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1.
SEM examination of suspended material collected by filtration from samples of surface waters over continental shelves and deeper areas off eastern Asia reveals the presence of irregular organic films that are longer, cover more filter area, and have more tapered edges in samples from nearshore than offshore regions. Associated diatoms include species diagnostic of coastal environments. Films and coastal diatoms are most abundant in waters above continental shelves where river discharges cause the waters to be more dilute than 33.5‰ salinity. Farther from shore, both films and skeletal elements are broken and partly dissolved. Skeletal elements, faecal matter, and other debris are trapped or adhere to the films, which therefore provide a concentrated food source for small organisms beyond nearshore regions of high primary productivity. The films contribute an unknown percentage of the total organic matter that reaches bottom sediments. 相似文献
2.
A three-stage sampler, filtering water from the 0–5 cm, 5–25 cm, and 25–45 cm microhorizons was tested during conventional ichthyoplankton studies. The sampler was as much as 240X more efficient than 0.5 m nets in the collection of larval atherinids. The atherinids were found most abundantly in the 0–5 cm microhorizon, probably due to a positive phototaxic response. 相似文献
3.
Shallow estuarine habitats often support large populations of small nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans), but unique characteristics of these habitats make sampling these nekton populations difficult. We discuss development of sampling designs and evaluate some commonly used devices for quantitatively sampling nekton populations. Important considerations of the sampling design include the size and number of samples, their distribution in time and space, and control of tide level. High, stable catch efficiency should be the most important grear characteristic considered when selecting a sampling device to quantify nekton densities. However, the most commonly used gears in studies of estuarine habitats (trawls and seines) have low, variable catch efficiency. Problems with consistently low catch efficiency can be corrected, but large unpredictable variations in this gear characteristic pose a much more difficult challenge. Study results may be bised if the varibility in catch efficiency is related to the treatments or habitat characteristics being measured in the sampling design. Enclosure devices, such as throw traps and drop samplers, have fewer variables influencing catch efficiency than do towed nets (i.e., trawls and seines); and the catch efficiency of these enclosure samplers does not appear to vary substantially with habitat characteristics typical of shallow estuarine areas (e.g., presence of vegetation). The area enclosed by these samplers is often small, but increasing the sample number can generally compensate for this limitation. We recommend using enclosure samplers for estimating densities of small nekton in shallow estuarine habitats because these samplers provide the most reliable quantitative data, and the results of studies using these samplers should be comparable. Many kinds of enclosure samplers are now available, and specific requirements of a project will distate which gear should be selected. 相似文献
4.
Jefferson T. Turner 《Estuaries and Coasts》1982,5(4):261-274
Zooplankton and chlorophyll-a samples and associated hydrographic data were collected at approximately weekly intervals in the Peconic Bay estuary for most of the period between May 1978 and June 1979. Surface zooplankton samples were obtained by simultaneously-towed 73 μm- and 202 μm-mesh nets, and subsurface samples were collected with 505 μm-mesh nets. Zooplankton numbers and displacement volumes fluctuated widely throughout the year, with highest values in early spring and summer. Juvenile or adult copepods accounted for means of 90.0% and 85.0% of the animals recorded for the 202 μm- and 73 μm-net samples, respectively. The combination of Acartia tonsa and A. hudsonica adults+copepodids accounted for a mean of 81.4% of the zooplankton recorded for the 202 μm-net samples, and the combination of copepod nauplii, Acartia spp. adults+copepodids, Oithona colcarva and Parvocalanus crassirostris accounted for a mean of 82.7% of the animals recorded for the 73 μm-net samples. Copepod nauplii were the most abundant zooplankters collected in the 73 μm-net samples, and they were generally collected in higher numbers than the total number of animals in the 202 μm-net samples. During the colder months, late copepodids and adults of larger copepod species comprised greater proportions of the total zooplankton than during the warmer months when nauplii and copepodids of smaller copepod species were predominant. The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and the medusa Cyanea capillata also had periods of abundance during warmer months. Differences between numbers of larger zooplankters collected over different depth intervals or in successive replicate tows over the same depth intervals, reveal the likely effects of both vertical and horizontal patchiness. Comparisons of zooplankton numbers from the present investigation, which were obtained with relatively fine-mesh nets, with values from previous studies in adjacent waters which used coarser-mesh nets, suggest that many previous investigations have seriously underestimated the numbers of smaller zooplankters, particularly copepod nauplii. 相似文献
5.
Components of suspended matter in surface waters between western Africa and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were removed by filtration and measured by scanning electron and optical microscopy. Skeletal debris from diatoms, dinoflagellates, and other plankton are most concentrated in Antarctic surface water and in regions of coastal upwelling. Detrital mineral grains are most concentrated in nearshore regions, from discharge of major rivers, erosion of sea cliffs, and deposition from offshore winds. Farther offshore are high concentrations of mineral grains brought by trade winds from deserts in both northern and southern Africa. The winds also bring freshwater diatoms and woody tissue. The remaining component on the filters is marine organic matter, mostly in thin films. These films trap skeletal debris and mineral grains. Presumably, animals that graze upon the films further concentrate the grains into faecal pellets whose rapid settling carries the grains into deeper waters and to the bottom. The films were found in all other areas of the world ocean from which surface samples were spot-checked: off eastern Asia, off eastern North America, and the central Pacific. Thus they appear to be a major factor in marine sedimentation. In areas of upwelling off western Africa, the total suspended matter in surface waters averages about 0.1 mg/1 of filtrate, about five times that present in the open ocean. It consists of about 70% organic matter, 29.6% skeletal debris, and 0.4% mineral grains, in contrast with concentrations in the open ocean of 90%, 8% and 2%, respectively. 相似文献
6.
极限保土状态下的反滤机制试验研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
提出了反滤系统极限保土状态的概念,分别采用4种不同孔径的钢丝编织网进行粉土反滤试验,研究反滤系统的极限保土状态。试验表明,当滤网孔径O和粉土特征粒径d85的比值等于12时,反滤系统才达到极限保土状态。极限保土状态下的反滤系统,在淹没式出流条件下,经往复水流作用26 h后改为单向水流,水力梯度从3.8逐渐增加到9.1,并在9.1的水力梯度下持续渗透453.25 h,反滤系统仍保持稳定,未发生失稳破坏;在非淹没式出流条件下,水力梯度从5.3逐渐增加到12.7期间,反滤系统保持稳定,但在维持12.7的水力梯度下持续渗透261.83 h后,反滤系统发生失稳破坏。对极限保土状态的研究有助于工程设计中更加合理地确定织物滤层孔径上限,减少淤堵。 相似文献
7.
The development of a predictive model of behaviour of porous media during injection of miscible grout, taking into account convection, dilution and filtration of grout solution with interstitial water, as well as consolidation aspects, is presented. Model assumptions are reviewed and discussed first. During the establishment of the model, we insist on surface terms and their physical relevance in expressing adsorption effects. Constitutive laws such as Fick's law for diffusive mass transport, hydrodynamic dispersion tensor dealing with miscibility, are modified by taking into account filtration effects. A new surface term appears in mass balance equations as a consequence of filtration. According to the filtration laws used, an initial filtration rate is estimated on the basis of a one‐dimensional experimental campaign. The field equations are discretized by using Galerkin finite element and θ‐scheme standard method. For transport equation, Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin method is employed to prevent numerical oscillations. Lastly, confrontation of numerical results with laboratory experiments constitutes a first step to validate the model on a realistic basis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
The seasonal occurrence and relative abundance of larval and juvenile fishes, particularly members of the family Sciaenidae, from a Virginia Atlantic coast estuary were determined from ichthyoplankton and otter trawl collections made from March 1979 to March 1980. The larvae of 19 species in 14 families were identified in the ichthyoplankton. Larvae of the engraulid, Anchoa mitchilli (bay anchovy), and the atherinid, Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside), dominated the samples and made up 13 and 22%, respectively, of the 9,440 larvae collected. Peak occurrence of all larvae was from May to August. The juveniles of 28 species in 19 families were identified from otter trawl collections. Juvenile sciaenids numerically dominated the trawl collecions and made up 68% of the trawl catch. Juvenile density peaked during September through December. 相似文献
9.
We describe the use of flume nets for passively, quantitatively, and nondestructively sampling fishes and macrocrustaceans on tidal marsh surfaces. We captured 3,765 organisms of 23 species in 118 samples using six such nets in a Virginia tidal freshwater marsh in 1984. Efficiency estimates for four common species of fishes range from 53 to 80%. Flume nets are most suited to the collection of long-term data and are particularly useful in elucidating seasonal trends in species composition and relative abundance. These nets are also useful in comparing different microhabitats within and between marshes. This method is most applicable to intertidal habitats with predictable lunar tides, including mud flats, mangrove swamps, and other wetlands. 相似文献
10.
Trotline blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) fishermen in the Patuxent, Chester, and Choptank tributaries of Chesapeake Bay set their gear in areas where the water quality,
characterized by average mid-channel bottom dissolved oxygen, varies across the river systems and over the fishing season.
Two harvest production models are developed to capture the potential effects of this source of environmental stress. One model
treats the impact of water quality as influencing the availability of crabs to the gear, while the second treats the impact
as another source of mortality. Both models are estimated assuming that dissolved oxygen has no effect on crab harvests above
an upper threshold of 5 mg I−1. Contrary to the mortality model, the availability model produces estimates that are consistent with our prior beliefs that
productivity will be negatively impacted by poor water quality. To determine the percentage of the available crab stock in
an area that will be harvested by a given amount of gear under different water quality conditions a simulation of the availability
model is developed. The simulations show that a decline in average mid-channel bottom dissolved oxygen in the Patuxent River
to 4 mg I−1 may lead to a 48% decline in the percentage of the blue crab population in the area that will be harvested with the same
amount of fishing effort. 相似文献
11.
浮游细菌是湖泊水生态系统关键组成部分，在元素、能量迁移转化过程中作用明显.基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术，以夏季内蒙古达里诺尔湖（简称“达里湖”）为研究区，对内陆封闭型湖泊水体浮游细菌群落垂向变化特征及影响因素进行了对比分析.结果显示:夏季达里湖浮游细菌群落多样性在表层水中最高，中层水最低；而丰富度则在底层水中最高，中层水最低.此外，浮游细菌群落组成也存在一定程度的垂向差异:在纲类水平上，Actinobacteria丰度优势明显，表层水为24.70%、中层水为21.06%、底层水为24.77%.冗余分析（RDA）结果表明不同深度水体中优势菌群受理化指标影响不同:表层水优势菌群结构受总溶解性固体含量、电导率等理化指标的影响最明显；不同形态营养元素则是中层水优势菌群结构的主要影响因素；在底层水中，优势菌群则受叶绿素、化学需氧量等理化指标的影响最明显.整体上，水深变化引起的湖水理化性质垂向差异成为影响达里湖夏季水体浮游细菌群落结构特征的关键因素之一. 相似文献
12.
Kasree Namkane Wimol Naksata Sakdiphon Thiansem Ponlayuth Sooksamiti Orn-anong Arqueropanyo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(17):628
The aim of this research was to exploit leonardite and coal bottom ash (CBA), which are waste products from coal power plants, for investigating their potential as raw materials in the production of ceramic floor tiles. The developments of ceramic body were mixed with traditional raw materials. Different proportions of ceramic materials were studied in order to explore the proper composition with a variety of wastes containing leonardite and coal bottom ash from 20% up to 80%. Unglazed tiles were produced by shaping through dry pressing and single firing. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the samples were investigated. The total waste (CBA and leonardite) contained in the production was close to 42.8%, and it presented properties that are adequate for it to be classified in groups within the ISO 13006 standard, and yielded the highest flexural strength which enabled the obtained ceramic floor tile bodies to satisfy the requirement to be classified in group BIIa. The chemical resistances of the products were classified in the category UA group which passed the minimum requirement for classification as chemical attack, set by standard EN 14411. 相似文献
13.
Catchability coefficients (q) of 366-m and 732-m trammel nets set along the shore in a rectangular shape were determined for selected fish species, utilizing noise and sublethal rotenone strike methods. Catachbility coefficients ranged from 0 to 1 for both trammel nets; 65% and 75% of the values for the 366-m and 732-m nets, respectively, were less than 0.1. Only the perpendicular strike method may have affected the catch efficiency of the nets, but the effect was not consistent among all species. Catchability coefficients were slightly higher when fish too small to be caught in the net were removed from the calculations. Despite the wide range of catchability coefficients among species, trammel nets struck with noise can be used to detect gross changes in abundance (standing stock) of many estuarine fishes. Increases in trammel net efficiency may be obtained by improvement in striking techniques or changes in net design, such as use of less visible monofilament webbing. 相似文献
14.
Seasonal ichthyoplankton surveys were made in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas, to compare the relative utilization of various nursery habitats (shoal grass,Halodule wrightii; manatee grass,Syringodium filiforme; and unvegetated sand bottom) for both estuarine and offshore-spawned larvae. The species composition and abundance of fish larvae were determined for each habitat type at six locations in the bay. Pushnet ichthyoplankton sampling resulted in 296 total collections, yielding 107,463 fishes representing 55 species in 24 families. A broad spectrum of both the biotic and physical habitat parameters were examined to link the dispersion and distribution of both pre-settlement and postsettlement larvae to the utilization of shallow seagrass habitats. Sample sites were grouped by cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance method) according to the similarity of their fish assemblages and subsequently examined with a multiple discriminant function analysis to identify important environmental variables. Abiotic environmental factors were most influential in defining groups for samples dominated by early larvae, whereas measures of seagrass complexity defined groups dominated by older larvae and juveniles. Juvenile-stage individuals showed clear habitat preference, with the more shallowHalodule wrightii being the habitat of choice, whereas early larvae of most species were widely distributed over all habitats. As a result of the recent shift of dominance fromHalodule wrightii toSyringodium filiforme, overall reductions in the quality of nursery habitat for fishes in the lower Laguna Madre are projected. 相似文献
15.
16.
Fish numbers and biomass in a mitigation salt marsh, Humboldt Bay, California, were examined from July 1981 to October 1982 and were compared with a nearby established marsh to determine whether the restored marsh provided adequate mitigation for habitat lost due to construction of a nearby marina. The use by fish of channels adjacent to the two marshes and the channel at the Woodley Island Marina construction site, for which mitigation was required, were also compared. The mitigation marsh, adjacent to Freshwater Slough channel, was 5.2 km from the marina site. Fishes were sampled by otter trawl, ichthyoplankton net, fixed channel nets, drop traps, and beach seines. Thirty-one fish species and two crab species were collected. Wide ranges in seasonal salinities and water temperatures, and differences in marsh elevation influenced fish use of the mitigation marsh area. The intertidal area of the mitigation marsh, dominated by euryhaline sticklebacks and topsmelts, did not replace intertidal and subtidal habitat lost by marina construction, which had more stable salinities and water temperatures and was used extensively by juvenile English sole. 相似文献
17.
Murdmaa I. O. Bogdanova O. Yu. Gorshkov A. I. Novikov G. V. Shevchenko V. P. 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2000,35(6):594-597
The mineralogy of suspended matter from surface and bottom waters is studied at two sites in the Barents Sea. Along with terrigenous minerals, the suspended matter samples contain authigenic mineral phases of iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. Mn-feroxyhite, Fe-vernadite, goethite, and proto-ferrihydrite were identified in samples from surface waters, whereas birnessite and nonferruginous vernadite were registered in samples from bottom waters. The formation of suspended manganese minerals in bottom waters is explained by an additional Mn supply from underlying reduced sediments during their early diagenesis and oxygen depletion in the near-bottom nepheloid layer. Bacteria are supposed to take part in the authigenic mineral formation. 相似文献
18.
基于庐山山地晚第四纪地层典型断面的系统调查,从地层剖面层序中筛选的微粒(θ=1～3mm)石英颗粒进行环境电子显微镜观测研究,辨认出显微结构-颗粒形态-变形构造-动力化学作用等特征,运用系统过程发展中的节点事件进行层型剖面的环境响应分析,采取综合指标表征地球表层过程及环境响应情景,明确划分出四个古气候环境发展阶段,由下往上分别表现为冰期环境-间冰期环境-冰缘环境-冰后期环境,为深入研究及科学认识庐山第四纪环境演化过程及全球变化提供了新的基础依据。 相似文献
19.
Hanne M. L. Kvitsand Mette Myrmel Liv Fiksdal Stein W. Østerhus 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(5):1257-1269
Two case studies were carried out in central Norway in order to assess the performance of bank filtration systems in cold-climate fluvial aquifers relying on recharge from humic-rich surface waters with moderate microbial contamination. Three municipal wells and two surface-water sources at operative bank filtration systems were monitored for naturally occurring bacteriophages, fecal indicators, natural organic matter (NOM) and physico-chemical water quality parameters during a 4-month period. Aquifer passage effectively reduced the microorganism and NOM concentrations at both study sites. Bacteriophages were detected in 13 of 16 (81%) surface-water samples and in 4 of 24 (17%) well-water samples, and underwent 3 ± 0.3 log10 reduction after 50–80-m filtration and 20–30 days of subsurface passage. NOM reductions (color: 74–97%; dissolved organic carbon: 54–80%; very hydrophobic acids: 70%) were similar to those achieved by conventional water-treatment processes and no further treatment was needed. Both groundwater dilution and sediment filtration contributed to the hygienic water quality improvements, but sediment filtration appeared to be the most important process with regard to microbial and NOM reductions. A strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis showed that bank filtration technology has a high potential as a pretreatment method for the provision of hygienically safe drinking water in Norway. 相似文献
20.
系列尺度岩石结构面相似表面模型制作的逆向控制技术研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
制作与原岩结构面相似表面形态的模型试样是开展结构面力学模型试验的关键。基于不同尺度岩石结构面模型试样的制作特点,研制上、下盘完全吻合的系列尺度试样模具,并设计上、下盘吻合结构面试样的制作工艺,使得原岩结构面可以多次重复利用,提高原岩结构面的使用效率,降低取样成本和试验周期,实现在同一块结构面上不同尺度结构面模型的制作。利用表面形态相似性评价技术,验证制作工艺的可行性,结果表明,按照该逆向控制技术设计制作的模型试样,能复制出和原岩结构面表面形态一样、上、下盘结构面吻合度高的模型试样,符合制作不同尺度模型结构面的要求,可克服原岩结构面上下盘吻合度差、不能多种尺度取样的缺点,为开展具有真实表面形态的结构面抗剪强度尺寸效应试验研究提供了条件。 相似文献