the Strait of Sicily from ～300 m to near seafloor. Mean BL densities ranged from 2.61 m?3 at 500–1000 m depth in the Adriatic Sea to 0.01 m?3 at 4000–5000 m depth in the E Ionian Sea. We investigated drivers of spatial variation of deep pelagic BL density. Linear regression was applied between surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration and underlying BL density. Chl a values were determined from satellite derived 100 km radius composites (six 10-day means per ISIT deployment, over preceding 60 days). At 500–1000 m depth we found a significant positive relationship between mean BL density and mean Chl a in the period prior to 0–10 days (at 1% level) and prior to 10–40 days (at 5% level). Beyond 40 days no relationship between BL density and Chl a was found at this depth. At depths 1000–1500 m BL density values were low and no significant relationship with Chl a was detected. Generalised additive modelling (GAM) was used to assess the influence of benthic hotspots (seamount; cold water coral mound; mud volcano) on overlying BL density. A reduction in BL density was found downstream of the Palinuro seamount from 300 to 600 m. No effect on BL density in the overlying water column was detected from the presence of cold water corals. Higher BL densities were detected over the W Madonna dello Ionio mud volcano than at other sites sampled in the NW Ionian Sea. We find surface Chl a to be a good predictor of BL density in the mesopelagic zone; below this depth we hypothesise that processes affecting the efficiency of particle export to deep water may exert greater influence on BL density.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

A number of engineering organizations and individuals have contributed toward a comprehensive feasibility study made in 1973–1974 in connection with a submerged floating tunnel project in Norway. The tunnel is planned to cross the 500 m deep Eidfjord in Hardanger over a length of about 1.3 km. The main findings from geophysical explorations, subsoil sampling operations, and an extensive laboratory testing program on extracted soil samples are described here.

A main part of this paper is devoted to the study of a full‐scale field test with a gravity anchor block weighing 180 tonne. This study reports on the behavior of the block during launching from its sloping construction ground, the sinking operation, and the behavior of the block after it reached the bottom at 450 m depth. Observations of settlement and tilt are available, and a comparison is made between the observed and computed behavior. Broadly speaking, a fairly good agreement was found.  相似文献   

16.
Settlement of the puerulus stage of Jasus edwardsii (Decapoda: Palinuridae) near the shore takes place over a wide depth range. It occurs intertidally, and, as determined by crevice collectors, also takes place down to depths of at least 50 m. At sites along the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, depth of greatest settlement found on collectors varied with locality and time, but was within the upper 11.5 m. Surface‐buoyed collectors caught fewer animals than did collectors at greater depths. Settlement levels generally increased with depth to about 10–12 m, then decreased with increasing depth and distance from shore. The ability of/, edwardsii to settle over a wide depth range may improve its chances of recruitment. A device (closing crevice collector) for measuring puerulus settlement of J. edwardsii at depth is described.  相似文献   

17.
Tides and short-term variabilities in the Kuroshio west of Yonakuni-jima   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
INTRODUCFIONTheKuroshioeastofTaiwanIslandflowsnorthwardandenterstheEastChinaalgathroughapaSSagebetweenTaiwanIslandandlriomote-shima.TOstudyfurthertheKuroshiothereandestimateitstransPOrt,itisnecessarytoobservetheKuroshioCurrentdirectly.Therehavebeen*ThisstudywassupportedbytheNationalNaturalaudienceFoundationofChinaundercontractNo.49476278.severaldirectobservationsoftheKuroshionearTaiwanIsland.Forexample,thedirectcurrentmeasurementat(24'24'N1123'35'E)byinabaetal.(1981)showedtheapp…  相似文献   

18.
Deep water in the South China Sea is renewed by the cold and dense Luzon Strait overflow. However, from where and how the deep water upwells is poorly understood yet. Based on the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis data, vertical velocity is derived to answer these questions. Domain-integrated vertical velocity is of two maxima, one in the shallow water and the other at depth, and separated by a layer of minimum at the bottom of the thermocline. Further analysis shows that this two-segmented vertical transport is attributed to the vertical compensation of subsurface water to the excessive outflow of shallow water and upward push of the dense Luzon Strait overflow, respectively. In the abyssal basin, the vertical transport increases upward from zero at the depth of 3 500–4 000 m and reaches a maximum of 1.5×106 m3/s at about 1 500 m. Deep water upwells mainly from the northeastern and southwestern ends of the abyssal basin and off the continental slopes. To explain the upward velocity arising from slope breaks, a possible mechanism is proposed that an onshore velocity component can be derived from the deep western boundary current above steep slopes under bottom friction.  相似文献   

19.
2002年春季吕宋海峡海流观测及其谱分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
基于2002年春季航次在吕宋海峡海域锚碇测流站(20°49'57"N,120°48'12"E)200,500与800m锚碇测流水层观测流,进行的海流特征分析与最大熵方法谱分析,得到以下主要结果.(1)在200m处,观测期间海流平均速度为(47.4cm/s,346°),最大观测海流速度Vmax和最大日平均海流速度Vd,max分别为(103.8cm/s,10°)和(71.6cm/s,339°);在500m处,观测期间平均流速为(20.3cm/s,350°),最大观测海流速度Vmax和最大日平均海流速度Vd,max分别为(74.1cm/s,17°)和(39.1cm/s,317°).这些都表明黑潮在吕宋海峡锚碇测流站200和500m处向西北方向入侵南海.(2)在800m处,观测期间平均流速为(1.2cm/s,35°),最大观测海流速度Vmax和最大日平均海流速度Vd,max分别为(10.8cm/s,76°)和(4.7cm/s,46°).这些都表明,它们的流向皆为东北向.比较在每层实测流的结果,表明在800m层海流状况与200和500m层海流状况是不相同的,流速随深度变深明显减弱,流向向右偏转.(3)在观测期间200,500和800m处,日平均流速在4月皆比3月时要强.(4)在200～800m潮流随深度变深有所变化,除了在500m处f<0情况全日潮峰值高于半日潮峰值以及对于半日潮以逆时针方向为主以外,其余情况在200～800m水层半日潮峰值都要高于全日潮的峰值,并且皆以顺时针方向旋转为主.(5)在200～800m水层都存在15d以上或14d左右的周期振动,例如在逆时针方向分量谱(f>0)在200,500m处存在19d左右的周期振动;在800m处存在14d左右的周期振动(f<0).(6)在200～800m处都存在4～6d周期天气过程的振动和2～3d周期振动.还都存在34.5h左右惯性振动周期,它的振动方向为顺时针方向.(7)通过交叉谱的计算,揭示:1)200与500m层两组流速时间序列对于半日潮周期、全日潮周期、15d以上的周期振动、2～3d的周期振动等都有很好的相关性,且对15d以上的长周期振动几乎是同步的;2)500与800m层两组流速时间序列对于4～6d天气过程的周期振动与2～3d的周期振动等都有很好的相关性,但它们之间有相位差,有滞后或提前现象.  相似文献   

20.
南海北部表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫分布特征与环境意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
对南海北部12°以北海域表层沉积物中的浮游有孔虫丰度、属种数量与组合、碳酸盐含量以及硅质生物相对丰度等进行了分析和鉴定,结果表明:随水深的增加,浮游有孔虫的丰度降低、属种数量减少,碳酸盐含量降低,硅质生物相对丰度升高,浮游有孔虫优势种由易溶种转变为抗溶种。浮游有孔虫以及碳酸盐含量等的这些变化与深海碳酸盐的溶解作用密切相关,同时,浊流沉积作用和水团等环境因素也是影响浮游有孔虫丰度与组合以及碳酸盐含量变化的重要因子。  相似文献   

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