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1.
国外景观演化研究的最新进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
景观演化与全球构造、生物演变和主要气候变化具有相同的时间尺度 ,是长期全球变化的一个重要方面。最近 ,地表过程在地壳变形中的作用已经引起了广泛的注意 :一方面努力从景观中模拟地形演化或演绎地壳过程 ;另一方面试图通过地壳变形和地表过程的型式和速度来研究隆起、海平面变化、侵蚀、气候和地势之间的动力学关系。文中旨在介绍和评述国外关于会聚边缘和裂开边缘山脉尺度景观演化研究 ,包括高原边缘地形演化、前陆盆地的沉积型式、景观切割、古地形复原以及质量流动和平衡等方面的最新进展 ,以及地表过程和地壳过程相互作用中的反馈机制、均衡效应和岩石圈强度效应以及调整和平衡等几个理论问题。目前已经普遍认为 ,把地表过程纳入地球动力学模型之中 ,无疑对于认识造山带的发育和裂开边缘的演化是一个巨大的进步。 相似文献
2.
The null hypothesis: globally steady rates of erosion,weathering fluxes and shelf sediment accumulation during Late Cenozoic mountain uplift and glaciation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 At the largest time and space scales, the pace of erosion and chemical weathering is determined by tectonic uplift rates. Deviations from equilibrium arise from the transient response of landscape denudation to climatic and tectonic perturbations. We posit that the constraint of mass balance, however, makes it unlikely that such disequilibrium persists at the global scale over millions of years, as has been proposed for late Cenozoic erosion. We synthesize weathering fluxes, global sedimentation rates, sediment yields and tectonic motions to show a remarkable constancy in the pace of Earth‐surface evolution over the last 10 Ma and support the null hypothesis – that global rates of landscape change have remained constant over this time period, despite global climate change and mountain building events. This work undermines the hypothesis that increased weathering due to mountain building or climate change was the primary agent for a decrease in global temperatures. 相似文献
3.
新生代构造抬升对地表化学风化和全球气候变化的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
全球新生代构造抬升 ,特别是南亚喜马拉雅青藏高原和南美安底斯山脉和Altiplano高原在新生代的抬升对地表化学风化和全球气候变化产生了重要影响。它对地表化学风化的影响主要表现为引起造山带地区化学风化能力的提高 ;而它对全球气候变化的影响则主要表现在两个方面 ,一是直接的物理影响 ,即通过对大气和海洋循环的影响来对大气变化产生作用 ;一是通过对地表硅酸盐岩石的化学风化造成大气CO2 变化和全球温度的改变 ,从而对气候变化产生间接的生物化学效应。目前看来 ,新生代构造抬升造成的大气CO2 浓度减少是造成全球新生代气候变冷的重要原因。这已得到了近 10年来计算机大气环流模型 (GCMs)数值模拟和野外实验研究的支持 ,但在关于地表化学风化的主要控制因素 ,以及海洋Sr同位素是否可作为反映地表化学风化速率变化的替代性标志和气候变化反馈机制等方面 ,还需要作进一步研究。 相似文献
4.
F. Lentini S. Carbone S. Catalano A. Di Stefano C. Gargano M. Romeo S. Strazzulla G. Vinci 《地学学报》1995,7(2):161-170
The Tertiary covers of the Peloritani Mountain Belt (NE Sicily) provide a complete stratigraphical record of tectonic events related to collision in the Central Mediterranean region. The tectonosedimentary evolution is inferred from interpretation of new field data and indicates various stages of polyphase deformation. The Peloritani Mountain Belt is composed mostly of crystalline units representing the active margin of the European Plate that was thrust over the descending African Plate during the Tertiary. Late Eocene-early Oligocene syn-orogenic deposition took place within a fore-arc basin located along the leading edge of the Peloritani Mountain Belt. From the late Oligocene to late Langhian, terrigenous deposition occurred throughout the mountain belt and extended into perched basins, located in southern areas. The basin was fed from the north, from source areas located in the hinterland of the orogenic belt. Deposition was controlled by a combination of active thrusting, regional subsidence and sea-level change. During the early Serravallian sudden tectonic inversion took place, associated with collapse of hinterland areas and uplift of former low-lying southern areas of the mountain belt. These processes were related to onset of opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea that was completed during the Serravallian-Tortonian, and resulted in the deposition of a northwestward prograding clastic fan, fed by source areas located in the southern area of the mountain belt. This setting characterized Messinian and Plio-Pleistocene deposition, and was controlled by both active tectonics and eustasy. The Recent evolution of the Peloritani Mountain Belt is characterized by major progressive uplift of the southern margins of the Tyrrhenian Basin, and local active subsidence related to downfaulting. Such processes resulted in the uplift of mid-Pleistocene fan-delta deposits and late Pleistocene marine terraces deposits to various altitudes above present sea-level. 相似文献
5.
风化壳是不同地质历史时期风化作用的环境和物质记录,其组成、厚度、成熟度、保存程度等是古气候条件、区域构造活动性及地貌演化的直接反映。风化壳的形成年代是风化壳研究的关键内容,精确的风化壳年龄数据是查明一系列区域甚至全球事件的重要途径。风化壳中次生矿物（主要是钡硬锰矿族矿物和明矾石族矿物）的40Ar/39Ar年代学研究首次实现了对风化壳和风化作用的直接和精确定年,所获得的年龄数据为风化壳的形成演化、区域古气候古环境恢复、化学风化历史与矿床次生富集过程及新构造运动和山脉隆升历史等一系列重大地质问题的解决提供了重要途径。然而,风化壳中次生矿物定年存在的潜在问题及风化壳剖面取样的不完整性,有可能使风化壳的年龄分布变得相当复杂,导致对化学风化历史、风化壳形成过程和形成环境等的认识出现困难。为此,必须开展对风化壳的详细野外地质研究和精细取样,并综合采用多种先进测试手段,才能获得可靠的风化壳年龄数据。在对风化壳年龄数据进行解释时,还需要系统分析多种地质、环境资料（如古生物、盆地沉积物等）,才可能获得有意义的地貌、构造和古气候信息。我国华南地区广泛分布的红色风化壳中含有丰富的钡硬锰矿族矿物,是研究该区新生代以来化学风化、大规模次生富集成矿及古气候古环境演变的理想对象。 相似文献
6.
Frédéric Fluteau 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(1):157-174
The evolution of the Earth's climate over geological time is now relatively well known. Conversely, the causes and feedback mechanisms involved in these climatic changes are still not well determined. At geological timescales, two factors play a prevailing role: plate tectonics and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Their climatic effects will be examined using palaeoclimatic indicators as well as results of climate models. I focus primarily on the influence of continental drift on warm and cold climatic episodes. The consequences of peculiar land sea distributions (amalgamation/dispersal of continental blocks) are discussed. Plate tectonics also drive sea level changes as well as mountain uplift. Marine transgressions during the Mid-Cretaceous favoured warmth within the interiors of continents, although their effect could be very different according to the season. Mountain uplift is also an important factor, which is able to alter climate at large spatial scales. Experiments relative to climatic sensitivity to the elevation of the Appalachians during the Late Permian are discussed. To affect the whole Earth, the chemical composition of the atmosphere appears to be a more efficient forcing factor. The carbon dioxide driven by the long-term carbon cycle has influenced the global climate. Geochemical modelling simulates more or less accurately the long-term evolution of pCO2, which corresponds roughly to the icehouse/greenhouse climatic oscillations. However, the uncertainties on pCO2 are still important because different parameters involved in the long-term carbon cycle (degassing rate, chemical weathering of silicates, burial of organic matter) are not well constrained throughout the past. The chemical composition of the atmosphere is also altered by the emissions of modern volcanic eruptions leading to weak global cooling. The influence of large flood basalt provinces on climate is not yet known well enough; this volcanism may have released huge amounts of SO2 as well as CO2. At last, the chemical composition of the atmosphere may have been altered by the release of methane in response to the dissociation of gas hydrates. This scenario has been proposed to explain the abrupt warming during the Late Palaeocene. 相似文献
7.
Wind gaps in actively growing mountain ranges are unique geomorphological features testifying to the competition between tectonics and fluvial incision. Although it is clear that these landforms reflect the defeat of rivers during sustained rock uplift, the role of climate changes in their formation has never been explored. Here, we use a coupled tectonics–landscape evolution model to show that temporal changes in precipitation rate exert an important control on wind gap formation. In models with a constant precipitation rate, rivers flowing across a growing range are either defeated at an early stage or they abandon their valleys very late, if at all. If precipitation varies, wind gaps form mostly c. 100–200 ka after a transition to drier conditions because of sediment aggradation upstream of the range. Our results suggest that the Pliocene–Quaternary aridification of Central Asia contributed to wind gap formation in active mountain ranges in the foreland of northeastern Tibet. 相似文献
8.
青藏高原的隆起与海洋锶同位素组成的演化 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
近年来,随着构造隆升驱动气候变化假说的提出,青藏高原的隆起受到越来越多的关注,并将之与大陆化学风化速率及海洋锶同位素的演化紧密联系。围绕青藏高原的隆升及其环境与气候效应,对海洋锶同位素组成的演化特征及其影响因素的较为全面而详细的论述表明:将青藏高原的隆升与全球气候变化、大陆化学风化速率及海洋锶同位素组成的演化相联系,也许是解决目前关于海洋锶同位素组成的演化及其物源问题的重要手段,根据海洋锶同位素的演化历史来研究全球气候变化规律及青藏高原的构造演化历史将是本研究领域的重点。 相似文献
9.
亚洲主要河流的沉积地球化学示踪研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
发源于喜马拉雅—青藏高原的亚洲几条大河的河流地球化学研究揭示了高原隆升、流域风化剥蚀、大气CO2消耗和亚洲季风气候变化之间的耦合关系。研究认为南亚主要河流流域的化学风化对全球大气CO2消耗和海洋化学通量变化贡献较大,河流沉积地球化学研究反映的高原阶段性隆升过程、流域剥蚀速率以及亚洲季风演化信息也明显比东亚主要河流的记录清晰;尤其是最近几年运用河流碎屑单矿物化学和年代学方法来示踪流域构造演化、沉积物从源到汇过程以及河流演化历史等,取得了许多重要的研究成果。比较而言,我国的河流在元素地球化学和水化学组成方面虽然开展了大量基础研究工作,但目前急需进一步提炼科学目标,与国际性的研究计划结合,综合多学科的研究力量,在研究思路和关键方法上需要突破和深入,加强研究的广度和深度。长江更可以作为一个突破口和研究平台,来开展深入的沉积地球化学示踪研究。 相似文献
10.
风化壳研究的现状与展望 总被引：28，自引：1，他引：28
风化壳是岩石圈、大气圈以及水圈、生物圈之间相互作用的界面,能够直接记录地球多圈层演化的信息。利用风化壳的地带性规律重建古环境是地貌学研究的传统内容之一。近年来,单晶矿物激光^40Ar/^39Ar测年技术、“双面”模式以及古地磁法等在风化壳研究中的成功应用,在理论和技术上为恢复大陆剥蚀区高分辨率的环境演变历史创造了条件。利用风化年代学、风化地层学、古地磁学和地球化学等方法对风化壳进行综合研究,不仅可以建立剥蚀区的环境演变序列,为风化期次（事件）与其他全球性构造－气候事件的对比提供了广阔的前景;而且可以用于化学风化（强度和速度）的准确量化,有利于深入理解构造－剥蚀－风化－气候之间相互作用的反馈机制和正确评估人类活动对未来气候的影响能力。 相似文献
11.
青藏高原主夷平面形成的上限年龄为3.6MaB.P.,临夏盆地新生代湖相沉积同时结束,青藏运动开始,分为A(3.6MaB.P.),B(2.6MaB.P.)和C(1.7MaB.P.)3幕,A幕现代亚洲季风形成,B幕黄土开始堆积,C幕黄河出现;昆黄运动(1.2～0.6MaB.P.)使黄河干流切入青藏高原,大面积山地进入冰冻圈,可能导致中更新世之气候转型;共和运动造成黄河切穿龙羊峡,青海湖孤立,高原达到现代高度.中国三大自然区是高原隆升驱动大气环流改变而导致的中国最高层次的景观分异.本文讨论了8MaB.P.的有限高度隆升及亚洲干旱化的问题,亚洲夏季风22MaB.P.已经开始,是高原隆升及其它因素共同作用的结果,为亚洲古季风阶段.3.6MaB.P.才是现代亚洲季风真正开始的时期,可能北半球进入冰期也与此有密切关系. 相似文献
12.
Jonathan R. Lee Ian Candy Richard Haslam 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2018,129(3):452-481
During the Neogene and Quaternary, tectonic and climatic processes have had a profound impact upon landscape evolution in England and, perhaps as far back as 0.9 Ma, patterns of early human occupation. Until the Late Miocene, large-scale plate tectonic processes were the principal drivers of landscape evolution causing localised basin inversion and widespread exhumation. This drove, in places, the erosion of several kilometres of Mesozoic cover rocks and the development of a regional unconformity across England and the North Sea Basin. By the Pliocene, the relative influence of tectonics on landscape evolution waned as the background tectonic stress regime evolved and climatic influences became more prominent. Global-scale climate-forcing increased step-wise during the Plio-Pleistocene amplifying erosional and depositional processes that operated within the landscape. These processes caused differential unloading (uplift) and loading (subsidence) of the crust (‘denudational isostasy’) in areas undergoing net erosion (upland areas and slopes) and deposition (basins). Denudational isostasy amplified during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (c.0.9 Ma) as landscapes become progressively synchronised to large-scale 100 ka ‘eccentricity’ climate forcing. Over the past 0.5 Ma, this has led to the establishment of a robust climate record of individual glacial/interglacial cycles enabling comparison to other regional and global records. During the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition and early Holocene (c.16–7 ka), evidence for more abrupt (millennial/centennial) scale climatic events has been discovered. This indicates that superimposed upon the longer-term pattern of landscape evolution is a more dynamic response of the landscape to local and regional drivers. 相似文献
13.
综合分析青藏高原新近纪古气候研究的不同替代性指标,建立了高原新近纪重大气候事件的演变序列,探讨青藏高原隆升和全球重大气候事件的关系。青藏高原新近纪不同构造-地层区重大气候事件发生的时间与高原隆升事件基本吻合,说明高原隆升是青藏高原气候变化的主要因素,与全球气候变化事件既存在一致性,又存在差异性。早—中中新世青藏高原气候变化频繁,气候变冷期开始的年代早于全球约15Ma以来的降温期,说明早—中中新世高原隆升对全球变冷的贡献较大。晚中新世以来的气候事件与全球重要气候事件相吻合,说明青藏高原可能在晚中新世已经隆升到了一定高度,其对全球气候变化的影响较之前有所减弱。青藏高原气候变化除受到高原隆升影响外,亦受到全球气候变化的影响。 相似文献
14.
大陆风化与全球气候变化 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
:“构造隆升驱动气候变化”的假说是当前解释新生代以来全球气候变冷的主流观点。该假说把新生代以来发生的几个主要现象 ,即全球气候总体上趋冷 ,大气 CO2 浓度下降 ,海洋 87Sr/ 86Sr比值上升 ,以及构造作用引起的大面积隆升等加以有机的联系 ,给以了合理的解释。近几年围绕大陆风化和全球气候变化问题取得了一些新的进展 ,主要是对发源于喜马拉雅山的河流进行研究 ,探讨青藏高原隆起对于大陆风化速率的影响。这些争论主要是有关硅酸盐风化还是碳酸盐风化 ,有机碳的风化与埋藏 ,大陆风化与大气温度 ,大气 CO2 浓度与大气温度等问题。最后介绍了我国研究人员在黄土高原的黄土沉积地层所作的研究工作和取得的成果。 相似文献
15.
世界七大洲最高峰构造对比 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
世界七大洲最高峰均位于全球或巨型经向或纬向构造带中 ,暗示山脉形成和地球自转之间有内在联系。它们均位于区域弧形构造带弧顶部位 ,弧形构造带成因包括俯冲弧、碰撞弧和伸展弧三类 ,弧形构造弯曲方向与不同类型弧形构造之间有着特定的几何关系。世界七大洲最高峰均与某种具体构造相联系 ,诸如火山构造、推覆构造等 ,反映构造作用在其形成中的意义。它们在新生代期间均发生强烈隆升 ,至今仍有活动。其隆升过程既有构造隆升 ,又有均衡隆升 ,以构造隆升为主。构造隆升中断裂构造、特别是两组断裂复合起着决定作用 ,火山作用对某些高峰的形成有重要意义。 相似文献
16.
沉积物颜色和粘土矿物对库车坳陷第三纪气候变化的指示 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
库车坳陷第三纪连续的碎屑沉积,记录了丰富的古环境与古气候变化的信息。在详细的磁性地层年代学基础上,对库车坳陷北部第三系沉积剖面进行了系统的沉积物颜色测定和粘土矿物分析。结果表明,库车坳陷第三纪沉积物颜色变化与全球第三纪温度的变化有一致的趋势,随着全球气温的降低,沉积物的颜色的红色指数降低。粘土矿物的组合和含量变化在13 M a出现了一个转折,在此之前,库车坳陷泥岩样品中的粘土矿物组合为伊利石和绿泥石,指示干旱的气候环境。在13 M a之后,库车坳陷的粘土矿物组合变为蒙脱石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊利石,指示干冷与温湿交替的气候环境,与亚洲内陆季风气候加强相对应。由此,可以认为库车坳陷第三纪13M a的气候变化与青藏高原的隆升密切相关。 相似文献
17.
厄尔尼诺的三个调控器 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在地球系统中,气候和构造活动是相互影响的.气候变化引起地表大规模的物质运动,是长期被忽视的构造运动的动力之一.构造运动改变了陆海分布的类型,又会引起全球气候类型的强烈变化.德雷克通道和环南极海冰的全球气候冷暖开关作用是最典型的事例.环南极海冰的扩大压迫南大洋的西风漂流和赤道辐合带北移,加强三大寒流,引发拉尼娜冷事件. 相似文献
18.
Jonathan D. Radley 《Geology Today》2010,26(6):226-232
The central English county of Warwickshire has been shaped by a 600 million‐year history of deposition, erosion, tectonism, continental drift, environmental change and biological evolution. The Neoproterozoic and Lower Palaeozoic rocks indicate island arc accretion, marine transgression and subduction‐related intrusive igneous activity. Upper Palaeozoic through to Triassic times witnessed mainly continental environments, as central England drifted north across the equator. Late Triassic marine transgression led to deposition of richly fossiliferous Jurassic sediments. The bedrock geology shows evidence for the influence of deep‐seated structural lineaments within the central English basement. Influenced by these structures, the modern landscape has been shaped largely by Palaeogene and Neogene uplift and erosion, further alteration by Quaternary erosion and weathering, and glacial and fluvial deposition. 相似文献
19.
The present-day topography of the Iberian peninsula can be considered as the result of the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Iberian plate (including rifting and basin formation during the Mesozoic and compression and mountain building processes at the borders and inner part of the plate, during the Tertiary, followed by Neogene rifting on the Mediterranean side) and surface processes acting during the Quaternary. The northern-central part of Iberia (corresponding to the geological units of the Duero Basin, the Iberian Chain, and the Central System) shows a mean elevation close to one thousand meters above sea level in average, some hundreds of meters higher than the southern half of the Iberian plate. This elevated area corresponds to (i) the top of sedimentation in Tertiary terrestrial endorheic sedimentary basins (Paleogene and Neogene) and (ii) planation surfaces developed on Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of the mountain chains surrounding the Tertiary sedimentary basins. Both types of surfaces can be found in continuity along the margins of some of the Tertiary basins. The Bouguer anomaly map of the Iberian peninsula indicates negative anomalies related to thickening of the continental crust. Correlations of elevation to crustal thickness and elevation to Bouguer anomalies indicate that the different landscape units within the Iberian plate can be ascribed to different patterns: (1) The negative Bouguer anomaly in the Iberian plate shows a rough correlation with elevation, the most important gravity anomalies being linked to the Iberian Chain. (2) Most part of the so-called Iberian Meseta is linked to intermediate-elevation areas with crustal thickening; this pattern can be applied to the two main intraplate mountain chains (Iberian Chain and Central System) (3) The main mountain chains (Pyrenees and Betics) show a direct correlation between crustal thickness and elevation, with higher elevation/crustal thickness ratio for the Central System vs. the Betics and the Pyrenees. Other features of the Iberian topography, namely the longitudinal profile of the main rivers in the Iberian peninsula and the distribution of present-day endorheic areas, are consistent with the Tertiary tectonic evolution and the change from an endorheic to an exorheic regime during the Late Neogene and the Quaternary. Some of the problems involving the timing and development of the Iberian Meseta can be analysed considering the youngest reference level, constituted by the shallow marine Upper Cretaceous limestones, that indicates strong differences induced by (i) the overall Tertiary and recent compression in the Iberian plate, responsible for differences in elevation of the reference level of more than 6 km between the mountain chains and the endorheic basins and (ii) the effect of Neogene extension in the Mediterranean margin, responsible for lowering several thousands of meters toward the East and uplift of rift shoulders. A part of the recent uplift within the Iberian plate can be attributed of isostatic uplift in zones of crustal thickening. 相似文献
20.
The early Tertiary of Western Canada and northern United States was marked by a change from compressional to extensional tectonics. The result was regional uplift and magmatic events. The uplift resulted in a major unconformity and deposition of extensive regional sheets of gravel and sand, of which only isolated remnants remain. These units are the Eocene to Miocene Cypress Hills Formation, the Miocene Wood Mountain Formation, Miocene Flaxville Formation and preglacial Souris River gravels, All four stratigraphic units consist of gravel and sand with lesser amounts of clay. The formations were largely deposited as laterally continuous sheets of braided river gravels, with some occurrences of meandering-river sedimentation. The sediment was deposited several hundred kilometres downstream of their source areas. Paleocurrent data for the Cypress Hills and Wood Mountain formations indicate that regional paleoslope dipped towards the north–northeast. The modern prairie landscape of western Canada began to evolve with the deposition of these gravels during the Eocene with creation of a basin-wide unconformity followed by deposition of an extensive braidplain system that was subsequently uplifted, incised, and molded into its present form. 相似文献